r 


PVBLI     OVIDI     NASONIS 

POEMATA  QVAEDAM  EXCERPTA 


SELECTIONS 


FROM    THE 


Poem  s    of    Ovid 


CHIEFLY   THE    METAMORPHOSES 


EDITED    BY 

J.  H.  and  W.  F.  ALLEN  and  J.  B.  GREENOUGH 


BOSTON 
GINN      BROTHERS 

1876 


/^      1U^~^  _VP 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1875,  hJ 

J.    H.   ALLEN  AND  J.    B.    GREENOUGH, 

in  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


Cambridge : 
Press  of  John  Wilson  and  Son. 


A 


'76 


NOTE. 

This  Selection  follows  generally  the  text  of  Merkel  (1866),  the 
reading  of  Siebelis  being  preferred  in  one  or  two  instances.  We 
have  endeavored  to  exhibit  as  far  as  possible  within  our  limits  the 
variety  of  Ovid's  style  and  genius,  and  especially  to  preserve  the 
more  interesting  biographical  hints  of  the  Amores  and  the  Tristia. 
The  greater  portion  of  the  book  is  however  made  up,  necessarily, 
from  the  Metamorphoses,  of  which  we  have  taken  about  a  third. 
By  help  of  the  Argument,  which  is  given  in  full,  we  aim  not  merely 
to  show  the  connection  of  the  tales  and  the  ingenuity  of  the  transi- 
tions,—  necessary  to  comprehend  the  poem  as  a  whole, — but  to 
put  before  the  reader  something  like  a  complete  picture  of  the 
Greek  mythology;  at  least  of  those  narratives  which  have  held 
their  permanent  place  in  the  modern  mind  and  have  entered  more 
or  less  into  every  modern  literature. 

The  grammatical  references  are  to  Allen  and  Greenough's  and 
Gildersleeve's  Latin  Grammars. 

Cambridge,  January  15,  187s- 


*j&a(>A  <in 


THE   LIFE  OF  OVID. 


Publius  Ovidius  Naso  was  a  fashionable  poet  at  Rome 
in  the  reign  of  the  Emperor  Augustus,  perhaps  the  most 
fashionable  after  the  death  of  Virgil  (b.  c.  19)  and  Horace 
(b.  c.  8). 

All  that  is  worth  knowing  about  his  life  is  told  by  himself 
in  a  pleasing  poem  (Trist.  iv.  10),  which  is  given  the  last  in- 
the  present  collection.  Like  most  of  the  literary  men  of 
Rome,  he  was  not  a  native  of  that  city,*  being  born  at  Sulmo, 
in  the  country  of  the  Peligni,  about  90  miles  from  Rome. 
The  year  of  his  birth,  b.  c.  43,  was  that  of  Cicero's  death. 
His  father,  a  man  of  respectable  fortune,  removed  to  Rome 
to  give  his  two  boys  a  city  education.  Here  the  young  poet 
was  trained  in  the  usual  course  of  rhetoric  and  oratory,  which 
he  practised  with  fair  success,  going  so  far  as  to  hold  some 
subordinate  political  offices.  His  father  was  quite  earnest  to 
check  his  desire  for  a  literary  career.  But  the  death  of  his 
elder  brother  left  him  with  fortune  enough  for  independence, 
and  following  his  own  strong  bent  Ovid  became  soon  one 
of  the  favorite  court  poets  of  the  brilliant  era  of  Augustus. 
After  a  career  of  great  prosperity,  he  was  suddenly,  at  the 
age  of  51,  banished  to  Tomi,  a  town  on  the  shore  of  the 
Black  Sea,  in  the  present  Bulgaria.  The  cause  of  his  banish- 
ment can  only  be  guessed  from  his  allusions  to  the  anger  of 

*  Virgil  was  a  native  of  Mantua,  Horace  of  Venusia,  Catullus  of  Verona,  Propertius 
of  Urabria,  Ovid  of  Sulmo,  Cicero  of  Arpinum,  Sallust  of  Amitermim,  Livy  of  Pata- 
vium.  Of  eminent  writers  of  this  age,  only  Caesar,  Lucretius,  and  Tibullus  were  born  in 
Rome.     But  then  Rome,  socially  as  well  as  politically,  comprised  the  whole  of  Italy. 


vi  The  Life  of  Ovid. 

the  emperor  at  some  weakness,  folly,  or  fault,  which  he  says 
he  is  not  free  to  tell.  Some  have  thought  he  was  indiscreet 
enough  to  make  love  to  Julia,  the  brilliant,  witty,  and  erratic 
daughter  of  the  emperor,  wife  of  the  grave  Agrippa ;  others 
that  he  unfortunately  knew  too  much  of  some  court  scandal, 
probably  connected  with  Julia  or  her  ill-famed  and  ill-fated 
daughter ;  others  that  Augustus,  as  public  patron  of  morals, 
took  offence  at  the  somewhat  cynical  indecorum  of  certain 
of  his  poems.  At  any  rate,  the  emperor  was  hardened 
against  all  his  flatteries  and  prayers,  and  after  an  exile  of 
about  ten  years  he  died  at  Tomi,  a.  d.  18. 

Besides  the  poems  represented  in  this  volume,  Ovid  was 
the  author  of  the  Ars  Amatoria  and  the  Remedium  Amoris 
(to  which  reference  has  just  been  made),  and  of  numerous 
"  Elegies,"  including  four  books  of  letters  written  in  exile 
{Ex  Ponto  Libri  iv.).  As  a  poet,  his  fame  is  far  below  that 
of  Virgil  and  Horace,  —  deservedly,  since  his  loose  and  easy 
verse  bears  no  comparison  with  the  elaborate  finish  of  theirs. 
For  fancy  and  fine  poetic  feeling,  however,  many  of  the 
Elegies  —  both  in  the  Tristia  and  the  Amores  —  show  a  vein 
of  as  good  quality  as  either  of  his  rivals  ;  while  in  absolute 
ease  of  handling  the  artificial  structure  of  Latin  verse  it  may 
be  doubted  whether  he  has  ever  had  an  equal.  His  chief 
merit,  however,  is  as  an  excellent  story-teller,  —  smooth, 
facile,  fluent,  sometimes,  it  must  be  confessed,  inordinately 
diffuse.  As  the  most  celebrated  existing  collection  of  the 
most  famous  fables  of  the  ancient  world,  the  Metamorphoses, 
in  particular,  makes  the  best  of  introductions  to  the  nobler 
and  more  difficult  verse  of  Virgil. 


Writings  of  Ovid.  vii 


WRITINGS   OF   OVID. 

1.  Heroides  :  a  collection  of  twenty-one  elegies,*  being  letters 
chiefly  from  leading  M  heroines  "  of  the  Homeric  age. 

2.  Amores  :  forty-nine  elegies,  in  three  books  ;  miscellaneous, 
but  chiefly  amatory  or  personal  in  their  topics. 

3.  Ars  Amatoria:  three  books,  on  the  means  of  winning 
and  retaining  the  affections  of  a  mistress  ;  and 

4.  Remedium  Amoris  :  a  poem  prescribing  the  means  by  which 
a  foolish  passion  may  be  subdued.  These  two  poems  contain  the 
passages  supposed  to  have  excited  the  anger  of  Augustus. 

5.  Metamorphoseon  Libri  xv.  The  Metamorphoses  was  still 
unfinished  when  Ovid  went  into  exile,  and  he  committed  it  to  the 
flames,  apparently,  with  his  own  hand  (Trist.  i.  7.  1 1,  seq.)  ;  but  copies 
had  been  preserved  by  his  friends. 

6.  Fastorum  Libri  vi. :  a  poetic  Calendar  of  the  Roman  months, 
from  January  to  June,  designed  to  be  continued  to  the  end  of  the 
year ;  a  storehouse  of  Roman  custom  and  Italian  legend. 

7.  Tristium  Libri  v. ;  and 

8.  Epistolarum  ex  Ponto  Libri  iv. :  elegies  written  in  exile. 
Many  of  the  letters  implore  the  intercession  of  friends  at  Rome,  to 
obtain  favor  from  Augustus. 

9.  Ibis,  a  poem  of  646  verses  written  in  exile  :  a  bitter  invective 
against  some  personal  enemy. 

10.  Halieuticon  Liber:  132  hexameter  verses,  a  fragmentary 
natural  history  of  Fishes. 

11.  Medicamina  Faciei  :  a  fragment  of  100  elegiac  verses,  on 
the  use  of  Cosmetics. 

The  following  are  included  in  some  collections  of  Ovid's  poems, 
but  are  probably  not  genuine  :  — 

Consolatio  ad  Liviam  Augustam  :  an  elegy  of  474  verses 
addressed  to  the  Emperor's  wife  on  the  death  of  her  son  Drusus. 

Nux  ("  the  Nut-Tree  ")  :  lamentation  of  a  Walnut-tree  by  the 
roadside,  at  the  cruelties  inflicted  by  wayfarers,  and  the  vices  of  the 
age  in  general. 

*  The  word  Elegies,  in  this  connection,  describes  not  the  topic  or  style  of  treatment, 
but  only  the  versification,  —  hexameter  verse  alternating  with  pentameter  making  the 
"  elegiac  stanza." 


INDEX  OF  SELECTIONS. 


METAMORPHOSES. 

PACK 

1.  The  Creation  and  the  Flood  (I.  1-415) 5 

2.  The  Adventure  of  Phaethon  (II.  1-400) 18 

3.  The  Rape  of  Europa  (II.  833-875) 31 

4.  The  Search  of  Cadmus  (III.  1-137) 33 

5.  Pyramus  and  Thisbe  (IV.  55-166) 38 

6.  Perseus  and  Andromeda  (IV.  613-803) 42 

7.  The  Wandering  of  Ceres  (V.  341-661) 49 

8.  The  Pride  and  the  Grief  of  Niobe  (VI    165-312)    ...  60 

9.  The  Enchantments  of  Medea  (VII.  1-293) 65 

10.  The  Flight  of  Daedalus  (VIII.  152-259) 75 

11.  The  Calydonian  Hunt  (VIII.  260-525) 79 

12.  Philemon  and  Baucis  (VIII.  620-724) 88 

13.  The  Death  of  Hercules  (IX.  134-272) 92 

14.  Orpheus  and  Eurydice  (X.  1-77) 97 

15.  The  Song  of  Orpheus  (X.  86-219) 100 

16.  The  Death  of  Orpheus  (XI.  1-84) 104 

17.  The  Story  of  Midas  (XI.  85-193) 107 

18.  The  Chiefs  at  Troy  (XII.  1-145) in 

19.  Rivalry  of  Ajax  and  Ulysses  (XIII.  1-398) 117 

20.  The  Tale  of  Galatea  (XIII.  750-897) 130 

21.  The  Wisdom  of  King  Numa  (XVI.  1-487) 136 

22.  The  Worship  of  jEsculapius  (XV.  622-744) '45 

23.  The  Apotheosis  of  Caesar  (XV.  745-889) 149 


PAGE 


Index  of  Selections, 


SHORTER  POEMS. 
i.  The  Fasti. 

a.  The  Festival  of  Pales  (IV.  721-808)      .     .     .     .     .  155 

b.  The  Founding  of  Rome  (IV.  809-862)    .     .    .     .     .  158 

c.  Ritual  to  avert  Blight  (IV.  901-942) 160 

2.  Heroides  :  Penelope  to  Ulysses 162 

3.  Amores. 

a.  The  Poet  of  Idleness  (I.  15) 166 

b.  Elegy  on  a  Parrot  (II.  6) 167 

c.  Farewell  to  the  Loves  (III.  15) 169 

4.  Tristia. 

a.  Banished  from  Rome  (I.  3) 171 

b.  The  Exile's  Sick  Chamber  (III.  3) 174 

c.  Winter  Scenes  in  Thrace  (III.  10) 177 

d.  The  Poet's  Autobiography  (IV.  10) 179 


INTRODUCTION 


TO 


THE  "METAMORPHOSES"  OF  OVID. 


The  Mythology  of  the  Greeks,  adopted  by  the  Romans, 
consists  mainly  of  two  distinct  parts.  The  first  is  what  is  techni- 
cally called  Theogony,  "  the  generation  of  the  gods,"  and  was 
put  in  the  shape  best  known  to  us  by  Hesiod,  some  time  before 
500  B.C.  It  began,  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt,  with  rude  personi- 
fications of  the  objects  and  forces  of  nature,  such  as  would  be 
natural  to  a  people  of  active  intelligence,  lively  imagination,  and 
childlike  ignorance  on  all  matters  of  science.  The  Sun,  the 
Dawn,  the  Winds,  the  Floods,  are  easily  conceived  as  superhuman 
persons.  Some  of  the  earlier  fables  are  hardly  any  thing  more 
than  metaphors,  or  poetic  images,  put  in  the  form  of  narrative. 
That  the  Sun  is  figured  as  a  shepherd,  and  the  fleecy  clouds  his 
flock,  which  are  scattered  by  the  wind  and  gathered  again  by  his 
beams,  — a  very  old  bit  of  Eastern  poetry,  —  easily  gives  rise  to  the 
stories  of  Apollo  as  the  shepherd  of  Admetus,  and  that  which  tells 
the  stealing  of  his  catde  by  the  rogue  Hermes.  That  the  maiden 
Artemis  gazes  with  love,  on  the  sleeping  prince  Endymion,  is  hardly 
more  than  a  poetical  way  of  describing  the  beautiful  spectacle  of 
a  full  moon  rising  opposite  the  sun  at  his  going  down.  A  season 
of  blasting  drought  and  heat  may  have  been  described  by  saying 
that  the  chariot  of  the  Sun  was  driven  from  its  course  by  the 
unskilful,  self-confident  boy,  whose  fate  is  told  in  the  wild  tale  of 
Phaethon.     And  so  on. 

But  few  fables  can  be  explained  in  this  simple  way..  By  a  very 
natural. process,  a  group  of  divine  or  ideal  Persons  was. conceived, 


2  Introduction  to  the 

whose  family  history  or  personal  adventures  became  the  subject 
of  tales  absolutely  devoid  of  any  symbolical  meaning.  In  the 
system  found  in  the  Greek  and  Roman  poets,  nature  is  full  of 
mythological  beings,  grouped  —  as  subjects  in  a  monarchy  —  about 
the  one  celestial  or  royal  family,  which  has  its  abode  on  Mount 
Olympus.  The  King  of  Heaven,  Zeus  (Jupiter),  with  his  sister- 
queen  Here  (Juno),  is  the  child  of  Kronos  (Saturn)  or  Time, 
who  again  is  the  son  of  Ouranos  and  Gaia  (Heaven  and  Earth), 
beyond  which  imagination  did  not  seek  to  go.  His  brothers  are 
Poseidon  (Neptune)  and  Hades  (Pluto),  kings  of  the  Waters  and 
of  the  Lower  World.  His  sisters  are  Demeter  (Ceres)  and  Hestia 
(Vesta),  queens  of  the  Harvest  and  of  the  Home.  His  sons  are 
Apollo,  god  of  Light,  Ares  (Mars)  of  Strife,  and  Hermes 
(Mercury)  the  Herald.  His  daughters  are  Athene  (Minerva), 
Aphrodite  (Venus),  and  Artemis  (Diana),  goddesses  of  Wis- 
dom, of  Love,  and  of  the  Chase.  These  are  the  twelve  great 
divinities  (dii  majores).  And  about  them,  in  nearer  or  remoter 
kindred,  are  grouped  the  inferior  deities,  the  heroes  or  demigods, 
their  children  by  half-mortal  parentage,  and  the  innumerable 
progeny  of  fabulous  beings  inhabiting  the  kingdoms  of  sky, 
water,  or  earth. 

The  other  department  of  mythology  is  that  with  which  this  poem 
chiefly  deals.  It  consists  of  the  miracles  and  adventures  ascribed 
to  these  superhuman  persons,  —  a  vast  field,  in  which  ancient  fancy 
rioted  as  freely  as  the  modern  fancy  in  novels  and  fairy-tales. 
Some  of  them  may  possibly  be  explained  as  a  picturesque  way 
of  recounting  natural  phenomena,  or  as  exaggerated  tales  of  real 
events.  But  in  general  they  seem  purely  fictions  of  the  imagina- 
tion. In  a  very  large  proportion  they  take  the  form  of  metamor- 
phoses, that  is,  transformations  of  men  or  other  creatures  into 
various  shapes  ;  and  this  feature  gives  the  subject  and  the  title  of 
the  present  poem  (see  the  first  lines  of  Book  I.).  It  professes 
simply  to  tell  those  stories  which  have  in  them  this  element  of  the 
marvellous,  —  the  transformations,  particularly,  of  men  into  plants 
or  animals.  But  as  nearly  all  myths  introduce  some  such  feature, 
first  or  last,  it  manages  to  include  nearly  all  the  important  ones 
with  more  or  less  fulness.  They  are  told  in  a  rambling  discursive 
way,  one  story  leading  to  another  by  the  slightest  possible  link 


Metamorphoses  of  Ovid.  3 

of  association,  —  sometimes  by  what  seems  merely  the  poet's 
artifice,  aiming  to  make  a  coherent  tale  out  of  the  vast  miscellany 
at  his  command.* 

With  the  primitive  (fetichistic)  notion  of  a  separate  life  in 
every  object,  and  tne  human  soul  differing  in  no  essential  regard 
from  the  life  that  dwells  in  things,  it  was  easy  to  imagine  the  spirit 
of  man,  beast,  or  plant  as  passing  from  one  dwelling  to  another,  for 
a  longer  or  shorter  stay.  Such  a  transmigration  was,  in  fact, 
taught  as  a  creed  by  the  school  of  Pythagoras  (see  Metam.  xv. 
1-487).  But,  as  against  the  Hindoo  doctrine  of  transmigration 
into  the  very  life  of  other  animals,  the  Greeks  held  to  the  identity 
and  continuity  of  the  human  soul,  which  after  death  had  its  abode 
assigned  in  the  Lower  World.  The  metamorphosis,  therefore, 
is  only  an  occasional  miracle,  not  a  real  metempsychosis yf  it  did 
not  alter  essentially  the  ordinary  course  of  human  life,  but  only 
marked  the  intimate  connection  between  that  and  the  life  of 
external  nature  ;  or,  in  a  certain  wild,  pictorial  way,  showed  the 
workings  of  human  fancy,  to  account  for  the  first  creation  of  plants 
and  animals,  or  other  striking  phenomena  of  the  natural  world,  —  a 
clear  water-spring  in  a  little  island  (Arethusa),  a  mountain  rid^e 
of  peculiar  shape  {Atlas),  a  bird  of  plaintive  note  {Philomela),  or 
a  rock  weeping  with  perpetual  springs  (ATio6e). 

To  give  something  like  system,  order,  and  development  to  this 
world  of  fable  seems  to  have  been  a  favorite  aim  of  poetical  com- 
position with  the  ancients.  This  aim  is  partly  religious,  and  partly 
scientific,  —  if  that  can  be  called  scientific  which  only  fills  with 
fancies  a  void  that  no  science  yet  exists  to  fill.  Thus  the  "  Theo- 
gony"  of  Hesiod  groups  together  the  myths  relating  to  the  birth 
of  gods  and  heroes — making  a  sort  of  pagan  "Genesis"  —  in  a 
form  partly  chronological,  partly  picturesque  and  poetical.     This 

*  The  connecting  links  between  the  several  narratives  contained  in  the  present 
Selection  are  given,  bracketed,  in  the  headings,  thus  presenting  the  entire  argument 
of  the  Metamorphoses  as  a  connected  whole. 

t  Thus  the  princess  Io  is  changed  into  a  heifer  (Met  i.  611).  She  retains  her  human 
consciousness,  deplores  the  change,  and  writes  her  own  name  on  the  sand,  to  inform  her 
father  of  it.  This  is  metamorphosis,  or  change  of  form.  According  to  the  oriental 
doctrine  taught  by  Pythagoras  (Met.  xv.  459),  the  heifer  in  your  stall  was  doubtless  or.ce  a 
human  being,  perhaps  your  own  mother  or  sister:  it  would  be  wicked  to  kill  her,  and 
impious  to  eat  her  flesh.  But  she  has  only  a  brute  consciousness  ;  and  simply  shares  :he 
universal  life  of  man  and  brute.     This  is  metempsychosis,  or  change  of  soul. 


4  Introduction . 

is  apparently  the  first  attempt  of  human  thought  to  deal  systemati- 
cally with  the  phenomena  of  nature  —  so  as,  in  a  manner,  to 
account  for  things  —  before  men  were  sufficiently  free  from  super- 
stition to  reject  the  early  fables.  The  titles  of  several  Greek  works 
of  the  same  kind  are  known ;  and  Virgil,  in  the  Sixth  Eclogue, 
puts  a  similar  song  into  the  mouth  of  Silenus. 

Any  thing  like  a  real  belief  in  these  fables  had  passed  away  long 
before  the  time  of  Ovid.  He  was  the  popular  poet  of  a  sensual 
and  artificial  age,  who  found  in  these  creations  of  ancient  fancy 
a  group  of  subjects  suited  to  his  graceful,  ornate,  and  marvellously 
facile  style  of  narrative,  and  who  did  not  hesitate  to  alter  or  dress 
them  up  to  suit  his  purpose.  The  "  Metamorphoses  "  —  Libri  xv. 
Metamotphoseon  (a  Greek  genitive)  —  is  the  most  abundant  and 
rich  collection  of  these  fables  that  exists.  They  are  told  in  a 
diffuse,  sentimental,  often  debased  way,  which  contrasts  strongly 
with  the  serious  meaning  that  originally  belonged  to  these  myths ; 
but  are  wonderfully  fluent,  easy,  and  melodious  in  their  language,  and 
show  a  skill  of  versification  which  seems  never  to  halt  or  weary. 
The  poem  begins  with  the  first  origin  of  things  from  chaos,  the 
four  ages  of  gold,  silver,  brass,  and  iron,  the  deluge,  followed  by  the 
graceful  and  picturesque  version  of  the  tales  of  gods  and  heroes, 
through  a  long  narrative,  —  about  12,000  verses  in  all,  —  ending 
with  the  apotheosis  of  Caesar,  as  the  sequel  of  the  tale  of  Troy. 
The  series  purports  to  be  chronological ;  but  the  order  is  often 
arbitrary  and  the  connection  forced  or  affected,  as  would  naturally 
be  the  case  with  an  author  res  diversissimas  in  speciem  unius 
corporis  colligentem  (Quint,  iv.  1,  77). 

The  mythology  of  Ovid  and  the  other  Roman  poets  was  Greek 
mythology  dressed  up  in  Roman  names.  It  is  not  necessary  to 
remind  the  reader  that  the  stories  here  told  related  to  Zeus, 
Athene,  Artemis,  and  the  other  members  of  the  Greek  Olympus, 
and  could  never  have  been  attributed  to  the  sober  abstractions  of 
the  Roman  Pantheon.  Nevertheless,  in  commenting  upon  Ovid, 
it  is  impossible  to  avoid  making  use  of  the  names  in  the  same 
sense  that  he  did,  —  the  names  long  familiar  in  modern  litera- 
ture, which  took  them  from  the  Romans  and  not  the  Greeks. 


METAMORPHOSES. 


I.  The  Creation  and  the  Flood. 

[Book  I.  — 1-415.] 

Proem  (1-4).  Description  of  Chaos  (5-20).  The  Creator  assigns 
the  elements  to  their  places,  and  divides  the  land  from  the  waters : 
the  zones  and  climates  (26-58).  The  heavens  are  clear,  and  living 
things  come  forth  upon  the  earth  :  lastly  man,  fashioned  by  Prome- 
theus in  the  image  of  the  immortals  (69-88).  The  Four  Ages  : 
description  of  the  Golden  Age  (89-1 12).  The  Age  of  Silver,  Brass, 
and  Iron  :  Astraea  quits  the  earth  ;  the  Giants,  and  men  of  violence 
that  sprang  from  their  blood  (1 13-162).  Jupiter  recounts  the  crimes 
of  Lycaon,  and  his  transformation  to  a  Wolf  (163-243).  He  re- 
solves to  drown  the  world  with  a  Flood  rather  than  destroy  it  by 
Fire  :  description  of  the  Deluge  (244-312)  The  righteous  Deuca- 
lion with  his  wife  Pyrrha :  when  the  waters  are  abated,  they  behold 
the  earth  desolate,  and  beseech  aid  at  the  shrine  of  Themis 
(313-380).  Instructed  by  the  oracle,  they  cast  stones  above  their 
heads,  which  are  miraculously  converted  into  human  beings,  and 
thus  repeople  the  earth  (381-415). 

TN  nova  fert  animus  mutatas  dicere  formas 

■*■     corpora.     Di,  coeptis  (nam  vos  mutastis  et  illas) 

adspirate  meis,  primaque  ab  origine  mundi 

ad  mea  perpetuum  deducite  tempora  carmen. 

Ante  mare  et  terras  et  (quod  tegit  omnia)  caelum, 
unus  erat  toto  naturae  vultus  in  orbe, 
quern  dixere  Chaos  :  rudis  indigestaque  moles, 
nee  quicquam  nisi  pondus  iners,  congestaque  eodem 
non  bene  junctarum  discordia  semina  rerum. 
nullus  adhuc  mundo  praebebat  lumina  Titan,  10 

nee  nova  crescendo  reparabat  cornua  Phoebe, 


6  I.    The  Creation  and  the  Flood.       [Metam. 

nee  circumfuso  pendebat  in  aere  Tellus 

ponderibus  librata  suis,  nee  brachia  longo 

margine  terrarum  porrexerat  Amphitrite  ; 

qua  que  fuit  tellus,  illic  et  pontus  et  aer.  15 

Sic  erat  instabilis  tellus,  innabilis  unda, 
lucis  egens  aer :  nulli  sua  forma  manebat, 
obstabatque  aliis  aliud,  quia  corpore  in  uno 
frigida  pugnabant  calidis,  humentia  siccis, 
mollia  cum  duris,  sine  pondere  habentia  pondus.        20 

Hanc  deus  et  melior  litem  natura  diremit. 
nam  caelo  terras  et  terris  abscidit  undas, 
et  liquidum  spisso  secrevit  ab  aere  caelum, 
quae  postquam  evolvit  caecoque  exemit  acervo, 
dissociata  locis  concordi  pace  ligavit.  25 

Ignea  convexi  vis  et  sine  pondere  caeli 
emicuit,  summaque  locum  sibi  fecit  in  arce. 
proximus  est  aer  illi  levitate  locoque ; 
densior  his  tellus,  elementaque  grandia  traxit 
et  pressa  est  gravitate  sua  ;  circumfluus  humor  30 

ultima  possedit,  solidumque  coercuit  orbem. 

Sic  ubi  dispositam,  quisquis  fuit  ille  deorum, 
congeriem  secuit,  sectamque  in  membra  redegit, 
principio  terram,  ne  non  aequalis  ab  omni 
parte  foret,  magni  speciem  glomeravit  in  orbis.  35 

turn  freta  diffudit,  rapidisque  tumescere  ventis 
jussit,  et  ambitae  circumdare  litora  terrae. 
addidit  et  fontes  et  stagna  immensa  lacusque, 
fluminaque  obliquis  cinxit  declivia  ripis, 
quae,  diversa  locis,  partim  sorbentur  ab  ipsa,  40 

in  mare  perveniunt  partim,  campoque  recepta 
liberioris  aquae  pro  ripis  litora  pulsant. 
jussit  et  extendi  campos,  subsidere  valles, 
fronde  tegi  silvas,  lapidosos  surgere  montes. 

Utque  duae  dextra  caelum  totidemque  sinistra        45 


I.  79.]  The  Heavens:   Creation  of  Man.  7 

parte  secant  zonae,  quinta  est  ardentior  illis : 
sic  onus  inclusum  numero  distinxit  eodem 
cura  dei,  totidemque  plagae  tellure  premuntur. 
quarum  quae  media  est,  non  est  habitabilis  aestu ; 
nix  tegit  alta  duas  ;  totidem  inter  utramque  locavit,    50 
temperiemquededit,  mixta  cum  frigore  flamma. 

Imminet  his  aer:  qui,  quanto  est  pondere  terrae 
pondus  aquae  levius,  tanto  est  onerosior  igni. 
illic  et  nebulas,  illic  consistere  nubes 
jussit,  et  humanas  motura  tonitrua  mentes,  55 

et  cum  fulminibus  facientes  frigora  ventos. 
his  quoque  non  passim  mundi  fabricator  habendum 
aera  permisit :  vix  nunc  obsistitur  illis, 
cum  sua  quisque  regant  diverso  flamina  tractu, 
quin  lanient  mundum  ;  tanta  est  discordia  fratrum.     60 
Eurus  ad  auroram  Nabataeaque  regna  recessit, 
Persidaque  et  radiis  juga  subdita  matutinis  ; 
Vesper  et  occiduo  quae  litora  sole  tepescunt, 
proxima  sunt  Zephyro ;  Scythiam  septemque  trionem 
horrifer  invasit  Boreas  ;  contraria  tellus  65 

nubibus  assiduis  pluvioque  madescit  ab  Austro. 
haec  super  imposuit  liquidum  et  gravitate  carentem 
aethera,  nee  quicquam  terrenae  faecis  habentem. 

Vix  ita  limitibus  dissaepserat  omnia  certis, 
cum  quae  pressa  diu  massa  latuere  sub  ilia,  70 

sidera  coeperunt  toto  effervescere  caelo  : 
neu  regio  foret  ulla  suis  animantibus  orba, 
astra  tenent  caeleste  solum  formaeque  deorum ; 
cesserunt  nitidis  habitandae  piscibus  undae ; 
terra  feras  cepit,  volucres  agitabilis  aer.  75 

Sanctius  his  animal  mentisque  capacius  altae 
deerat  adhuc,  et  quod  dominari  in  cetera  posset, 
natus  homo  est:  sive  hunc  divino  semine  fecit 
ille  opifex  rerum,  mundi  melioris  origo, 


8  i.    The   Creation  and  the  Flood.        [Metam. 

sive  recens  tellus,seductaque  nuper  ab  alto  80 

aethere,cognati  retinebat  semina  caeli, 

quam  satus  Iapeto,  mixtam  fluvialibus  undis, 

finxit  in  effigiem  moderantum  cuncta  deorum. 

pronaque  cum  spectent  animalia  cetera  terram, 

os  homini  sublime  dedit,  caelumque  tueri  85 

jussit,  et  erectos  ad  sidera  tollere  vultus. 

sic,  modo  quae  fuerat  rudis  et  sine  imagine,  tellus 

induit  ignotas  hominum  conversa  figuras. 

Aurea  prima  sata  est  aetas,  quae  vindice  nullo, 
sponte  sua,  sine  lege  fidem  rectumque  colebat.  90 

poena  metusque  aberant,  nee  verba  minacia  fixo 
aere  legebantur,  nee  supplex  turba  timebat 
judicis  ora  sui,  sed  erant  sine  judice  tuti. 
nondum  caesa  suis,  peregrinum  ut  viseret  orbem, 
montibus  in  liquidas  pinus  descenderat  undas,  95 

nullaque  mortales  praeter  sua  litora  norant. 
nondum  praecipites  cingebant  oppida  fossae  : 
non  tuba  directi,  non  aeris  cornua  flexi, 
non  galeae,  non  ensis  erant;  sine  militis  usu 
mollia  securae  peragebant  otia  gentes.  100 

ipsa  quoque  imraunis  rastroque  intacta,  nee  ullis 
saucia  vomeribus,  per  se  dabat  omnia  tellus : 
contentique  cibis  nullo  cogente  creatis, 
arbuteos  fetus  montanaque  fraga  legebant, 
cornaque  et  in  duris  haerentia  mora  rubetis,  105 

et  quae  deciderant  patula  Jovis  arbore  glandes. 
ver  erat  aeternum,  placidique  tepentibus  auris 
mulcebant  zephyri  natos  sine  semine  flores. 
mox  etiam  fruges  tellus  inarata  ferebat, 
nee  renovatus  ager  gravidis  canebat  aristis  :  no 

flumina  jam  lactis,  jam  flumina  nectaris  ibant, 
flavaque  de  viridi  stillabant  ilice  mella. 

Postquam  Saturno  tenebrosa  in  Tartara  misso 


I.   147.]  The  Four  Ages.  9 

sub  Jove  mundus  erat,  subiit  argentca  proles, 

auro  deterior,  fulvo  pretiosior  aere.  115 

Juppiter  antiqui  contraxit  tempora  veris, 

perque  hiemes  aestusque  et  inaequales  autumnos 

et  breve  ver  spatiis  exegit  quattuor  annum. 

turn  primum  siccis  aer  fervoribus  ustus 

canduit,  et  ventis  glacies  adstricta  pependit.  120 

turn  primum  subiere  domus  :  domus  antra  fuerunt 

et  densi  frutices  et  vinctae  cortice  virgae. 

semina  turn  primum  longis  Cerealia  sulcis 

obruta  sunt,  pressique  jugo  gemuere  juvenci. 

Tertia  post  illas  successit  a'enca  proles,  125 

saevior  ingeniis,  et  ad  horrida  promptior  arma, 
non  scelerata  tamen.  —  De  duro  est  ultima  ferro. 
protinus  inrupit  venae  pejoris  in  aevum 
omne  nefas  :  fugere  pudor  verumque  fidesque  : 
in  quorum  subiere  locum  fraudesque  dolique  130 

insidiaeque  et  vis  et  amor  sceleratus  habendi. 
vela  dabant  ventis,  —  nee  adhuc  bene  noverat  illos 
navita,  —  quaeque  diu  steterant  in  montibus  altis, 
fluctibus  ignotis  insultavere  carinae. 
communemque  prius,  ceu  lumina  solis  et  auras,        135 
cautus  humum  longo  signavit  limite  mensor. 
nee  tantum  segetes  alimentaque  debita  dives 
poscebatur  humus,  sed  itum  est  in  viscera  terrae ; 
quasque  recondiderat  Stygiisque  admoverat  umbris, 
effodiuntur  opes,  inritamenta  malorum.  140 

Jamque  nocens  ferrum,  ferroque  nocentius  aurum 
prodierat;   prodit  Bellum,  quod  pugnat  utroque, 
sanguineaque  manu  crepitantia  concutit  arma. 
vivitur  ex  rapto  :  non  hospes  ab  hospite  tutus, 
non  socer  a  genero ;  fratrum  quoque  gratia  rara  est. 
imminet  exitio  vir  conjugis,  ilia  mariti ; 
lurida  terribiles  miscent  aconita  novercae ; 


io  i.    The  Creation  and  the  Flood,        [Metam. 

Alius  ante  diem  patrios  inquirit  in  annos. 

victa  jacet  pietas  ;  et  virgo  caede  madentes, 

ultima  caelestum,  terras  Astraea  reliquit.  15c 

neve  foret  terris  securior  arduus  aether, 

affectasse  ferunt  regnum  caeleste  Gigantas, 

altaque  congestos  struxisse  ad  sidera  montes. 

Turn  pater  omnipotens  misso  perfregit  Olympum 
fulmine,  et  excussit  subjecto  Pelion  Ossae.  155 

obruta  mole  sua  cum  corpora  dira  jacerent, 
perfusam  multo  natorum  sanguine  Terram 
inmaduisse  ferunt  calidumque  animasse  cruorem, 
et,  ne  nulla  suae  stirpis  monumenta  manerent, 
in  faciem  vertisse  hominum  ;  sed  et  ilia  propago       160 
contemptrix  superum  saevaeque  avidissima  caedis 
et  violenta  fuit:  scires  e  sanguine  natos. 

Quae  pater  ut  summa  vidit  Saturnius  arce, 
ingemit ;  et,  facto  nondum  vulgata  recenti, 
foeda  Lycaoniae  referens  convivia  mensae,  165 

ingentes  animo  et  dignas  Jove  concipit  iras, 
conciliumque  vocat ;  tenuit  mora  nulla  vocatos. 
est  via  sublimis,  caelo  manifesta  sereno : 
Lactea  nomen  habet,  candore  notabilis  ipso, 
hac  iter  est  superis  ad  magni  tecta  Tonantis  17a 

regalemque  domum  ;  dextra  laevaque  deorum 
atria  nobilium  valvis  celebrantur  apertis. 
plebs  habitat  diversa  locis  ;  a  fronte  potentes 
caelicolae  clarique  suos  posuere  penates. 
hie  locus  est,  quern,  si  verbis  audacia  detur,  175 

haud  timeam  magni  dixisse  Palatia  caeli. 

Ergo  ubi  marmoreo  superi  sedere  recessu, 
celsior  ipse  loco  sceptroque  innixus  eburno 
terrificam  capitis  concussit  terque  quaterque 
caesariem,  cum  qua  terram,  mare,  sidera  movit.       180 
talibus  inde  modis  ora  indignantia  solvit : 


I.  215.]  The  Guilt  of  Lycaon.  11 

*  Non  ego  pro  mundi  regno  magis  anxius  ilia 
tempestate  fui,  qua  centum  quisque  parabat 
inicere  anguipedum  captivo  brachia  caelo. 

nam  quamquam  ferus  hostis  erat,  tamen  illud  ab  uno 

corpore  et  ex  una  pendebat  origine  bellum. 

nunc  mihi  qua  totum  Nereus  circumsonat  orbem, 

perdendum  est  mortale  genus.     Per  flumina  juro 

infera  sub  terras  Stygio  labentia  luco, 

cuncta  prius  temptata  ;  sed  inmedicabile  vulnus        190 

ense  recidendum  est,  ne  pars  sincera  trahatur. 

sunt  mihi  semidei,  sunt  rustica  numina,  nymphae, 

faunique  satyrique  et  monticolae  Silvani. 

quos  quoniam  caeli  nondum  dignamur  honore, 

quas  dedimus,  certe  terras  habitare  sinamus.  195 

an  satis,  O  superi,  tutos  fore  creditis  illos, 

cum  mihi,  qui  fulmen,  qui  vos  habeoque  regoque, 

struxerit  insidias  notus  feritate  Lycaon  ?  • 

Contremuere  omnes,  studiisque  ardentibus  ausum 
talia  deposcunt.     Sic,  cum  manus  impia  saevit         200 
sanguine  Caesareo  Romanum  exstinguere  nomen, 
attonitum  tanto  subitae  terrore  ruinae 
humanum  genus  est  totusque  perhorruit  orbis. 
nee  tibi  grata  minus  pietas,  Auguste,  tuorum  est, 
quam  fuit  ilia  Jovi.     Qui  postquam  voce  manuque   205 
murmura  compressit,  tenuere  silentia  cuncti. 
substitit  ut  clamor,  pressus  gravitate  regentis, 
Juppiter  hoc  iterum  sermone  silentia  rupit : 

*  Ille  quidem  poenas  (curam  hanc  dimittite)  solvit : 
quod  tamen  admissum,  quae  sit  vindicta,  docebo.     210 
contigerat  nostras  infamia  temporis  aures  : 

quam  cupiens  falsam,  summo  delabor  Olympo, 

et  deus  humana  lustro  sub  imagine  terras. 

longa  mora  est,  quantum  noxae  sit  ubique  repertum, 

enumerare;  minor  fuit  ipsa  infamia  vero.  215 


12  i.    The  Creation  and  the  Flood.       [Metam. 

Maenala  transieram,  latebris  horrenda  ferarum, 

et  cum  Cyllene  gelidi  pineta  Lycaei. 

Arcados  hinc  sedes  et  inhospita  tecta  tyranni 

ingredior,  traherent  cum  sera  crepuscula  noctem. 

signa  dedi  venisse  deum,  vulgusque  precari  220 

coeperat ;  irridet  primo  pia  vota  Lycaon  ; 

mox  ait :  Exfieriar,  deus  hie,  discrimine  afierto, 

an  sit  m  or  talis;  nee  erit  dubitabile  verum. 

nocte  gravem  somno  necopina  perdere  morte 

me  parat ;  haec  illi  placet  experientia  veri.  225 

'  Nee  contentus  eo,  missi  de  gente  Molossa 
obsidis  unius  jugulum  mucrone  resolvit : 
atque  ita  semineces  partim  ferventibus  artus 
mollit  aquis,  partim  subjecto  torruit  igni. 
quos  simul  imposuit  mensis,  ego  vindice  flamma      230 
in  dominum  dignosque  everti  tecta  Penates, 
territus  ipse  fugit,  nactusque  silentia  ruris 
exululat,  frustraque  loqui  conatur ;  ab  ipso 
colligit  os  rabiem,  solitaeque  cupidine  caedis 
vertitur  in  pecudes,  et  nunc  quoque  sanguine  gaudet. 
in  villos  abeunt  vestes,  in  crura  lacerti : 
fit  lupus,  et  veteris  servat  vestigia  formae. 
canities  eadem  est,  eadem  violentia  vultus, 
idem  oculi  lucent,  eadem  feritatis  imago. 

1  Occidit  una  domus  ;  sed  non  domus  una  perire  240 
digna  fuit;  qua  terra  patet,  fera  regnat  Erinys, 
in  facinus  jurasse  putes.     Dent  ocius  omnes 
quas  meruere  pati,  sic  stat  sententia,  poenas.' 

Dicta  Jovis  pars  voce  probant  stimulosque  frementi 
adiciunt,  alii  partes  assensibus  implent.  245 

est  tamen  humani  generis  jactura  dolori 
omnibus,  et,  quae  sit  terrae  mortalibus  orbae 
forma  futura,  rogant ;  quis  sit  laturus  in  aras 
tura?  ferisne  paret  populandas  tradere  terras? 


I.  283.]  Gathering  of  the  Waters,  13 

talia  quaerentes,  sibi  enim  fore  cetera  curae,  250 

rex  superum  trepidare  vetat,  subolemque  priori 
dissimilem  populo  promittit  origine  mira. 

Jamque  erat  in  totas  sparsurus  fulmina  terras : 
sed  timuit,  ne  forte  sacer  tot  ab  ignibus  aether 
conciperet  flammas,  longusque  ardesceret  axis.         255 
esse  quoque  in  fatis  reminiscitur,  adfore  tempus, 
quo  mare,  quo  tellus,  correptaque  regia  caeli 
ardeat,  et  mundi  moles  operosa  laboret. 
tela  reponuntur  manibus  fabricata  Cyclopum. 

Poena  placet  diversa,  genus  mortale  sub  undis     260 
perdere,  et  ex  omni  nimbos  demittere  caelo. 
protinus  Aeoliis  aquilonem  claudit  in  antris, 
et  quaecumque  fugant  inductas  flamina  nubes, 
emittitque  Notum.     Madidis  Notus  evolat  alis, 
terribilem  picea  tectus  caligine  vultum  :  265 

barba  gravis  nimbis,  canis  fluit  unda  capillis, 
fronte  sedent  nebulae,  rorant  pennaeque  sinusque. 
utque  manu  late  pendentia  nubila  pressit, 
fit  fragor,  inclusi  funduntur  ab  aethere  nimbi, 
nuntia  Junonis  varios  induta  colores  270 

concipit  Iris  aquas,  alimentaque  nubibus  adfert. 
sternuntur  segetes  et  deplorata  colonis 
vota  jacent,  longique  perit  labor  irritus  anni. 

Nee  caelo  contenta  suo  est  Jovis  ira,  sed  ilium 
caeruleus  frater  juvat  auxiliaribus  undis.  275 

convocat  hie  amnes ;  qui  postquam  tecta  tyranni 
intravere  sui,  *  Non  est  hortamine  longo 
nunc*  ait  *  utendum  ;  vires  effundite  vestras, 
sic  opus  est ;  aperite  domos,  ac  mole  remota 
fluminibus  vestris  totas  inmittite  habenas.'  280 

Jusserat ;  hi  redeunt,  ac  fontibus  ora  relaxant, 
et  defrenato  volvuntur  in  aequora  cursu. 
ipse  tridente  suo  terram  percussit ;  at  ilia 


14  i«    The  Creation  and  the  Flood,       [Metam. 

intremuit  motuque  vias  patefecit  aquarum. 

expatiata  ruunt  per  apertos  flumina  campos,  285 

cumque  satis  arbusta  simul  pecudesque  virosque 

tectaque,  cumque  suis  rapiunt  penetralia  sacris. 

siqua  domus  mansit,  potuitque  resistere  tanto 

indejecta  malo,  culmen  tamen  altior  hujus 

unda  tegit,  pressaeque  latent  sub  gurgite  turres.       290 

Jamque  mare  et  tellus  nullum  discrimen  habebant : 
omnia  pontus  erat ;  deerant  quoque  litora  ponto. 
occupat  hie  collem  ;  cymba  sedet  alter  adunca, 
et  ducit  remos  illic,  ubi  nuper  ararat ; 
ille  super  segetes  aut  mersae  culmina  villae  295 

navigat ;  hie  summa  piscem  deprendit  in  ulmo. 
figitur  in  viridi,  si  fors  tulit,  anchora  prato, 
aut  subjecta  terunt  curvae  vineta  carinae. 
et,  modo  qua  graciles  gramen  carpsere  capellae, 
nunc  ibi  deformes  ponunt  sua  corpora  phocae.  300 

mirantur  sub  aqua  lucos  urbesque  domosque 
Nereides  ;  silvasque  tenent  delphines,  et  altis 
incursant  ramis,  agitataque  robora  pulsant. 
nat  lupus  inter  oves,  fulvos  vehit  unda  leones, 
unda  vehit  tigres  ;  nee  vires  fulminis  apro,  305 

crura  nee  ablato  prosunt  velocia  cervo. 
quaesitisque  diu  terris,  ubi  sistere  detur, 
in  mare  lassatis  volucris  vaga  decidit  alis. 
obruerat  tumulos  immensa  licentia  ponti, 
pulsabantque  novi  montana  cacumina  fluctus.  310 

maxima  pars  unda  rapitur ;  quibus  unda  pepercit, 
illos  longa  domant  inopi  jejunia  victu. 

Separat  Aonios  Oetaeis  Phocis  ab  arvis, 
terra  ferax,  dum  terra  fuit :  sed  tempore  in  illo 
pars  maris  et  latus  subitarum  campus  aquarum.        315 
mons  ibi  verticibus  petit  arduus  astra  duobus, 
nomine  Parnasus,  superantque  cacumina  nubes. 


'•  35 1-]  ^*    Waters  arc  recalled.  15 

hie  ubi  Deucalion  —  nam  cetera  texerat  aequor  — 
cum  consorte  tori  parva  rate  vectus  adhaesit, 
Corycidas  nymphas  et  numina  montis  adorant,  320 

fatidicamque  Themin,  quae  tunc  oracla  tenebat. 
non  illo  melior  quisquam  nee  amantior  aequi 
vir  fuit,  aut  ilia  metuentior  ulla  deorum. 

Juppiter  ut  liquidis  stagnare  paludibus  orbem, 
et  superesse  virum  de  tot  modo  milibus  unum,  325 

et  superesse  videt  de  tot  modo  milibus  unam, 
innocuos  ambos,  cultores  numinis  ambos, 
nubila  disjecit,  nimbisque  aquilone  remotis 
et  caelo  terras  ostendit,  et  aethera  terris. 
nee  maris  ira  manet,  positoque  tricuspide  telo  330 

mulcet  aquas  rector  pelagi,  supraque  profundum 
exstantem  atque  humeros  innato  murice  tectum 
caeruleum  Tritona  vocat,  conchaeque  sonanti 
inspirare  jubet,  fluctusque  et  fiumina  signo 
jam  revocare  dato.     Cava  bucina  sumitur  illi  335 

tortilis,  in  latum  quae  turbine  crescit  ab  imo,  — 
bucina,  quae  medio  concepit  ubi  aera  ponto, 
litora  voce  replet  sub  utroque  jacentia  Phoebo. 
tunc  quoque,  ut  ora  dei  madida  rorantia  barba 
contigit,  et  cecinit  jussos  inflata  receptus,  340 

omnibus  audita  est  telluris  et  aequoris  undis 
et  quibus  est  undis  audita,  coercuit  omnes. 
flumina  subsidunt,  coliesque  exire  videntur : 
jam  mare  litus  habet ;  plenos  capit  alveus  amnes  ; 
surgit  humus  ;  crescunt  loca  decrescentibus  undis  ;  345 
postque  diem  longam  nudata  cacumina  silvae 
ostendunt,  limumque  tenent  in  fronde  relictum. 

Redditus  orbis  erat :  quern  postquam  vidit  inanem 
et  desolatas  agere  alta  silentia  terras, 
Deucalion  lacrimis  ita  Pyrrham  aftatur  obortis :        350 
1  O  soror,  o  conjunx,  o  femina  sola  superstes, 


1 6  i.    The  Creation  and  the  Flood,      [Metam. 

quam  commune  mihi  genus  et  patruelis  origo, 
deinde  torus  junxit,  nunc  ipsa  pericula  jungunt: 
terrarum,  quascumque  vident  occasus  et  ortus, 
nos  duo  turba  sumus  ;  possedit  cetera  pontus.  355 

haec  quoque  adhuc  vitae  non  est  fiducia  nostrae 
certa  satis ;  terrent  etiam  nunc  nubila  mentem. 
quid  tibi,  si  sine  me  fatis  erepta  fuisses, 
nunc  animi,  miseranda,  foret?  quo  sola  timorem 
ferre  modo  posses?  quo  consolante  doleres?  360 

namque  ego,  crede  mihi,  si  te  quoque  pontus  haberet, 
te  sequerer,  conjunx,  et  me  quoque  pontus  haberet. 
O  utinam  possim  populos  reparare  paternis 
artibus,  atque  animas  formatae  infundere  terrae ! 
nunc  genus  in  nobis  restat  mortale  duobus  :  365 

sic  visum  superis  ;  hominumque  exempla  manemus.' 

Dixerat,  et  flebant ;  placuit  caeleste  precari 
numen,  et  auxilium  per  sacras  quaerere  sortes. 
nulla  mora  est ;  adeunt  pariter  Cephisidas  undas, 
ut  nondum  liquidas,  sic  jam  vada  nota  secantes.        370 
inde  ubi  libatos  inroravere  liquores 
vestibus  et  capiti,  flectunt  vestigia  sanctae 
ad  delubra  deae,  quorum  fastigia  turpi 
pallebant  musco,  stabantque  sine  ignibus  arae. 
ut  templi  tetigere  gradus,  procumbit  uterque  375 

pronus  humi,  gelidoque  pavens  dedit  oscula  saxo. 
atque  ita  :  '  Si  precibus  '  dixerunt  *  numina  justis 
victa  remollescunt,  si  flectitur  ira  deorum, 
die,  Themi,  qua  generis  damnum  reparabile  nostri 
arte  sit,  et  mersis  fer  opem,  mitissima,  rebus.'  380 

Mota  dea  est,  sortemque  dedit :  '  Discedite  templo, 
et  velate  caput,  cinctasque  resolvite  vestes, 
ossaque  post  tergum  magnae  jactate  parentis.' 
obstupuere  diu,  rumpitque  silentia  voce 
Pyrrha  prior,  jussisque  deae  parere  recusat,  385 


I.  415.]  Deucalion  and  Pyrrha.  17 

detque  sibi  veniam,  pavido  rogat  ore,  pavetque 

laedere  jactatis  maternas  ossibus  umbras. 

interea  repetunt  caecis  obscura  latebris 

verba  datae  sortis  secum,  inter  seque  volutant. 

inde  Promethiades  placidis  Epimethida  dictis  390 

mulcet,  et  *  Aut  fallax '  ait  *  est  sollertia  nobis, 

aut  pia  sunt,  nullumque  nefas  oracula  suadent. 

magna  parens  Terra  est:  lapides  in  corpore  terrae 

ossa  reor  dici :  jacere  hos  post  terga  jubemur.' 

Conjugis  augurio  quamquam  Titania  mota  est,      395 
spes  tamen  in  dubio  est ;  adeo  caelestibus  ambo 
diffidunt  monitis  :  —  sed  quid  temptare  nocebit? 
descendunt,  velantque  caput,  tunicasque  recingunt, 
et  jussos  lapides  sua  post  vestigia  mittunt. 
saxa  —  quis  hoc  credat,  nisi  sit  pro  teste  vetustas?  — 
ponere  duritiem  coepere  suumque  rigorem, 
mollirique  mora,  mollitaque  ducere  formam. 
mox,  ubi  creverunt,  naturaque  mitior  illis 
contigit,  ut  quaedam,  sic  non  manifesta,  videri 
forma  potest  hominis,  sed  uti  de  marmore  coepto,     405 
non  exacta  satis,  rudibusque  simillima  signis. 
quae  tamen  ex  illis  aliquo  pars  humida  suco 
et  terrena  fuit,  versa  est  in  corporis  usum  : 
quod  solidum  est  fiectique  nequit,  mutatur  in  ossa ; 
quae  modo  vena  fuit,  sub  eodem  nomine  mansit ;      410 
inque  brevi  spatio  superorum  numine  saxa 
missa  viri  manibus  faciem  traxere  virorum, 
et  de  femineo  reparata  est  femina  jactu. 
inde  genus  durum  sumus  experiensque  laborum, 
et  documenta  damus,  qua  simus  origine  nati.  415 


18  ii.    The  Adventure  of  Phaethon,     [Metam. 


II.  The  Adventure  of  Phaethon. 

[Among  the  creatures  generated  from  the  soil  of  the  earth  after 
the  Deluge,  had  been  the  serpent  Python,  slain  by  Apollo,  who 
thereon  instituted  the  Pythian  games  :  the  prize  of  victory,  first 
the  oak-leaf,  was  afterwards  the  laurel,  sacred  to  Apollo,  being  the 
nymph  Daphne,  loved  by  him,  and  changed  to  that  form  to  escape 
his  pursuit.  —  Io,  daughter  of  the  river-god  Inachus,  beloved  by 
Jupiter,  is  changed  into  a  heifer  by  him,  to  escape  the  jealousy  of 
Juno  ;  but  is  put  by  her  in  charge  of  Argus  of  the  hundred  eyes, 
who  being  soothed  to  sleep  by  Mercury  —  who  sings  the  story  of 
Syrinx  converted  to  a  water-reed  to  avoid  the  pursuit  of  Pan  —  is 
slain  by  him,  and  his  hundred  eyes  are  set  in  the  peacock's  tail. 
Io,  fleeing  to  Egypt,  becomes  the  goddess  I  sis,  and  the  mother  of 
Epaphus  ;  who  denies  against  Phaethon  his  boast  to  be  son  of  the 
Sun-god,  as  avouched  by  his  mother  Clymene  (I.  416-779)-] 

The  palace  of  the  Sun  described  (II.  1-18).  Phcebus,  the  god  of 
Day,  receives  Phaethon  with  affection,  and  owns  him  as  his  son, 
promising  by  oath  to  give  him  whatever  boon  he  should  desire 
(19-46).  Phaethon  demands  the  charge  of  the  chariot  and  horses  of 
the  Sun  for  a  single  day,  persisting  in  spite  of  his  father's  warning 
and  appeal  (47-102).  He  mounts,  and  attempts  the  celestial  way  : 
dread  forms  of  the  Zodiac :  the  steeds  dash  wildly  from  the  path 
(103-205).  Terror  and  devastation  caused  by  the  fiery  chariot: 
blasting  of  mountains  and  rivers,  and  alarm  of  Neptune  himself; 
Earth  appeals  to  Jupiter,  who  blasts  Phaethon  with  a  thunderbolt 
(206-324).  His  sisters  are  converted  to  poplars,  and  their  tears 
to  amber  (325-366)  ;  while  his  kinsman  Cygnus,  bewailing  the 
calamity,  becomes  a  Swan  (367-380).  The  Sun,  in  grief  and  wrath, 
hides  his  head  from  the  earth  ;  but,  entreated  by  the  gods  and 
commanded  by  Jupiter,  collects  again  his  scattered  steeds,  to 
resume  their  wonted  course  (381-400). 

T3  EGIA  Solis  erat  sublimibus  alta  columnis, 

J-^-     clara  micante  auro  flammasque  imitante  pyropo, 

cujus  ebur  nitidum  fastigia  summa  tegebat ; 

argenti  bifores  radiabant  lumine  valvae. 

materiam  superabat  opus  ;  nam  Mulciber  illic  5 

aequora  caelarat  medias  cingentia  terras, 


II.  4o.]  Palace  of  the  Sun.  19 

terrarumque  orbem,  caelumque,  quod  imminet  orbi. 
caeruleos  habet  unda  deos,  Tritona  canorum, 
Proteaque  ambiguum,  balaenarumque  prementem 
Aegaeona  suis  immania  terga  lacertis,  10 

Doridaque  et  natas ;  quarum  pars  nare  videtur, 
pars  in  mole  sedens  virides  siccare  capillos, 
pisce  vehi  quaedam  :  fades  non  omnibus  una, 
nee  diversa  tamen,  qualem  decet  esse  sororum. 
terra  viros  urbesque  gerit,  silvasque  ferasque,  15 

fluminaque  et  nymphas  et  cetera  numina  ruris. 
haec  super  imposita  est  caeli  fulgentis  imago, 
signaque  sex  foribus  dextris,  totidemque  sinistris. 

Quo  simul  acclivo  Clymeneia  limite  proles 
venit,  et  intravit  dubitati  tecta  parentis,  20 

protinus  ad  patrios  sua  fert  vestigia  vultus, 
consistitque  procul :  neque  enim  propiora  ferebat 
lumina.     Purpurea  velatus  veste  sedebat 
in  solio  Phoebus  Claris  lucente  smaragdis. 
a  dextra  laevaque  Dies  et  Mensis  et  Annus  2* 

Saeculaque  et  positae  spatiis  aequalibus  Horae, 
Verque  novum  stabat  cinctum  florente  corona ; 
stabat  nuda  Aestas  et  spicea  serta  gerebat ; 
stabat  et  Auctumnus,  calcatis  sordidus  uvis ; 
et  glacialis  Hiemps,  canos  hirsuta  capillos.  30 

Tnde  loco  medius,  rerum  novitate  paventem 
Sol  oculis  juvenem,  quibus  aspicit  omnia,  vidit : 
1  Quae '  que  *  viae  tibi  causa?  quid  hac '  ait '  arce  petisti, 
progenies,  Phaethon,  haud  infitianda  parenti?' 
ille  refert :  '  O  lux  inmensi  publica  mundi,  35 

Phoebe  pater,  si  das  hujus  mihi  nominis  usum, 
nee  falsa  Clymene  culpam  sub  imagine  celat  : 
pignora  da,  genitor,  per  quae  tua  vera  propago 
credar,  et  hunc  animis  errorem  detrahe  nostris.' 

Dixerat.     At  genitor  circum  caput  omne  micantes 


20  ii.    The  Adventure  of  Phaethon.        [Metam. 

deposuit  radios,  propiusque  accedere  jussit, 
amplexuque  dato,  \  Nee  tu  meus  esse  negari 
dignus  es,  et  Clymene  veros'  ait  *  edidit  ortus. 
quoque  minus  dubites,  quodvis  pete  munus,  ut  illud 
me  tribuente  feras  :  promissi  testis  adesto  45 

dis  juranda  palus,  oculis  incognita  nostris.' 

Vix  bene  desierat,  currus  rogat  ille  paternos, 
inque  diem  alipedum  jus  et  moderamen  equorum. 
paenituit  jurasse  patrem  ;  qui  terque  quaterque 
concutiens  illustre  caput,  \  Temeraria '  dixit  50 

*  vox  mea  facta  tua  est ;  utinam  promissa  liceret 
non  dare  !  confiteor,  solum  hoc  tibi,  nate,  negarem  : 
dissuadere  licet.     Non  est  tua  tuta  voluntas  : 
magna  petis,  Phaethon,  et  quae  nee  viribus  istis 
munera  conveniant,  nee  tarn  puerilibus  annis.  55 

sors  tua  mortalis  ;  non  est  mortale,  quod  optas. 
plus  etiam,  quam  quod  superis  contingere  fas  est, 
nescius  affectas.     Placeat  sibi  quisque  licebit : 
non  tamen  ignifero  quisquam  consistere  in  axe 
me  valet  excepto.     Vasti  quoque  rector  Olympi,        60 
qui  fera  terribili  jaculatur  fulmina  dextra, 
non  agat  hos  currus  :  et  quid  Jove  majus  habemus? 

*  Ardua  prima  via  est,  et  qua  vix  mane  recentes 
enituntur  equi :  medio  est  altissima  caelo, 
unde  mare  et  terras  ipsi  mihi  saepe  videre  65 

fit  timor,  et  pavida  trepidat  formidine  pectus : 
ultima  prona  via  est,  et  eget  moderamine  certo : 
tunc  etiam  quae  me  subjectis  excipit  undis, 
ne  ferar  in  praeceps,  Tethys  solet  ipsa  vereri. 
adde  quod  assidua  rapitur  vertigine  caelum,  70 

sideraque  alta  trahit,  celerique  volumine  torquet. 
nitor  in  adversum,  nee  me  qui  cetera,  vincit 
impetus,  et  rapido  contrarius  evehor  orbi. 

'  Finge  datos  currus  :  quid  ages  ?  poterisne  rotatis 


II.  108.]         Perils  of  the  Celestial  Road,  21 

obvius  ire  polis,  ne  te  citus  auferat  axis?  75 

forsitan  et  lucos  illic  urbesque  deorum 

concipias  animo,  delubraque  ditia  donis 

esse?  per  insidias  iter  est  formasque  ferarum. 

utque  viam  teneas,  nulloque  errore  traharis, 

per  tamen  adversi  gradieris  cornua  Tauri,  80 

Haemoniosque  arcus,  violentique  ora  Leonis, 

saevaque  circuitu  curvantem  brachia  longo 

Scorpion,  atque  aliter  curvantem  brachia  Cancrum. 

nee  tibi  quadrupedes  animosos  ignibus  illis, 

quos  in  pectore  habent,  quos  ore  et  naribus  efflant,    85 

in  promptu  regere  est :  vix  me  patiuntur,  ubi  acres 

incaluere  animi,  cervixque  repugnat  habenis. 

'  At  tu,  funesti  ne  sim  tibi  muneris  auctor, 
nate,  cave,  dum  resque  sinit,  tua  corrige  vota. 
scilicet  ut  nostro  genitum  te  sanguine  credas,  90 

pignora  certa  petis  :  do  pignora  certa  timendo, 
et  patrio  pater  esse  metu  probor.     Aspice  vultus 
ecce  meos :  utinamque  oculos  in  pectora  posses 
inserere,  et  patrias  intus  deprendere  curas  ! 
denique  quicquid  habet  dives  (circumspice)  mundus, 
eque  tot  ac  tantis  caeli  terraeque  marisque 
posce  bonis  aliquid  :  nullam  patiere  repulsam. 
deprecor  hoc  unum,  quod  vero  nomine  poena, 
non  honor  est:  poenam,  Phaethon,  pro  munere  poscis. 
quid  mea  colla  tenes  blandis,  ignare,  lacertis?  too 

ne  dubita,  dabitur  —  Stygias  juravimus  undas!  — 
quodcumque  optaris  :  sed  tu  sapientius  opta.' 

Finierat  monitus  \  dictis  tamen  ille  repugnat, 
propositumque  premit,  flagratque  cupidine  currus. 
ergo  qua  licuit,  genitor  cunctatus,  ad  altos  105 

deducit  juvenem,  Vulcania  munera,  currus. 
aureus  axis  erat,  temo  aureus,  aurea"  summae 
curvatura  rotae,  radiorum  argenteus  ordo. 


22  ii.    The  Adventure  of  Phaethon.       [Met am. 

per  juga  chrysolithi  positaeque  ex  ordine  gemmae 
clara  repercusso  reddebant  lumina  phoebo.  no 

dumque  ea  magnanimus  Phaethon  miratur,  opusque 
perspicit,  ecce  vigil  rutilo  patefecit  ab  ortu 
purpureas  Aurora  fores  et  plena  rosarum 
atria  ;  diffugiunt  stellae,  quarum  agmina  cogit 
Lucifer,  et  caeli  statione  novissimus  exit.  115 

Quae  petere  ut  terras,  mundumque  rubescere  vidit, 
cornuaque  extremae  velut  evanescere  lunae, 
jungere  equos  Titan  velocibus  imperat  Horis. 
jussa  deae  celeres  peragunt,  ignemque  vomentes, 
ambrosiae  suco  saturos,  praesepibus  altis  120 

quadrupedes  ducunt,  adduntque  sonantia  frena. 
turn  pater  ora  sui  sacro  medicamine'nati 
contigit,  et  rapidae  fecit  patientia  flammae, 
imposuitque  comae  radios,  praesagaque  luctus 
pectore  sollicito  repetens  suspiria  dixit :  125 

*  Si  potes  his  saltern  monitis  parere  paternis, 
parce,  puer,  stimulis,  et  fortius  utere  loris. 
sponte  sua  properant ;  labor  est  inhibere  volentes. 
nee  tibi  directos  placeat  via  quinque  per  arcus. 
sectus  in  obliquum  est  lato  curvamine  limes,  130 

zonarumque  trium  contentus  fine,  polumque 
effugit  australem,  junctamque  aquilonibus  Arcton. 
hac  sit  iter :  manifesta  rotae  vestigia  cernes. 
utque  ferant  aequos  et  caelum  et  terra  calores, 
nee  preme,  nee  summum  molire  per  aethera  currum. 
altius  egressus  caelestia  tecta  cremabis, 
inferius  terras  :  medio  tutissimus  ibis. 
neu  te  dexterior  tortum  declinet  ad  Anguem, 
neve  sinisterior  pressam  rota  ducat  ad  Aram  : 
inter  utrumque  tene.     Fortunae  cetera  mando,  140 

quae  juvet  et  melius  quam  tu  tibi,  consulat  opto. 
dum  loquor,  Hesperio  positas  in  litore  metas 


II.  176.]   The  Steeds  dash  forward  on  the  Course,  23 

humida  nox  tetigit ;  non  est  mora  libera  nobis. 

poscimur  :  effulget  tenebris  aurora  fugatis. 

corripe  lora  manu ;  vel,  si  mutabile  pectus  145 

est  tibi,  consiliis,  non  curribus  utere  nostris, 

dum  potes,  et  solidis  etiam  nunc  sedibus  adstas, 

dumque  male  optatos  nondum  premis  inscius  axes. 

quae  tutus  spectes,  sine  me  dare  lumina  terris., 

Occupat  ille  levem  juvenili  corpore  currum,  150 

statque  super,  manibusque  datas  contingere  habenas 
gaudet,  et  invito  grates  agit  inde  parenti. 
interea  volucres  Pyrois  Eoiis  et  Aethon, 
solis  equi,  quartusque  Phlegon,  hinnitibus  auras 
flammiferis  implent,  pedibusque  repagula  pulsant.    155 
quae  postquam  Tethys,  fatorum  ignara  nepotis, 
reppulit,  et  facta  est  immensi  copia  mundi, 
corripuere  viam,  pedibusque  per  aera  motis 
obstantes  scindunt  nebulas,  pennisque  levati 
praetereunt  ortos  isdem  de  partibus  Euros.  160 

Sed  leve  pondus  erat,  nee  quod  cognoscere  possent 
Solis  equi,  solitaque  jugum  gravitate  carebat. 
utque  labant  curvae  justo  sine  pondere  naves, 
perque  mare  instabiles  nimia  levitate  feruntur, 
sic  onere  assueto  vacuus  dat  in  aere  saltus,  165 

succutiturque  alte,  similisque  est  currus  inani. 
quod  simul  ac  sensere,  ruunt,  tritumque  relinquunt 
quadrijugi  spatium,  nee  quo  prius,  ordine  currunt. 
ipse  pavet ;  nee  qua  commissas  flectat  habenas, 
nee  scit  qua  sit  iter,  nee,  si  sciat,  imperet  illis.  170 

Turn  primum  radiis  gelidi  caluere  triones, 
et  vetito  frustra  temptarunt  aequore  tingui, 
quaeque  polo  posita  est  glaciali  proxima  Serpens, 
frigore  pigra  prius,  nee  formidabilis  ulli, 
incaluit  sumpsitque  novas  fervoribus  iras.  175 

te  quoque  turbatum  memorant  fugisse,  Boote, 


24  it.    The  Adventure  of  Pha'ethon.     [Metam. 

quamvis  tardus  eras,  et  te  tua  plaustra  tenebant. 

Ut  vero  summo  despexit  ab  aethere  terras 
infelix  Phaethon,  penitus  penitusque  jacentes, 
palluit,  et  subito  genua  intremuere  timore,  180 

suntque  oculis  tenebrae  per  tantum  lumen  obortae. 
et  jam  mallet  equos  numquam  tetigisse  paternos  ; 
jam  cognosse  genus  piget,  et  valuisse  rogando : 
jam  Meropis  dici  cupiens,  ita  fertur,  ut  acta 
praecipiti  pinus  borea,  cui  victa  remisit  185 

frena  suus  rector,  quam  dis  votisque  reliquit. 

Quid  faciat?  multum  caeli  post  terga  relictum, 
ante  oculos  plus  est :  animo  metitur  utrumque. 
et  modo  quos  i Hi  fatum  contingere  non  est, 
prospicit  occasus,  interdum  respicit  ortus.  190 

quidque  agat,  ignarus  stupet,  et  nee  frena  remittit, 
nee  retinere  valet,  nee  nomina  novit  equorum. 
sparsa  quoque  in  vario  passim  miracula  caelo 
vastarumque  videt  trepidus  simulacra  ferarum. 

Est  locus,  in  geminos  ubi  brachia  concavat  arcus 
Scorpios,  et  cauda  flexisque  utrimque  lacertis 
porrigit  in  spatium  signorum  membra  duorum. 
hunc  puer  ut  nigri  madidum  sudore  veneni 
vulnera  curvata  minitantem  cuspide  vidit, 
mentis  inops  gelida  formidine  lora  remisit.  200 

quae  postquam  summo  tetigere  jacentia  tergo, 
exspatiantur  equi,  nulloque  inhibente  per  auras 
ignotae  regionis  eunt,  quaque  impetus  egit, 
hac  sine  lege  ruunt ;  altoque  sub  aethere  fixis 
incursant  stellis,  rapiuntque  per  ftvia  currum.  205 

et  modo  summa  petunt,  modo  per  declive  viasque 
praecipites  spatio  terrae  propiore  feruntur. 
inferiusque  suis  fraternos  currere  Luna 
admiratur  equos,  ambustaque  nubila  fumant. 

Corripitur  flammis  ut  quaeque  altissima,  tellus,     210 


II.  244-]  Conflagration  of  the  Earth,  25 

fissaque  agit  rimas,  et  sucis  aret  ademptis. 
pabula  canescunt ;  cum  frondibus  uritur  arbor, 
materiamque  suo  praebet  seges  arida  damno. 
parva  queror  :  magnae  pereunt  cum  moenibus  urbes, 
cumque  suis  totas  populis  incendia  gentes  215 

in  cinerem  vertunt.     Silvae  cum  montibus  ardent : 
ardet  Athos,  Taurusque  Cilix,  et  Tmolus  et  Oete, 
et  turn  sicca,  prius  celeberrima  fontibus,  Ida, 
virgineusque  Helicon,  et  nondum  Oeagrius  Haemos. 
ardet  in  immensum  geminatis  ignibus  Aetne,  220 

Parnasusque  biceps,  et  Eryx  et  Cynthus  et  Othrys, 
et  tandem  nivibus  Rhodope  caritura,  Mimasque 
Dindymaque  et  Mycale  natusque  ad  sacra  Cithaeron. 
nee  prosunt  Scythiae  sua  frigora  :  Caucasus  ardet, 
Ossaque  cum  Pindo,  majorque  ambobus  Olympus,  225 
aeriaeque  Alpes,  et  nubifer  Appenninus. 

Turn  vero  Phaethon  cunctis  e  partibus  orbem 
aspicit  accensum,  nee  tantos  sustinet  aestus, 
ferventesque  auras  velut  e  fornace  profunda 
ore  trahit,  currusque  suos  candescere  sentit.  230 

et  neque  jam  cineres  ejectatamque  favillam 
ferre  potest,  calidoque  involvitur  undique  fumo. 
quoque  eat,  aut  ubi  sit,  picea  caligine  tectus 
nescit,  et  arbitrio  volucrum  raptatur  equorum. 

Sanguine  tunc  credunt  in  corpora  summa  vocato  235 
Aethiopum  populos  nigrum  traxisse  colorem  ;    • 
turn  facta  est  Libye  raptis  humoribus  aestu 
arida ;  turn  nymphae  passis  fontesque  lacusque 
deflevere  comis  ;  quaerit  Boeotia  Dircen, 
Argos  Amymonen,  Ephyre  Pirenidas  undas ;  240 

nee  sortita  loco  distantes  flumina  ripas 
tuta  manent :  mediis  Tanais  fumavit  in  undis, 
Peneosque  senex,  Teuthranteusque  Caicus, 
et  celer  Ismenos  cum  Phegiaco  Erymantho, 


26  ii.    The  Adventure  of  Phaetkon.    [Metam. 

arsurusque  iterum  Xanthus,  flavusque  Lycormas,     245 
quique  recurvatis  ludit  Maeandros  in  undis, 
Mygdoniusque  Melas  et  Taenarius  Eurolas. 

Arsit  et  Euphrates  Babylonius,  arsit  Orontes, 
Thermodonque  citus,  Gangesque,  et  Phasis,  et  Hister. 
aestuat  Alpheos  ;  ripae  Spercheides  ardent ;  250 

quodque  suo  Tagus  amne  vehit,  fluit  ignibus,  aurum ; 
et  quae  Maeonias  celebrarant  carmine  ripas 
flumineae  volucres,  medio  caluere  Caystro. 
Nilus  in  extremum  fugit  perterritus  orbem, 
occuluitque  caput,  quod  adhuc  latet :  ostia  septem    255 
pulverulenta  vacant,  septem  sine  flumine  valles. 
fors  eadem  Ismarios  Hebrum  cum  Strymone  siccat, 
Hesperiosque    amnes,    Rhenum    Rhodanumque    Pa- 

dumque, 
cuique  fuit  rerum  promissa  potentia,  Thybrin. 

Dissilit  omne  solum,  penetratque  in  Tartara  rimis 
lumen,  et  infernum  terret  cum  conjuge  regem ; 
et  mare  contrahitur,  siccaeque  est  campus  arenae 
quod  modo  pontus  erat,  quosque  altum  texerat  aequor* 
exsistunt  montes  et  sparsas  Cycladas  augent. 
ima  petunt  pisces,  nee  se  super  aequora  curvi  265 

tollere  consuetas  audent  delphines  in  auras, 
corpora  phocarum  summo  resupina  profundo 
exanimata  natant :  ipsum  quoque  Nerea  fama  est 
Doridaque  et  natas  tepidis  latuisse  sub  antris. 
ter  Neptunus  aquis  cum  torvo  bracchia  vultu  270 

exserere  ausus  erat;  ter  non  tulit  aeris  ignes. 

Alma  tamen  Tellus,  ut  erat  circumdata  ponto, 
inter  aquas  pelagi,  contractos  undique  fontes, 
qui  se  condiderant  in  opacae  viscera  matris, 
sustulit  oppressos  collo  tenus  arida  vultus  :  275 

opposuitque  manum  fronti,  magnoque  tremore 
omnia  concutiens  paulum  subsedit,  et  infra 


II.  3io.]        Appeal  of  the  Earth  to   Jupiter,  27 

quam  solet  esse,  fuit,  sacraque  ita  voce  locuta  est : 
'  Si    placet   hoc,    meruique,    quid    O    tua   fulmina 
cessant, 
summe  deum?  liceat  periturae  viribus  ignis  280 

igne  perire  tuo,  clademque  auctore  levare. 
vix  equidem  fauces  haec  ipsa  in  verba  resolvo  •  — 
presserat  ora  vapor  —  *  tostos  en  aspice  crines, 
inque  oculis  tantum,  tantum  super  ora  favillae. 
hosne  mihi  fructus,  hunc  fertilitatis  honorem  285 

officiique  refers,  quod  adunci  vulnera  aratri 
rastrorumque  fero,  totoque  exerceor  anno, 
quod  pecori  frondes  alimentaque  mitia    fruges 
humano  generi,  vobis  quoque  tura  ministro? 
sed  tamen  exitium  fac  me  meruisse,  quid  undae ;      290 
quid  meruit  frater?  cur  illi  tradita  sorte 
aequora  decrescunt  et  ab  aethere  longius  absunt? 
quod  si  nee  fratris,  nee  te  mea  gratia  tangit, 
at  caeli  miserere  tui !  circumspice  utrumque  : 
fumat  uterque  polus  ;  quos  si  vitiaverit  ignis,  295 

atria  vestra  ruent.     Atlas  en  ipse  laborat, 
vixque  suis  humeris  candentem  sustinet  axem. 
si  freta,  si  terrae  pereunt,  si  regia  caeli, 
in  chaos  antiquum  confundimur.     Eripe  flammis, 
siquid  adhuc  superest,  et  rerum  consule  summae.'    300 

Dixerat  haec  Tellus  :  neque  enim  tolerare  vaporem 
ulterius  potuit,  nee  dicere  plura  ;  suumque 
rettulit  os  in  se  propioraque  Manibus  antra. 

At  pater  omnipotens,  superos  testatus  et  ipsum 
qui  dederat  currus,  nisi  opem  ferat,  omnia  fato  305 

interitura  gravi,  summam  petit  arduus  arcem, 
unde  solet  latis  nubes  inducere  terris, 
unde  movet  tonitrus,  vibrataque  fulmina  jactat. 
sed  neque,  quas  posset  terris  inducere,  nubes 
tunc  habuit,  nee  quos  caelo  dimitteret,  imbres.  310 


28  ii.    The  Adventure  of  Pha'ethon,      [Metam. 

intonat,  et  dextra  libratum  fulmen  ab  aure 
misit  in  aurigam,  pariterque  animaque  rotisque 
expulit,  et  saevis  compescuit  ignibus  ignes. 
consternantur  equi,  et  saltu  in  contraria  facto 
colla  jugo  eripiunt,  abruptaque  lora  relinquunt.         315 
illic  frena  jacent,  illic  temone  revulsus 
axis,  in  hac  radii  fractarum  parte  rotarum, 
sparsaque  sunt  late  laceri  vestigia  currus. 

At  Phaethon,  rutilos  flamma  populante  capillos, 
volvitur  in  praeceps,  longoque  per  aera  tractu  320 

fertur,  ut  interdum  de  caelo  Stella  sereno 
etsi  non  cecidit,  potuit  cecidisse  videri. 
quern  procul  a  patria  diverso  maximus  orbe 
excipit  Eridanus,  fumantiaque  abluit  ora. 
Naides  Hesperiae  trifida  fumantia  flamma  325 

corpora  dant  tumulo,  signant  quoque  carmine  saxum  : 

HIC  SITVS  EST  PHAETHON  CVRRVS  AVRIGA  PATERNI 
QVEM  SI  NON  TENVIT  MAGNIS  TAMEN  EXCIDIT  AVS1S. 

Nam  pater  obductos,  luctu  miserabilis  aegro, 
condiderat  vultus  ;  et  si  modo  credimus,  unum  330 

isse  diem  sine  sole  ferunt ;  incendia  lumen 
praebebant,  aliquisque  malo  fuit  usus  in  illo. 

At  Clymene,  postquam  dixit  quaecumque  fuerunt 
in  tantis  dicenda  malis,  lugubris  et  amens 
et  laniata  sinus  totum  percensuit  orbem  :  335 

exanimesque  artus  primo,  mox  ossa  requirens, 
repperit  ossa  tamen  peregrina  condita  ripa, 
incubuitque  loco  ;  nomenque  in  marmore  lectum 
perfudit  lacrimis  et  aperto  pectore  fovit. 

Nee  minus  Heliades  fletus  et  —  inania  morti  340 

munera  —  dant  lacrimas,  et  caesae  pectora  palmis 
non  auditurum  miseras  Phaethonta  querellas 
nocte  dieque  vocant,  adsternunturque  sepulcro. 
luna  quater  junctis  implerat  cornibus  orbem  : 


n.  377.]  The  Heliades:   Cycnus.  29 

illae  more  suo,  nam  morem  fecerat  usus,  345 

plangorem  dederant :  e  quis  Phaethusa,  sororum 

maxima,  cum  vellet  terra  procumbere,  questa  est 

deriguisse  pedes  ;  ad  quam  conata  venire 

Candida  Lampetie,  subita  radice  retenta  est; 

tertia,  cum  crinem  manibus  laniare  pararet,  350 

avellit  frondes  ;  haec  stipite  crura  teneri, 

ilia  dolet  fieri  longos  sua  bracchia  ramos. 

dumque  ea  mirantur,  complectitur  inguina  cortex, 

perque  gradus  uterum,   pectusque,  humerosque,  ma- 

nusque 
ambit,  et  exstabant  tantum  ora  vocantia  matrem.     355 

Quid  faciat  mater?  nisi,  quo  trahat  impetus  illam 
hue  eat,  atque  illuc?  et,  dum  licet,  oscula  jungat? 
non  satis  est ;  truncis  avellere  corpora  temptat, 
et  teneros  manibus  ramos  abrumpit :  at  inde 
sanguineae  manant,  tamquam  de  vulnere,  guttae.    360 
*  Parce,  precor,  mater/  quaecumque  est  saucia  clamat, 
'  parce,  precor !  nostrum  laceratur  in  arbore  corpus, 
jamque  vale  '  —  cortex  in  verba  novissima  venit. 
inde  fluunt  lacrimae,  stillataque  sole  rigescunt 
de  ramis  electra  novis,  quae  lucidus  amnis  365 

excipit  et  nuribus  mittit  gestanda  Latinis. 

Adfuit  huic  monstro  proles  Sthenelei'a  Cycnus, 
qui  tibi  materno  quamvis  a  sanguine  junctus, 
mente  tamen,  Phaethon,  propior  fuit ;  ille  relicto  — 
nam  Ligurum  populos  et  magnas  rexerat  urbes —   370 
imperio,  ripas  virides  amnemque  querellis 
Eridanum  implerat,  silvamque  sororibus  auctam : 
cum  vox  est  tenuata  viro,  canaeque  capillos 
dissimulant  plumae,  collumque  a  pectore  longe 
porrigitur,  digitosque  ligat  junctura  rubentes,  375 

penna  latus  vestit,  tenet  os  sine  acumine  rostrum, 
fit  nova  Cycnus  avis ;  nee  se  caeloque  Jovique 


30  ii.    The  Adventure  of  Phaethon.     [Metam. 

credit,  ut  injuste  missi  memor  ignis  ab  illo : 
stagna  petit  patulosque  lacus,  ignemque  perosus, 
quae  colat,  elegit  contraria  flumina  fiammis.  380 

Squalidus  interea  genitor  Phaethontis,  et  expers 
ipse  sui  decoris,  qualis  cum  deficit  orbem 
esse  solet,  lucemque  odit  seque  ipse  diemque, 
datque  animum  in  luctus,  et  luctibus  adicit  iram, 
oiiiciumque  negat  mundo.     '  Satis'  inquit  '  ab  aevi  385 
sors  mea  principiis  fuit  inrequieta,  pigetque 
actorum  sine  fine  mihi,  sine  honore  laborum. 
quilibet  alter  agat  portantes  lumina  currus  : 
si  nemo  est,  omnesque  dei  non  posse  fatentur, 
ipse  agat;  ut  saltern,  dum  nostras  temptat  habenas, 
orbatura  patres  aliquando  fulmina  ponat. 
turn  sciet,  ignipedum  vires  expertus  equorum, 
non  meruisse  necem,  qui  non  bene  rexerit  illos.' 

Talia  dicentem  circumstant  omnia  Solem 
numina,  neve  velit  tenebras  inducere  rebus,  395 

supplice  voce  rogant ;  missos  quoque  Juppiter  ignes 
excusat,  precibusque  minas  regaliter  addit. 
colligit  amentes  et  adhuc  terrore  paventes 
Phoebus  equos,  stimuloque  domans  et  verbere  caedit : 
saevit  enim,  natumque  objectat  et  imputat  illis.  400 


II.    849.]  The  Ra$e  of  Eur  of  a.  31 

III.  The  Rape  of  Europa. 
[Book  1 1.  —  833-875.] 

[Callisto,  beloved  by  Jupiter,  is  transformed  by  Juno's 
jealousy  into  a  bear,  and  set  as  a  constellation  in  the  heavens 
(401-530).  Coronis  is  transformed  into  a  raven ;  Nyctimene  into 
a  night-owl,  and  the  prophetic  Ocyroe  into  a  mare  (531-675). 
Apollo  serving  Admetus  as  herdsman,  his  cattle  are  stolen  by  Mer- 
cury, who  changes  Battus  to  a  stone,  finding  him  ready  to  betray 
his  secret  (676-707).  Aglauros,  daughter  of  Cecrops,  is  harassed 
by  envy  of  her  sister  Herse,  beloved  by  Mercury,  and  is  changed 
into  a  stone  (708-832).] 

Europa,  daughter  of  Agenor,  king  of  Phoenicia,  being  beloved 
by  Jupiter,  he  sends  Mercury  to  drive  Agenor's  cattle  to  the  shore, 
meanwhile  transforming  himself  to  a  snow-white  bull ;  whom 
Europa  mounts,  and  so  is  borne  away  upon  the  sea,  to  the  island 
of  Crete. 

T  TAS  ubi  verborum  poenas  mentisque  profanae 
A  A  cepit  Atlantiades,  dictas  a  Pallade  terras 
linquit,  et  ingreditur  jactatis  aethera  pennis.  835 

sevocat  hunc  genitor ;  nee  causam  fassus  amoris, 
'  Fide  minister '  ait  '  jussorum,  nate,  meorum, 
pelle  moram,  solitoque  celer  delabere  cursu : 
quaque  tuam  matrem  tellus  a  parte  sinistra 
suspicit,  indigenae  Sidonida  nomine  dicunt,  840 

hanc  pete ;  quodque  procul  montano  gramine  pasci 
armentum  regale  vides,  ad  litora  verte.' 

Dixit ;  et  expulsi  jamdudum  monte  juvenci 
litora  jussa  petunt,  ubi  magni  filia  regis 
ludere  virginibus  Tyriis  comitata  solebat.  845 

non  bene  conveniunt,  nee  in  una  sede  morantur 
majestas  et  amor.     Sceptri  gravitate  relicta, 
ille  pater  rectorque  deum,  cui  dextra  trisulcis 
ignibus  armata  est,  qui  nutu  concutit  orbem, 


32  in.    The  Ra$e  of  Eurofa.  [Metam. 

induitur  faciem  tauri ;  mixtusque  juvencis  850 

mugit,  et  in  teneris  formosus  obambulat  herbis. 
quippe  color  nivis  est,  quam  nee  vestigia  duri 
calcavere  pedis,  nee  solvit  aquaticus  auster; 
colla  toris  extant ;  armis  palearia  pendent ; 
cornua  parva  quidem,  sed  quae  contendere  possis    855 
facta  manu,  puraque  magis  perlucida  gemma, 
nullae  in  fronte  minae,  nee  formidabile  lumen : 
pacem  vultus  habet.     Miratur  Agenore  nata, 
quod  tarn  formosus,  quod  proelia  nulla  minetur. 
sed  quamvis  mitem,  metuit  contingere  primo  :  860 

mox  adit,  et  flores  ad  Candida  porrigit  ora. 

Nunc  latus  in  fulvis  niveum  deponit  arenis  :  865 

paulatimque  metu  dempto,  modo  pectora  praebet 
virginea  palpanda  manu,  modo  cornua  sertis 
impedienda  novis.     Ausa  est  quoque  regia  virgo, 
nescia  quern  premeret,  tergo  considere  tauri : 
cum  deus  a  terra  siccoque  a  litore  sensim  870 

falsa  pedum  primis  vestigia  ponit  in  undis, 
inde  abit  ulterius,  mediique  per  aequora  ponti 
fert  praedam.     Pavet  haec,  litusque  ablata  relictum 
respicit,  et  dextra  cornum  tenet,  altera  dorso 
imposita  est :  tremulae  sinuantur  flamine  vestes.       875 


III.  20-1  The  Search  of  Cadmus.  33 

IV.  The  Search  of  Cadmus. 

[Book  III.  — 1-137.] 

Cadmus,  brother  of  Europa,  being  sent  by  his  father  in  search 
of  her,  by  guidance  of  an  oracle  follows  a  heifer  ;  and  when  she 
lies  down  to  rest,  prepares  for  sacrifice  (1-25).  But  meanwhile 
his  companions,  sent  to  a  fountain  of  Mars  for  water,  are  devoured 
by  a  dragon  (26-49).  Seeking  them,  Cadmus  encounters  and 
slays  the  dragon  (50-94).  At  the  command  of  Pallas,  he  sows  his 
teeth,  which  spring  up  armed  men.  These  are  all,  excepting  five, 
slain  in  mutual  strife ;  and,  by  help  of  the  survivors,  Cadmus 
founds  the  city  Thebes,  in  Bceotia,  which  being  interpreted  is  the 
land  of  kiiie  (95-130). 

TAMQUE  deus,  posita  fallacis  imagine  tauri, 
**    se  confessus  erat,  Dictaeaque  rura  tenebat : 
cum  pater  ignarus  Cadmo  perquirere  raptam 
imperat,  et  poenam,  si  non  invenerit,  addit 
exsilium  :  facto  pius  et  sceleratus  eodem.  5 

Orbe  pererrato  —  quis  enim  deprendere  possit 
furta  Jovis?  —  profugus  patriamque  iramque  parentis 
vitat  Agenorides,  Phoebique  oracula  supplex 
consulit,  et  quae  sit  tellus  habitanda  requirit. 
1  Bos  tibi '  Phoebus  ait  *  solis  occurret  in  arvis,  10 

nullum  passa  jugum,  curvique  immunis  aratri. 
hac  duce,  carpe  vias  ;  et  qua  requieverit  herba, 
moenia  fac  condas,  Boeotiaque  ilia  vocato.' 

Vix  bene  Castalio  Cadmus  descenderat  antro, 
incustoditam  lente  videt  ire  juvencam  15 

nullum  servitii  signum  cervice  gerentem. 
subsequitur,  pressoque  legit  vestigia  gressu, 
auctoremque  viae  Phoebum  taciturnus  adorat. 
jam  vada  Cephisi,  Panopesque  evaserat  arva : 
bos  stetit,  et  tollens  speciosam  cornibus  altis  20 

.1 


34  The  Search  of  Cadmus,  [Metam. 

ad  caelum  frontem,  mugitibus  impulit  auras, 
atque  ita  respiciens  comites  sua  terga  sequentes, 
procubuit,  teneraque  latus  summisit  in  herba. 

Cadmus  agit  grates,  peregrinaeque  oscula  terrae 
figit,  et  ignotos  montes  agrosque  salutat.  25 

sacra  Jovi  facturus  erat :  jubet  ire  ministros, 
et  petere  e  vivis  libandas  fontibus  undas. 
silva  vetus  stabat  nulla  violata  securi, 
et  specus  in  medio,  virgis  ac  vimine  densus, 
efficiens  humilem  lapidum  compagibus  arcum,  30 

uberibus  fecundus  aquis,  ubi  conditus  antro 
Martius  anguis  erat,  cristis  praesignis  et  auro : 
igne  micant  oculi,  corpus  tumet  omne  veneno, 
tresque  vibrant  linguae,  triplici  stant  ordine  dentes. 

Quern  postquam  Tyria  lucum  de  gente  profecti      35 
infausto  tetigere  gradu,  demissaque  in  undas 
urna  dedit  sonitum,  longo  caput  extulit  antro 
caeruleus  serpens,  horrendaque  sibila  misit. 
effluxere  urnae  manibus,  sanguisque  relinquit 
corpus,  et  attonitos  subitus  tremor  occupat  artus.        40 
ille  volubilibus  squamosos  nexibus  orbes 
torquet,  et  immensos  saltu  sinuatur  in  arcus : 
ac  media  plus  parte  leves  erectus  in  auras 
despicit  omne  nemus,  tantoque  est  corpore,  quanto 
si  totum  spectes,  geminas  qui  separat  Arctos.  45 

nee  mora,  Phoenicas,  sive  illi  tela  parabant, 
sive  fugam,  sive  ipse  timor  prohibebat  utrumque, 
occupat :  hos  morsu,  longis  amplexibus  illos, 
hos  necat  afflati  funesta  tabe  veneni. 

Fecerat  exiguas  jam  sol  altissimus  umbras  :  50 

quae  mora  sit  sociis,  miratur  Agenore  natus, 
vestigatque  viros  :  tegumen  direpta  leonis 
pellis  erat,  telum  splendenti  lancea  ferro 
et  jaculum,  teloque  animus  praestantior  omni. 


III.  88.]  Fight  with  the  Dragon,  35 

ut  nemus  intravit,  letataque  corpora  vidit,  55 

victoremque  supra  spatiosi  corporis  hostem 

tristia  sanguinea  lambentem  vulnera  lingua, 

*  Aut  ultor  vestrae,  fidissima  corpora,  mortis, 

aut  comes  '  inquit  !  ero.'    Dixit,  dextraque  molarem 

sustulit,  et  magnum  magno  conamine  misit.  60 

illius  impulsu  cum  turribus  ardua  celsis 

moenia  mota  forent :  serpens  sine  vulnere  mansit, 

loricaeque  modo  squamis  defensus,  et  atrae 

duritia  pellis,  validos  cute  reppulit  ictus. 

At  non  duritia  jaculum  quoque  vicit  eadem,  65 

quod  medio  lentae  spinae  curvamine  fixum 
constitit,  et  totum  descendit  in  ilia  ferrum. 
ille,  dolore  ferox,  caput  in  sua  terga  retorsit, 
vulneraque  aspexit,  fixumque  hastile  momordit, 
idque  ubi  vi  multa  partem  labefecit  in  omnem,  70 

vix  tergo  eripuit ;  ferrum  tamen  ossibus  haesit. 
turn  vero  postquam  solitas  accessit  ad  iras 
causa  recens,  plenis  tumuerunt  guttura  venis, 
spumaque  pestiferos  circumfluit  albida  rictus, 
terraque  rasa  sonat  squamis,  quique  halitus  exit         75 
ore  niger  Stygio,  vitiatas  inficit  auras, 
ipse  modo  immensum  spiris  facientibus  orbem 
cingitur,  interdum  longa  trabe  rectior  exstat ; 
impete  nunc  vasto  ceu  concitus  imbribus  amnis 
fertur,  et  obstantes  proturbat  pectore  silvas.  80 

Cedit  Agenorides  paulum,  spolioque  leonis 
sustinet  incursus,  instantiaque  ora  retardat 
cuspide  praetenta  :  furit  ille,  et  inania  duro 
vulnera  dat  ferro,  figitque  in  acumine  dentes ; 
jamque  venenifero  sanguis  manare  palato  85 

coeperat,  et  virides  aspergine  tinxerat  herbas  : 
sed  leve  vulnus  erat,  quia  se  retrahebat  ab  ictu, 
laesaque  colla  dabat  retro,  plagamque  sedere 


36  The  Search  of  Cadmus.  [Metam. 

cedendo  arcebat,  nee  longius  ire  sinebat : 

donee  Agenorides  conjectum  in  gutture  ferrum  90 

usque  sequens  pressit,  dum  retro  quercus  eunti 

obstitit,  et  fixa  est  pariter  cum  robore  cervix. 

pondere  serpentis  curvata  est  arbor,  et  imae 

parte  flagellari  gemuit  sua  robora  caudae. 

Dum  spatium  victor  victi  considerat  hostis,  95 

vox  subito  audita  est ;  neque  erat  cognoscere  promptum 
unde,  sed  audita  est : *  Quid,  Agenore  nate,  peremptum 
serpentem  spectas?  et  tu  spectabere  serpens.' 
ille  diu  pavidus  pariter  cum  mente  colorem 
perdiderat,  gelidoque  comae  terrore  rigebant.  100 

ecce  viri  fautrix,  superas  delapsa  per  auras 
Pallas  adest,  motaeque  jubet  subponere  terrae 
vipereos  dentes,  populi  incrementa  futuri. 
paret,  et  ut  presso  sulcum  patefecit  aratro, 
spargit  humi  jussos,  mortalia  semina,  dentes.  105 

inde  —  fide  majus  —  glebae  coepere  moveri, 
primaque  de  sulcis  acies  apparuit  hastae ; 
tegmina  mox  capitum  picto  nutantia  cono ; 
mox  humeri  pectusque  onerataque  bracchia  telis 
exsistunt,  crescitque  seges  clipeata  virorum.  no 

sic  ubi  tolluntur  festis  aulaea  theatris, 
surgere  signa  solent,  primumque  ostendere  vultus, 
cetera  paulatim  ;  placidoque  educta  tenore 
tota  patent,  imoque  pedes  in  margine  ponunt. 

Territus  hoste  novo  Cadmus  capere  arma  parabat : 
*  Ne  cape '  de  populo  quern  terra  creaverat  unus 
exclamat,  *  nee  te  civilibus  insere  bellis.' 
atque  ita  terrigenis  rigido  de  fratribus  unum 
cominus  ense  ferit :  jaculo  cadit  eminus  ipse, 
hunc  quoque  qui  leto  dederat,  non  longius  illo  120 

vivit,  et  exspirat  modo  quas  acceperat,  auras, 
exemploque  pari  furit  omnis  turba,  suoque 


III.  130.]        Founding  of  the  City   Thebes.  37 

marte  cadunt  subiti  per  mutua  vulnera  fratres. 
jamque  brevis  vitae  spatium  sortita  juventus 
sanguineo  tepidam  plangebat  pectore  matrem,  125 

quinque  superstitibus,  quorum  fuit  unus  Echion. 
is  sua  jecit  humo  monitu  Tritonidis  arma, 
fraternaeque  fidem  pads  petiitque  deditque. 
hos  operis  comites  habuit  Sidonius  hospes, 
cum  posuit  jussam  Phoebeis  sortibus  urbem.  130 

Jam  stabant  Thebae  :  poteras  jam,  Cadme,  videri 
exsilio  felix.     Soceri  tibi  Marsque  Venusque 
contigerant ;  hue  adde  genus  de  conjuge  tanta, 
tot  natos  natasque,  et  pignora  cara,  nepotes  : 
hos  quoque  jam  juvenes.     Sed  scilicet  ultima  semper 
expectanda  dies  homini,  dicique  beatus 
ante  obitum  nemo  supremaque  funera  debet. 


38  Pyramus  and  Thisbe.  [Metam. 

V.    PYRAMUS   AND   TlIISBE. 
[Book  IV.  — 55-166.] 

[Of  the  family  of  Cadmus,  Actaeon,  having  beheld  Diana  as 
she  was  bathing  with  her  nymphs,  was  changed  by  her  into  a  stag, 
and  torn  in  pieces  by  his  own  hounds  (III.  138-252).  Semele 
became  the  mother  of  Bacchus,  but  was  destroyed  by  the  presence 
of  Jupiter,  whom  she  desired  to  see  clothed  with  flames  and  thunder 
(253~3I5)-  Tiresias,  the  Theban  seer,  is  made  blind,  but  endowed 
with  prophecy  (316-338).  The  nymph  Echo,  pining  with  love  of 
Narcissus,  becomes  a  rock,  her  voice  alone  surviving  (339-401)  ; 
while  Narcissus,  gazing  on  his  image  in  a  fountain,  perishes,  and 
by  the -water-nymphs  is  converted  to  a  flower  (402-510).  Pen- 
theus,  having  denied  the  god  Bacchus,  and  forbidden  his  solem- 
nities, and  caused  him  to  be  seized,  is  torn  in  pieces  by  Bacchanals, 
his  mother  and  sisters  aiding :  Bacchus  meanwhile  (in  the  form  of 
Acastes)  relates  the  miracle  wrought  by  himself  upon  a  Tyrrhenian 
crew,  whose  ship's  tackle  he  had  converted  to  serpents,  and  them- 
selves to  dolphins  (511-733).  Three  Theban  sisters  (Minyeides) 
likewise  refrain  from  the  rites  of  Bacchus  :  of  whom  one  relates  the 
tale  of  Pyramus  and  Thisbe  (IV.  1-54)]. 

These  young  lovers,  dwelling  in  Babylon,  had  appointed  a 
meeting  at  the  tomb  of  king  Ninus  (55-92).  Thisbe,  coming 
first,  is  terrified  by  a  lion  and  so  escapes.  Pyramus,  soon  arriving, 
finds  tracks  of  the  beast  and  the  torn  mantle  of  Thisbe  ;  and  con- 
ceiving that  she  is  slain,  stabs  himself  with  his  sword,  his  blood 
reddening  the  fruit  of  the  mulberry,  at  whose  foot  he  lies  (93-127). 
Thisbe,  soon  returning,  finds  him  dying,  and  slays  herself  with  the 
sword  yet  warm  (128-166). 

TT)YRAMUS  et  Thisbe,  juvenum  pulcherrimus  alter, 
x      altera,  quas  Oriens  habuit,  praelata  puellis, 
contiguas  tenuere  domos,  ubi  dicitur  altam 
coctilibus  muris  cinxisse  Semiramis  urbem. 
notitiam  primosque  gradus  vicinia  fecit : 
tempore  crevit  amor  ;  taedae  quoque  jure  co'issent,     60 
sed  vetuere  patres.     Quod  non  potuere  vetare, 


IV.  95-]      Meeting  assigned  at  JVtnus9   Tomb,  39 

ex  aequo  captis  ardebant  mentibus  ambo : 
conscius  omnis  abest ;  nutu  signisque  loquuntur. 

Quoque  magis  tegitur,  tectus  magis  aestuat  ignis, 
fissus  erat  tenui  rima,  quam  duxerat  olim  65 

cum  fieret,  paries  domui  communis  utrique. 
id  vitium  nulli  per  saecula  longa  notatum  — 
quid  non  sentit  amor?  —  primi  vidistis,  amantes, 
et  vocis  fecistis  iter ;  tutaeque  per  illud 
murmure  blanditiae  minimo  transire  solebant.  70 

saepe,  ubi  constiterant,  hinc  Thisbe,  Pyramus  illinc, 
inque  vices  fuerat  captatus  anhelitus  oris, 
*  Invide'  dicebant  *  paries,  quid  amantibus  obstas? 
quantum  erat,  ut  sineres  toto  nos  corpore  jungi, 
aut  hoc  si  nimium,  vel  ad  oscula  danda  pateres !        75 
nee  sumus  ingrati ;  tibi  nos  debere  fatemur, 
quod  datus  est  verbis  ad  arnicas  transitus  aures.' 
talia  diversa  nequiquam  sede  locuti, 
sub  noctem  dixere  vale,  partique  dedere 
oscula  quisque  suae  non  pervenientia  contra.  80 

Postera  nocturnos  aurora  removerat  ignes, 
solque  pruinosas  radiis  siccaverat  herbas : 
ad  solitum  co'iere  locum.     Turn  murmure  parvo 
multa  prius  questi,  statuunt  ut  nocte  silenti 
fallere  custodes  foribusque  excedere  temptent,  85 

cumque  domo  exierint,  urbis  quoque  tecta  relinquant ; 
neve  sit  errandum  lato  spatiantibus  arvo, 
conveniant  ad  busta  Nini,  lateantque  sub  umbra 
arboris  :  arbor  ibi  niveis  uberrima  pomis 
ardua  morus  erat,  gelido  contermina  fonti.  90 

Pacta  placent;  et  lux,  tarde  discedere  visa, 
praecipitatur  aquis,  et  aquis  nox  surgit  ab  isdem. 
callida  per  tenebras  versato  cardine  Thisbe 
egreditur  fallitque  suos,  adopertaque  vultum 
pervenit  ad  tumulum,  dictaque  sub  arbore  sedit.         95 


40  Pyramus  and  Thisbe.  [Metam. 

audacem  faciebat  amor.     Venit  ecce  recenti 

caede  leaena  bourn  spumantes  oblita  rictus, 

depositura  sitim  vicini  fontis  in  unda. 

quam  procul  ad  lunae  radios  Babylonia  Thisbe 

vidit,  et  obscurum  trepido  pede  fugit  in  antrum,        ioo 

dumque  fugit,  tergo  velamina  lapsa  reliquit. 

ut  lea  saeva  sitim  multa  compescuit  unda, 

dum  redit  in  silvas,  inventos  forte  sine  ipsa 

ore  cruentato  tenues  laniavit  amictus. 

Serius  egressus,  vestigia  vidit  in  alto  105 

pulvere  certa  ferae,  totoque  expalluit  ore 
Pyramus.     Ut  vero  vestem  quoque  sanguine  tinctam 
repperit,  *  Una  duos '  inquit  ■  nox  perdet  amantes  : 
e  quibus  ilia  fuit  longa  dignissima  vita, 
nostra  nocens  anima  est :  ego  te,  miseranda,  peremi, 
in  loca  plena  metus  qui  jussi  nocte  venires, 
nee  prior  hue  veni.     Nostrum  divellite  corpus, 
et  scelerata  fero  consumite  viscera  morsu, 

0  quicumque  sub  hac  habitatis  rupe,  leones. 

sed  timidi  est  optare  necem.' — Velamina  Thisbes     115 
tollit,  et  ad  pactae  secum  fert  arboris  umbram. 
utque  dedit  notae  lacrimas,  dedit  oscula  vesti, 

1  Accipe  nunc'  inquit '  nostri  quoque  sanguinis  haustus  V 
quoque  erat  accinctus,  demisit  in  ilia  ferrum ; 

nee  mora,  ferventi  moriens  e  vulnere  traxit.  120 

Ut  jacuit  resupinus  humo,  cruor  emicat  alte  : 
non  aliter,  quam  cum  vitiato  fistula  plumbo 
scinditur,  et  tenui  stridente  foramine  longas 
ejaculatur  aquas,  atque  ictibus  aera  rumpit. 
arborei  fetus  aspergine  caedis  in  atram  125 

vertuntur  faciem,  madefactaque  sanguine  radix 
puniceo  tinguit  pendentia  mora  colore. 

Ecce  metu  nondum  posito,  ne  fallat  amantem, 
ilia  redit,  juvenemque  oculis  animoque  requirit, 


IV.  163.]  Death  of  both  the  Lovers,  41 

quantaque  vitarit  narrare  pericula  gestit.  130 

ntque  locum,  et  visa  cognoscit  in  arbore  for  mam, 
sic  facit  incertam  pomi  color :  haeret,  an  haec  sit. 
dum  dubitat,  tremebunda  videt  pulsare  cruentum 
membra  solum,  retroque  pedem  tulit,  oraque  buxo 
pallidiora  gerens,  exhorruit  aequoris  instar,  135 

quod  tremit,  exigua  cum  summum  stringitur  aura. 

Sed  postquam  remorata  suos  cognovit  amores, 
percutit  indignos  claro  plangore  lacertos, 
et  laniata  comas,  amplexaque  corpus  amatum, 
vulnera  supplevit  lacrimis,  fletumque  cruori  140 

miscuit,  et  gelidis  in  vultibus  oscula  flgens, 
1  Pyrame !  ■  clamavit  *  quis  te  mihi  casus  ademit? 
Pyrame,  responde :  tua  te  carissima  Thisbe 
nominat :  exaudi,  vultusque  attolle  jacentes  ! ' 

Ad  nomen  Thisbes  oculos  jam  morte  gravatos       145 
Pyramus  erexit,  visaque  recondidit  ilia  ; 
quae  postquam  vestemque  suam  cognovit,  et  ense 
vidit  ebur  vacuum,  *  Tua  te  manus '  inquit  *  amorque 
perdidit,  infelix.     Est  et  mihi  fortis  in  unum 
hoc  manus,  est  et  amor ;  dabit  hie  in  vulnera  vires, 
persequar  exstinctum,  letique  miserrima  dicar 
causa  comesque  tui ;  quique  a  me  morte  revelli 
heu  sola  poteras,  poteris  nee  morte  revelli. 
hoc  tamen  amborum  verbis  estote  rogati, 
O  multum  miseri,  mens  illiusque  parentes,  155 

ut  quos  certus  amor,  quos  hora  novissima  junxit, 
componi  tumulo  non  invideatis  eodem. 
at  tu,  quae  ramis  arbor  miserabile  corpus 
nunc  tegis  unius,  mox  es  tectura  duorum, 
signa  tene  caedis,  pullosque  et  luctibus  aptos  160 

semper  habe  fetus,  gemini  monumenta  cmoris.' 

Dixit,  et  aptato  pectus  mucrone  sub  imum 
incubuit  ferro,  quod  adhuc  a  caede  tepebat. 


42  Perseus  and  Andromeda,  [Met am. 

vota  tamen  tetigere  deos,  tetigere  parentes : 

nam  color  in  pomo  est,  ubi  permaturuit,  ater ;  ^5 

quodque  rogis  superest,  una  requiescit  in  urna. 


VI.   Perseus  and  Andromeda. 

[Book  IV.  — 615-803.] 

[A  second  sister  tells  of  Leucothoe,  an  eastern  princess,  beloved 
by  the  sun-god,  who  is  by  him  changed  after  her  burial  into  the  herb 
frankincense  ;  and  of  Clytie,  who,  pining  with  hopeless  love  of  the 
same  divinity,  becomes  a  sun-flower  (IV.  167-270).  The  third 
sister,  Leuconoe,  tells  the  fable  of  the  fountain-nymph  Salmacis, 
to  whose  waters  was  given  the  power  to  unman  whosoever  might 
bathe  in  them  (271-388).  But  the  three  sisters,  who  had  despised 
the  rites  of  Bacchus,  are  themselves  converted  into  bats  (389- 
415).  Ino  also,  daughter  of  Cadmus  and  nurse  of  Bacchus,  having 
affronted  Juno,  is  with  her  husband  Athamas  maddened  by  a  Fury, 
despatched  from  Tartarus  ;  so  that,  while  he  slays  their  eldest  son, 
taking  him  for  a  wild  beast,  Ino  casts  herself  with  Melicerta  into 
the  sea,  becoming  the  sea  divinity  Leucothea,  and  her  companions 
are  changed  to  stones  and  birds  (416-562).  Cadmus  and  his  wife 
Hermione,  in  great  age,  having  witnessed  these  sorrows  of  their 
house,  are  at  length  converted  into  serpents,  consoled  only  by  the 
glories  of  their  grandson  Bacchus  (563-614)0 

Perseus,  returning  from  the  slaying  of  Medusa,  is  refused  hos- 
pitality by  the  Titan  Atlas,  whom  by  the  Gorgon's  head  he  converts 
into  a  mountain  (615-662).  Flying  over  Ethiopia,  he  discovers  the 
princess  Andromeda,  daughter  of  Cepheus  and  Cassiopeia,  fastened 
to  a  cliff  to  be  devoured  by  a  sea-monster,  which  he  attacks  and 
slays,  and  so  wins  Andromeda  for  his  bride  (663-739).  The 
marvellous  effect  of  Medusa's  head,  which  changes  leaves  and 
twigs  to  coral ;  and  the  tale  told  at  Perseus'  wedding  feast,  of 
Medusa,  daughter  of  Phorcus,  whose  golden  locks  were  by  the 
wrath  of  Minerva  changed  to  serpents. 


IV.  648.]  The  Giant  Atlas.  43 

"\  77PEREI  referens  spolium  memorabile  monstri 

'      aera  carpebat  tenerum  stridentibus  alis  ; 
cumque  super  Libycas  victor  penderet  arenas, 
Gorgonei  capitis  guttae  cecidere  cruentae, 
quas  humus  exceptas  varios  animavit  in  angues : 
unde  frequens  ilia  est  infestaque  terra  colubris.  620 

Inde  per  immensum  ventis  discordibus  actus 
nunc  hue,  nunc  illuc,  exemplo  nubis  aquosae 
fertur,  et  ex  alto  seductas  aethere  longe 
despectat  terras,  totumque  supervolat  orbem. 
ter  gelidas  Arctos,  ter  Cancri  bracchia  vidit :  625 

saepe  sub  occasus,  saepe  est  ablatus  in  ortus. 
jamque  cadente  die,  veritus  se  credere  nocti, 
constitit  Hesperio,  regnis  Atlantis,  in  orbe ; 
exiguamque  petit  requiem,  dum  Lucifer  ignes 
evocet  Aurorae,  currus  Aurora  diurnos.  630 

Hie  hominum  cunctos  ingenti  corpore  praestans 
Iapetionides  Atlas  fuit.     Ultima  tellus 
rege  sub  hoc  et  pontus  erat,  qui  Solis  anhelis 
aequora  subdit  equis,  et  fessos  excipit  axes, 
mille  greges  illi,  totidemque  armenta  per  herbas      635 
errabant ;  et  humum  vicinia  nulla  premebant. 
arboreae  frondes  auro  radiante  virentes, 
ex  auro  ramos,  ex  auro  poma  tegebant. 

'  Hospes,'  ait  Perseus  illi,  *  seu  gloria  tangit 
te  generis  magni,  generis  mihi  Juppiter  auctor ;        640 
sive  es  mirator  rerum,  mirabere  nostras : 
hospitium  requiemque  peto.'     Memor  ille  vetustae 
sortis  erat ;  Themis  hanc  dederat  Parnasia  sortem : 
*  Tempus,  Atla,  veniet,  tua  quo  spoliabitur  auro 
arbor,  et  hunc  praedae  titulum  Jove  natus  habebit.' 
id  metuens,  solidis  pomaria  clauserat  Atlas 
moenibus,  et  vasto  dederat  servanda  draconi, 
arcebatque  suis  externos  finibus  omnes. 


44  Perseus  and  Andromeda.  [Metam. 

huic  quoque  '  Vade  procul,  ne  longe  gloria  rerum, 
quam  mentiris,'  ait  '  longe  tibi  Juppiter  absit ; '  650 

vimque  minis  addit,  manibusque  expellere  temptat 
cunctantem,  et  placidis  miscentem  fortia  dictis. 

Viribus  inferior  —  quis  enim  par  esset  Atlanti 
viribus  ?  —  'At  quoniam  parvi  tibi  gratia  nostra  est, 
accipe  munus,'  ait ;  laevaque  a  parte  Medusae         655 
ipse  retroversus  squalentia  prodidit  ora. 
quantus  erat,  mons  factus  Atlas  :  nam  barba  comaeque 
in  silvas  abeunt,  juga  sunt  humerique  manusque ; 
quod  caput  ante  fuit,  summo  est  in  monte  cacumen ; 
ossa  lapis  fiunt.     Turn  partes  auctus  in  omnes  660 

crevit  in  immensum  —  sic  di  statuistis  —  et  omne 
cum  tot  sideribus  caelum  requievit  in  illo. 

Clauserat  Hippotades  aeterno  carcere  ventos, 
admonitorque  operum  caelo  clarissimus  alto 
Lucifer  ortus  erat.     Pennis  ligat  ille  resumptis         665 
parte  ab  utraque  pedes,  teloque  accingitur  unco, 
et  liquidum  motis  talaribus  aera  findit. 
gentibus  innumeris  circumque  infraque  relictis, 
Aethiopum  populos  Cepheaque  conspicit  arva. 
illic  immeritam  maternae  pendere  linguae  670 

Andromedan  poenas  immitis  jusserat  Ammon. 

Quam  simul  ad  duras  religatam  bracchia  cautes 
vidit  Abantiades, — nisi  quod  levis  aura  capillos 
moverat,  et  tepido  manabant  lumina  fletu, 
marmoreum  ratus  esset  opus  —  trahit  inscius  ignes, 
et  stupet,  et  visae  correptus  imagine  formae, 
paene  suas  quatere  est  oblitus  in  aere  pennas. 
ut  stetit,  fO'  dixit  fnon  istis  digna  catenis, 
sed  quibus  inter  se  cupidi  junguntur  amantes, 
pande  requirenti  nomen  terraeque  tuumque,  680 

et  cur  vincla  geras.'     Primo  silet  ilia,  nee  audet 
appellare  virum  virgo  ;  manibusque  modestos 


IV.  715]         Approach  of  the  Sea-monster.  45 

celasset  vultus,  si  non  religata  fuisset. 
lumina,  quod  potuit,  lacrimis  implevit  obortis. 

Saepius  instanti,  sua  ne  delicta  fateri  685 

nolle  videretur,  nomen  terraeque  suumque, 
quantaque  maternae  fuerit  fiducia  formae, 
indicat.     Et  nondum  memoratis  omnibus  unda 
insonuit,  veniensque  immenso  belua  ponto 
imminet,  et  latum  sub  pectore  possidet  aequor.  690 

Conclamat  virgo  ;  genitor  lugubris  et  una 
mater  adest,  ambo  miseri,  sed  justius  ilia, 
nee  secum  auxilium,  sed  dignos  tempore  fletus 
plangoremque  ferunt,  vinctoque  in  corpore  adhaerent ; 
cum  sic  hospes  ait :  *  Lacrimarum  longa  manere      695 
tempora  vos  poterunt;    ad   opem  brevis  hora  feren- 

dam  est. 
hanc  ego  si  peterem  Perseus  Jove  natus  et  ilia, 
quam  clausam  implevit  foecundo  Juppiter  auro, 
Gorgonis  anguicomae  Perseus  superator,  et  alis 
aetherias  ausus  jactatis  ire  per  auras,  700 

praeferrer  cunctis  certe  gener.     Addere  tantis 
dotibus  et  meritum,  faveant  modo  numina,  tempto : 
ut  mea  sit  servata  mea  virtute,  paciscor.' 
accipiunt  legem  —  quis  enim  dubitaret?  —  et  orant, 
prornittuntque  super  regnum  dotale  parentes.  705 

Ecce  velut  navis  praefixo  concita  rostro 
sulcat  aquas,  juvenum  sudantibus  acta  lacertis, 
sic  fera  dimotis  impulsu  pectoris  undis 
tantum  aberat  scopulis,  quantum  Balearica  torto 
funda  potest  plumbo  medii  transmittere  caeli :  710 

cum  subito  juvenis,  pedibus  tellure  repulsa, 
arduus  in  nubes  abiit.     Ut  in  aequore  summo 
umbra  viri  visa  est,  visam  fera  saevit  in  umbram. 
utque  Jovis  praepes,  vacuo  cum  vidit  in  arvo 
praebentem  Phoebo  liventia  terga  draconem,  715 


46  Perseus  and  Andromeda.  [Met am. 

occupat  aversum,  neu  saeva  retorqueat  ora, 
squamigeris  avidos  figit  cervicibus  ungues : 
sic  celer  immisso  praeceps  per  inane  volatu 
terga  ferae  pressit,  dextroque  frementis  in  armo 
Inachides  ferrum  curvo  tenus  abdidit  hamo.  720 

vulnere  laesa  gravi,  modo  se  sublimis  in  auras 
attollit,  modo  subdit  aquis,  modo  more  ferocis 
versat  apri,  quern  turba  canum  circumsona  terret. 
ille  avidos  morsus  velocibus  effugit  alis ; 
quaque  patent,  nunc  terga  cavis  super  obsita  conchis, 
nunc  laterum  costas,  nunc  qua  tenuissima  cauda 
desinit  in  piscem,  falcato  verberat  ense. 
belua  puniceo  mixtos  cum  sanguine  fluctus 
ore  vomit :  maduere  graves  aspergine  pennae. 

Nee  bibulis  ultra  Perseus  talaribus  ausus  730 

credere,  conspexit  scopulum,  qui  vertice  summo 
stantibus  exstat  aquis,  operitur  ab  aequore  moto. 
nixus  eo,  rupisque  tenens  juga  prima,  sinistra 
ter  quater  exegit  repetita  per  ilia  ferrum. 
litora  cum  plausu  clamor  superasque  deorum  735 

implevere  domos.     Gaudent,  generumque  salutant, 
auxiliumque  domus  servatoremque  fatentur 
Cassiope  Cepheusque  pater.     Resoluta  catenis 
incedit  virgo,  pretiumque  et  causa  laboris. 

Ipse  manus  hausta  victrices  abluit  unda :  740 

anguiferumque  caput  dura  ne  laedat  arena, 
mollit  humum  foliis,  natasque  sub  aequore  virgas 
sternit,  et  imponit  Phorcynidos  ora  Medusae, 
virga  recens  bibulaque  etiamnum  viva  medulla 
vim  rapuit  monstri,  tactuque  induruit  hujus,  745 

percepitque  novum  ramis  et  fronde  rigorem. 
at  pelagi  nymphae  factum  mirabile  temptant 
pluribus  in  virgis,  et  idem  contingere  gaudent, 
seminaque  ex  illis  iterant  jactata  per  undas. 


IV.  784]  The  Marriage  Festival.  47 

nunc  quoque  curaliis  eadem  natura  remansit,  750 

duritiam  tacto  capiant  ut  ab  aere,  quodque 
vimen  in  aequore  erat,  fiat  super  aequora  saxum. 

Dis  tribus  ille  focos  totidem  de  cespite  ponit, 
laevum  Mercurio,  dextrum  tibi,  bellica  Virgo; 
ara  Jovis  media  est :  mactatur  vacca  Minervae,         755 
alipedi  vitulus,  taurus  tibi,  summe  deorum. 
protinus  Andromedan  et  tanti  praemia  facti 
indotata  rapit.     Taedas  Hymenaeus  Amorque 
praecutiunt ;  largis  satiantur  odoribus  ignes, 
sertaque  dependent  tectis,  et  ubique  lyraeque  760 

tibiaque  et  cantus,  animi  felicia  laeti 
argumenta,  sonant.     Reseratis  aurea  valvis 
atria  tota  patent,  pulchroque  instructa  paratu 
Cepheni  proceres  ineunt  convivia  regis. 

Postquam  epulis  functi  generosi  munere  Bacchi    765 
diffudere  animos,  cultusque  genusque  locorum 
quaerit  Lyncides,  moresque  animumque  virorum ; 
qui  simul  edocuit,  *  Nunc,  O  fortissime,'  dixit 
1  fare  precor,  Perseu,  quanta  virtute,  quibusque        770 
artibus  abstuleris  crinita  draconibus  ora.' 
narrat  Agenorides  gelido  sub  Atlante  jacentem 
esse  locum  solidae  tutum  munimine  molis, 
cujus  in  introitu  geminas  habitasse  sorores 
Phorcidas,  unius  partitas  luminis  usum  :  775 

id  se  sollerti  furtim,  dum  traditur,  astu 
subposita  cepisse  manu  ;  perque  abdita  longe 
deviaque  et  silvis  horrentia  saxa  fragosis 
Gorgoneas  tetigisse  domos ;  passimque  per  agros 
perque  vias  vidisse  hominum  simulacra  ferarumque 
in  silicem  ex  ipsis  visa  conversa  Medusa : 
se  tamen  horrendae  clipei,  quod  laeva  gerebat, 
aere  repercusso,  formam  aspexisse  Medusae ; 
dumque  gravis  somnus  colubrasque  ipsamque  tenebat, 


48  Perseus  and  Andromeda.  [Metam. 

eripuisse  caput  collo  ;  pennisque  fugacem  785 

Pegason  et  fratrem,  matris  de  sanguine  natos. 
addidit  et  longi  non  falsa  pericula  cursus : 
quae  freta,  quas  terras  sub  se  vidisset  ab  alto, 
et  quae  jactatis  tetigisset  sidera  pennis. 
ante  exspectatum  tacuit  tamen.     Excipit  unus  790 

ex  numero  procerum,  quaerens,  cur  sola  sororum 
gesserit  alternis  inmixtos  crinibus  angues. 

Hospes  ait,  •  Quoniam  scitaris  digna  relatu, 
accipe  quaesiti  causam.     Clarissima  forma 
multorumque  fuit  spes  invidiosa  procorum  795 

ilia ;  nee  in  tota  conspectior  ulla  capillis 
pars  fuit.     Inveni,  qui  se  vidisse  referret. 
hanc  pelagi  rector  templo  vitiasse  Minervae 
dicitur.     Aversa  est  et  castos  aegide  vultus 
nata  Jovis  texit ;  neve  hoc  impune  fuisset,  800 

Gorgoneum  crinem  turpes  mutavit  in  hydros, 
nunc  quoque,  ut  attonitos  formidine  terreat  hostes, 
pectore  in  adverso  quos  fecit,  sustinet  angues.' 


V.]  Tke   Wandering  of  Ceres,  49 

VII.   The  Wandering  of  Ceres. 
[Book  V.  —  341-661.] 

[At  the  marriage  feast  of  Perseus  and  Andromeda,  her  uncle 
Phineus,  to  whom  she  had  been  betrothed,  out  of  jealousy  caused 
a  quarrel  among  the  guests  ;  and  a  violent  quarrel  arising  thence, 
with  bloodshed  on  both  sides,  Perseus,  by  showing  the  Gorgon's 
head,  suddenly  turned  into  stone  Phineus  himself,  with  two  hundred 
of  his  companions  (V.  1-235).  And  by  the  same  means,  after  his 
return  to  Argos,  his  enemies  Prcetus  and  Polydectes  were  likewise 
converted  into  stone  (236-249).  Minerva  (who  had  attended  Per- 
seus thus  far),  coming  to  Helicon  and  inquiring  of  the  Muses,  is 
told  the  following :  that  having  taken  refuge  from  a  tempest  with 
Pyreneus  of  Daulia,  in  Phocis,  and  he  offering  them  violence,  they 
were  changed  to  birds  ;  and  he,  attempting  flight  after  them,  was 
dashed  in  pieces  (250-293).  The  Pierides,  daughters  of  king 
Pierus,  of  Macedonia,  having  challenged  them  to  a  trial  of  skill, 
begin  with  the  tale  of  the  giant  sons  of  Earth,  who  attempted  to 
scale  Olympus  ;  the  terror  of  the  gods  before  Typhoeus,  and  the 
various  shapes  they  assumed  in  their  flight ;  to  which  the  Muses 
respond  by  relating  the  Wandering  of  Ceres  in  her  search  for  her 
daughter  Proserpine  (294-340).] 

When  the  monster  Typhoeus  had  been  buried  beneath  Mount 
yEtna,  Pluto,  god  of  the  world  below,  alarmed  at  the  convulsions 
caused  by  his  agony,  came  forth  to  view.  Now  Venus  had  been 
jealous  at  the  virginity  of  Proserpine,  Ceres'  daughter ;  and  at  her 
bidding  Cupid  shot  the  king  of  Shadows  with  his  dart.  He  then, 
beholding  Proserpine,  as  she  sported  with  her  maidens  in  the  vale 
of  Enna,  seized  her,  and  bore  her  away  in  his  chariot,  driving  his 
way  through  the  fount  of  Cyane,  who  thereon  was  herself  con- 
verted into  water  (341-437).  Seeking  her  daughter  in  vain,  by  the 
light  of  torches  kindled  from  ^Etna,  Ceres  turned  into  a  spotted 
lizard  (stelUd)  the  boy  Stelles,  who  had  mocked  her  eager  thirst ; 
and  into  a  horned  owl  Ascalaphus,  who  testified  to  having  seen 
Proserpine  in  Hades  eat  seven  pomegranate-seeds,  whereby  she 
was  compelled  to  remain  in  her  new  abode.  Meanwhile,  the 
virgin-companions  of  Proserpine  became  winged  Sirens.  And, 
by  favor  of  Jupiter,  Proserpine  was  permitted  to  pass  half  the  year 
with  her  mother,  and  half  with  her  wedded  lord  (438-567). 


50  The    Wandering  of  Ceres.  [Metam. 

Ceres,  comforted  that  her  daughter  is  thus  partially  restored  to 
her,  asks  of  the  nymph  Arethusa  of  her  flight  and  transformation  ; 
who  relates  that,  being  pursued  by  the  river-god  Alpheus,  in  Elis 
of  Greece,  Diana,  whose  attendant  nymph  she  was,  provided  for 
her  escape  by  a  passage  beneath  the  sea,  whereby  she  came  to  the 
isle  of  Ortygia,  sacred  to  Diana,  on  the  coast  of  Sicily  (569-641). 

Ceres  then,  proceeding  to  Athens,  gave  her  chariot  to  Tripto- 
lemus,  that  he  might  instruct  mankind  in  the  sowing  and  gathering 
of  corn  ;  and  Lyncus,  seeking  to  kill  him  out  of  envy,  is  converted 
to  a  lynx  (642-661). 

[So  ends  the  tale  sung  by  the  Muses.  And  the  Pierides,  being 
adjudged  defeated  in  their  rivalry,  are  transformed  to  chattering 
magpies  (662-678).] 


"DRIMA  Ceres  unco  glebam  dimovit  aratro, 

-*-      prima  dedit  fruges  alimentaque  mitia  terris, 

prima  dedit  leges :  Cereris  sunt  omnia  munus. 

ilia  canenda  mihi  est.     Utinam  modo  dicere  possem 

carmina  digna  dea  :  certe  dea  carmine  digna  est.     345 

Vasta  giganteis  ingesta  est  insula  membris 
Trinacris,  et  magnis  subjectum  molibus  urguet 
aetherias  ausum  sperare  Typhoea  sedes. 
nititur  ille  quidem,  pugnatque  resurgere  saepe ; 
dextra  sed  Ausonio  manus  est  subjecta  Peloro,  350 

laeva,  Pachyne,  tibi ;  Lilybaeo  crura  premuntur ; 
degravat  Aetna  caput,  sub  qua  resupinus  arenas 
ejectat,  flammamque  fero  vomit  ore  Typhoeus. 
saepe  remoliri  luctatur  pondera  terrae, 
oppidaque  et  magnos  devolvere  corpore  montes.       355 
inde  tremit  tellus  ;  et  rex  pavet  ipse  silentum, 
ne  pateat,  latoque  solum  retegatur  hiatu, 
immissusque  dies  trepidantes  terreat  umbras. 

Hanc  metuens  cladem,  tenebrosa  sede  tyrannus 
exierat,  curruque  atrorum  vectus  equorum  360 

ambibat  Siculae  cautus  fundamina  terrae. 
postquam  exploratum  satis  est,  loca  nulla  labare, 


V.  396-]  Proserpine  is  stolen  by  Pluto.  51 

depositique  metus,  videt  hunc  Erycina  vagantem 

monte  suo  residens,  natumque  amplexa  volucrem 

1  Arma  manusque  meae,  mea,  nate,  potentia,'  dixit 

*  ilia,  quibus  superas  omnes,  cape  tela,  Cupido, 

inque  dei  pectus  celeres  molire  sagittas, 

cui  triplicis  cessit  fortuna  novissima  regni. 

tu  superos  ipsumque  Jovem,  tu  numina  ponti 

victa  domas,  ipsumque  regit  qui  numina  ponti.  370 

Tartara  quid  cessant?  cur  non  matrisque  tuumque 

imperium  profers?  agitur  pars  tertia  mundi. 

et  tamen  in  caelo,  quae  jam  patientia  nostra  est, 

spernimur,  ac  mecum  vires  minuuntur  Amoris. 

Pallada  nonne  vides  jaculatricemque  Dianam  375 

abscessisse  mihi?  Cereris  quoque  filia  virgo, 

si  patiemur,  erit ;  nam  spes  adfectat  easdem. 

at  tu,  pro  socio  (siqua  est  ea  gratia)  regno, 

junge  deam  patruo.'     Dixit  Venus  ;  ille  pharetram 

solvit,  et,arbitrio  matris,  de  mille  sagittis  380 

unam  seposuit,  sed  qua  nee  acutior  ulla, 

nee  minus  incerta  est,  nee  quae  magis  audiat  arcus. 

oppositoque  genu  curvavit  flexile  cornu  : 

inque  cor  hamata  percussit  arundine  Ditem. 

Haud  procul  Hennaeis  lacus  est  a  moenibus  altae, 
nomine  Pergus,  aquae.     Non  illo  plura  Caystros 
carmina  eyenorum  labentibus  audit  in  undis. 
silva  coronat  aquas  cingens  latus  omne,  suisque 
frondibus  ut  velo  Phoebeos  submovet  ignes. 
frigora  dant  rami,  Tyrios  humus  humida  flores  :       390 
perpetuum  ver  est.     Quo  dum  Proserpina  luco 
ludit,  et  aut  violas  aut  Candida  lilia  carpit, 
dumque  puellari  studio  calathosque  sinumque 
implet,  et  aequales  certat  superare  legendo, 
paene  simul  visa  est  dilectaque  raptaque  Diti :  395 

usque  adeo  est  properatus  amor.     Dea  territa  maesto 


52  The    Wandering  of  Ceres,  [Met am. 

et  matrem  et  comites,  sed  matrem  saepius,  ore 
clamat;  et  ut  summa  vestem  laniarat  ab  ora, 
collecti  flores  tunicis  cecidere  remissis. 
tantaque  simplicitas  puerilibus  adfuit  annis,  400 

haec  quoque  virgineum  movit  jactura  dolorem. 

Raptor  agit  currus,  et  nomine  quemque  vocatos 
exhortatur  equos,  quorum  per  colla  jubasque 
excutit  obscura  tinctas  ferrugine  habenas. 
perque  lacus  altos  et  olentia  sulfure  fertur  405 

stagna  Palicorum,  rupta  ferventia  terra; 
et  qua  Bacchiadae,  bimari  gens  orta  Corintho, 
inter  inaequales  posuerunt  moenia  portus. 

Est  medium  Cyanes  et  Pisaeae  Arethusae, 
quod  coit  angustis  inclusum  cornibus  aequor.  410 

hie  fuit,  a  cujus  stagnum  quoque  nomine  dictum  est, 
inter  Sicelidas  Cyane  celeberrima  nymphas. 
gurgite  quae  medio  summa  tenus  exstitit  alvo, 
agnovitque  deam  :  f  Nee  longius  ibitis*  inquit ; 
•  non  potes  invitae  Cereris  gener  esse  :  roganda,      415 
non  rapienda  fuit.     Quod  si  componere  magnis 
parva  mihi  fas  est,  et  me  dilexit  Anapis : 
exorata  tamen,  nee,  ut  haec,  exterrita  nupsi.' 
dixit,  et  in  partes  diversas  bracchia  tendens 
ohstitit.     Haud  ultra  tenuit  Saturnius  iram,  420 

terribilesque  hortatus  equos  in  gurgitis  ima 
contortum  valido  sceptrum  regale  lacerto 
condidit.     Icta  viam  tellus  in  Tartara  fecit, 
et  pronos  currus  medio  cratere  recepit. 

At  Cyane  raptamque  deam  contemptaque  fontis    425 
jura  sui  maerens,  inconsolabile  vulnus 
mente  gerit  tacita,  lacrimisque  absumitur  omnis  ; 
et  quarum  fuerat  magnum  modo  numen,  in  illas 
extenuatur  aquas.     Molliri  membra  videres, 
ossa  pati  flexus,  ungues  posuisse  rigorem  :  430 


V.  464.]  Her    Weary  Search.  53 

primaque  de  tota  tenuissima  quaeque  liquescunt, 

caerulei  crines,  digitique  et  crura  pedesque : 

nam  brevis  in  gelidas  membris  exilibus  undas 

transitus  est ;  post  haec  humeri  tergusque  latusque 

pectoraque  in  tenues  abeunt  evanida  rivos.  435 

denique  pro  vivo  vitiatas  sanguine  venas 

lympha  subit ;  restatque  nihil,  quod  prendere  possis. 

Interea  pavidae  nequiquam  filia  matri 
omnibus  est  terris,  omni  quaesita  profundo. 
illam  non  udis  veniens  Aurora  capillis  440 

cessantem  vidit,  non  Hesperus :  ilia  duabus 
flammiferas  pinus  manibus  succendit  ab  Aetna, 
perque  pruinosas  tulit  inrequieta  tenebras. 
rursus  ubi  alma  dies  hebetarat  sidera,  natam 
solis  ab  occasu  solis  quaerebat  ad  ortus.  445 

fessa  labore  sitim  collegerat,  oraque  nulli 
colluerant  fontes  ;  cum  tectam  stramine  vidit 
forte  casam,  parvasque  fores  pulsavit :  at  inde 
prodit  anus,  divamque  videt,  lymphamque  roganti 
dulce  dedit,  tosta  quod  texerat  ante  polenta.  450 

dum  bibit  ilia  datum,  duri  puer  oris  et  audax 
constitit  ante  deam,  risitque,  avidamque  vocavit. 
offensa  est ;  neque  adhuc  epota  parte  loquentem 
cum  liquido  mixta  perfudit  diva  polenta, 
combibit  os  maculas,  et  quae  modo  bracchia  gessit,  455 
crura  gerit ;  cauda  est  mutatis  addita  membris  : 
inque  brevem  formam,  ne  sit  vis  magna  nocendi, 
contrahitur,  parvaque  minor  mensura  lacerta  est. 
mirantem  flentemque  et  tangere  monstra  parantem 
fugit  anum,  latebramque  petit;  aptumque  colori       460 
nomen  habet,  variis  stellatus  corpora  guttis. 

Quas  dea  per  terras  et  quas  erraverit  undas, 
dicere  longa  mora  est.     Quaerenti  defuit  orbis  : 
Sicaniam  repetit ;  dumque  omnia  lustrat  eundo, 


54  The    Wandering  of  Ceres.  [Metam. 

venit  et  ad  Cyanen.     Ea  ni  mutata  fuisset,  465 

omnia  narrasset ;  sed  et  os  et  lingua  volenti 
dicere  non  aderant,  nee  quo  loqueretur,  habebat. 
signa  tamen  manifesta  dedit,  notamque  parenti, 
illo  forte  loco  delapsam  in  gurgite  sacro, 
Persephones  zonam  summis  ostendit  in  undis.  470 

quam  simul  agnovit,  tamquam  tunc  denique  raptam 
scisset,  inornatos  laniavit  diva  capillos, 
et  repetita  suis  percussit  pectora  palmis. 
nescit  adhuc  ubi  sit ;  terras  tamen  increpat  omnes, 
ingratasque  vocat,  nee  frugum  munere  dignas :         475 
Trinacriam  ante  alias,  in  qua  vestigia  damni 
repperit.     Ergo  illic  saeva  vertentia  glebas 
fregit  aratra  manu,  parilique  irata  colonos 
ruricolasque  boves  leto  dedit,  arvaque  jussit 
fallere  depositum,  vitiataque  semina  fecit.  480 

fertilitas  terrae  latum  vulgata  per  orbem 
falsa  jacet ;  primis  segetes  moriuntur  in  herbis, 
et  modo  sol  nimius,  nimius  modo  corripit  imber  ; 
sideraque  ventique  nocent,  avidaeque  volucres 
semina  jacta  legunt ;  lolium  tribulique  fatigant  485 

triticeas  messes,  et  inexpugnabile  gramen. 
Turn  caput  Eleis  Alpheias  extulit  undis, 
rorantesque  comas  a  fronte  removit  ad  aures, 
atque  ait :  '  O  toto  quaesitae  virginis  orbe 
et  frugum  genitrix,  immensos  siste  labores,  490 

neve  tibi  fidae  violenta  irascere  terrae : 
terra  nihil  meruit,  patuitque  invita  rapinae. 
nee  sum  pro  patria  supplex ;  hue  hospita  veni : 
Pisa  mihi  patria  est,  et  ab  Elide  ducimus  ortus. 
Sicaniam  peregrina  colo,  sed  gratior  omni  495 

haec  mihi  terra  solo  est.     Hos  nunc  Arethusa  penates, 
hanc  habeo  sedem ;  quam  tu,  mitissima,  serva. 
mota  loco  cur  sim,  tantique  per  aequoris  undas 


V.  S32-]      She  discovers  Proserpine's  Abode.  55 

advehar  Ortygiam,  veniet  narratibus  hora 

tempestiva  meis,  cum  tu  curaque  levata  500 

et  vultus  melioris  eris.     Mihi  pervia  tellus 

praebet  iter,  subterque  imas  ablata  cavernas, 

hie  caput  attollo,  desuetaque  sidera  cerno. 

ergo  dum  Stygio  sub  terris  gurgite  labor, 

visa  tua  est  oculis  illic  Proserpina  nostris  :  505 

ilia  quidem  tristis,  neque  adhuc  interrita  vultu, 

sed  regina  tamen,  sed  opaci  maxima  mundi, 

sed  tamen  inferni  pollens  matrona  tyranni.' 

Mater  ad  auditas  stupuit  ceu  saxea  voces, 
attonitaeque  diu  similis  fuit.     Utque  dolore  510 

pulsa  gravi  gravis  est  amentia,  curribus  auras 
exit  in  aetherias  :  ibi  toto  nubila  vultu 
ante  Jovem  passis  stetit  invidiosa  capillis  : 
■  Proque  meo  veni  supplex  tibi,  Juppiter,'  inquit, 
1  sanguine,  proque  tuo.     Si  nulla  est  gratia  matris,  515 
nata  patrem  moveat ;  neu  sit  tibi  cura,  precamur, 
vilior  illius,  quod  nostro  est  edita  partu. 
en  quaesita  diu  tandem  mihi  nata  reperta  est : 
si  reperire  vocas  amittere  certius,  aut  si 
scire,  ubi  sit,  reperire  vocas.     Quod  rapta,  feremus, 
dummodo  reddat  earn  :  neque  enim  praedone  marito 
filia  digna  tua  est  —  si  jam  mea  filia  non  est.' 

Juppiter  excepit,  *  Commune  est  pignus  onusque 
nata  mihi  tecum ;  sed  si  modo  nomina  rebus 
addere  vera  placet,  non  hoc  injuria  factum,  525 

verum  amor  est.     Neque  erit  nobis  gener  ille  pudori, 
tu  modo,  diva,  velis.     Ut  desint  cetera,  quantum  est 
esse  Jovis  fratrem  !  Quid  quod  nee  cetera  desunt, 
nee  cedit  nisi  sorte  mihi.     Sed  tanta  cupido 
si  tibi  discidii  est,  repetet  Proserpina  caelum,  530 

lege  tamen  certa,  si  nullos  contigit  illic 
ore  cibos :  nam  sic  Parcarum  foedere  cautum  est.' 


56  The    Wandering  of  Ceres.  [Metam. 

Dixerat ;  at  Cereri  certum  est  educere  natam  : 
non  ita  fata  sinunt,  quoniam  jejunia  virgo 
solverat,  et  cultis  dum  simplex  errat  in  hortis,  535 

poeniceum  curva  decerpserat  arbore  pomum, 
sumptaque  pallenti  septem  de  cortice  grana 
presserat  ore  suo.     Solusque  ex  omnibus  illud 
Ascalaphus  vidit,  quern  quondam  dicitur  Orphne, 
inter  Avernales  haud  ignotissima  nymphas,  540 

ex  Acheronte  suo  silvis  peperisse  sub  atris : 
vidit,  et  indicio  reditum  crudelis  ademit. 
ingemuit  regina  Erebi,  testemque  profanam 
fecit  avem,  sparsumque  caput  Phlegethontide  lympha ' 
in  rostrum  et  plumas  et  grandia  lumina  vertit.  545 

ille  sibi  ablatus  fulvis  amicitur  ab  alis, 
inque  caput  crescit,  longosque  reflectitur  ungues, 
vixque  movet  natas  per  inertia  bracchia  pennas : 
foedaque  fit  volucris,  venturi  nuntia  luctus, 
ignavus  bubo,  dirum  mortalibus  omen.  550 

Hie  tamen  indicio  poenam  linguaque  videri 
commeruisse  potest.     Vobis,  Acheloides,  unde 
pluma  pedesque  avium,  cum  virginis  ora  geratis? 
an  quia,  cum  legeret  vernos  Proserpina  flores, 
in  comitum  numero,  doctae  Sirenes,  eratis?  555 

quam  postquam  toto  frustra  quaesistis  in  orbe, 
protinus  ut  vestram  sentirent  aequora  curam, 
posse  super  fluctus  alarum  insistere  remis 
optastis,  facilesque  deos  habuistis,  et  artus 
vidistis  vestros  subitis  flavescere  pennis.  560 

ne  tamen  ille  canor  mulcendas  natus  ad  aures 
tantaque  dos  oris  linguae  deperderet  usum, 
virginei  vultus  et  vox  humana  remansit. 

At  medius  fratrisque  sui  maestaeque  sororis 
Juppiter  ex  aequo  volventem  dividit  annum.  565 

nunc  dea,  regnorum  numen  commune  duorum, 


V.  6oo.]  The   Tale  of  Arethusa.  57 

cum  matre  est  totidem,  totidem  cum  conjuge  menses, 
vertitur  extemplo  facies  et  mentis  et  oris  : 
nam  modo  quae  poterat  Diti  quoque  maesta  videri, 
laeta  deae  frons  est;  ut  sol,  qui  tectus  aquosis  570 

nubibus  ante  fuit,  victis  e  nubibus  exit. 

Exigit  alma  Ceres,  nata  secura  recepta, 
quae  tibi  causa  fugae,  cur  sis,  Arethusa,  sacer  fons? 
conticuere  undae  :  quarum  dea  sustulit  alto 
fonte  caput,  viridesque  manu  siccata  capillos  575 

fluminis  Elei  veteres  narravit  amores : 
1  Pars  ego  nympharum,  quae  sunt  in  Achaide,'  dixit, 
*  una  fui ;  nee  me  studiosius  altera  saltus 
legit,  nee  posuit  studiosius  altera  casses. 
sed  quamvis  formae  numquam  mihi  fama  petita  est, 
quamvis  fortis  eram,  formosae  nomen  habebam. 
nee  mea  me  facies  nimium  laudata  juvabat : 
quaque  aliae  gaudere  solent,  ego  rustica  dote 
corporis  erubui,  crimenque  placere  putavi. 

1  Lassa  revertebar,  memini,  Stymphalide  silva  :    585 
aestus  erat,  magnumque  labor  geminaverat  aestum. 
invenio  sine  vertice  aquas,  sine  murmure  euntes, 
perspicuas  ad  humum,  per  quas  numerabilis  alte 
calculus  ornnis  erat,  quas  tu  vix  ire  putares. 
cana  salicta  dabant  nutritaque  populus  unda  590 

sponte  sua  natas  ripis  declivibus  umbras, 
accessi,  primumque  pedis  vestigia  tinxi, 
poplite  deinde  tenus ;  neque  eo  contenta,  recingor, 
molliaque  impono  salici  velamina  curvae, 
nudaque  mergor  aquis ;  quas  dum  ferioque  trahoque 
mille  modis  labens,  excussaque  bracchia  jacto, 
nescio  quod  medio  sensi  sub  gurgite  murmur, 
territaque  insisto  propioris  margine  ripae. 
Jgtw  firoflcras,  Arethusa  P  suis  Alpheus  ab  undis, 
£>uo $r operas?  iterum  rauco  mihi  dixerat  ore.  600 


5$  The   Tale  of  Arethusa,  [Met am. 

si  cut  eram,  fugio  sine  vestibus  :  altera  vestes 

ripa  meas  habuit :  tanto  magis  instat,  et  ardet. 

sic  ego  currebam,  sic  me  ferus  ille  premebat, 

ut  fugere  accipitrem  penna  trepidante  columbae,      605 

ut  solet  accipiter  trepidas  urguere  columbas. 

usque  sub  Orchomenon,  Psophidaque,  Cyllenenque, 

Maenaliosque  sinus,  gelidumque  Erymanthon,  et  Elin 

currere  sustinui ;  nee  me  velocior  ille. 

'  Sed  tolerare  diu  cursus  ego,  viribus  impar,  610 

non  poteram  :  longi  patiens  erat  ille  laboris. 
per  tamen  et  campos,  per  opertos  arbore  montes, 
saxa  quoque  et  rupes  et  qua  via  nulla,  cucurri. 
sol  erat  a  tergo :  vidi  praecedere  longam 
ante  pedes  umbram  —  nisi  si  timor  ilia  videbat  —     615 
sed  certe  sonitusque  pedum  terrebat,  et  ingens 
crinales  vittas  adflabat  anhelitus  oris, 
fessa  labore  fugae,  Fer  ofiem,  defirendimur,  inquam, 
armigerae,  Dictynna,  tuae,  cut  saefie  dedisti 
ferre  tuos  arcus  inclusaque  tela  -pharetra.  620 

'  Mota  dea  est,  spissisque  ferens  e  nubibus  unam 
me  super  injecit.     Lustrat  caligine  tectam 
amnis,  et  ignarus  circum  cava  nubila  quaerit; 
bisque  locum,  quo  me  dea  texerat,  inscius  ambit, 
et  bis  Io  Arethusa!  Io  Arethusa!  vocavit.  625 

quid  mihi  tunc  animi  miserae  fuit?  anne  quod  agnae 

est, 
siqua  lupos  audit  circum  stabula  alta  frementes? 
aut  lepori,  qui  vepre  latens  hostilia  cernit 
ora  canum,  nullosque  audet  dare  corpore  motus? 

*  Non  tamen  abscedit ;  neque  enim  vestigia  cernit 
longius  ulla  pedum  :  servat  nubemque  locumque. 
occupat  obsessos  sudor  mihi  frigidus  artus, 
caeruleaeque  cadunt  toto  de  corpore  guttae. 
quaque  pedem  movi,  manat  lacus,  eque  capillis 


V.  66i.]  Triptolemus  and  Lyncus.  59 

ros  cadit ;  et  citius  quam  nunc  tibi  facta  renarro,       635 
in  latices  mutor.     Sed  enim  cognoscit  amatas 
aninis  aquas,  positoque  viri  quod  sumpserat  ore, 
vertitur  in  proprias,  ut  se  mihi  misceat,  undas. 
Delia  rupit  humum,  caecisque  ego  mersa  cavernis 
advehor  Ortygiam,  quae  me  cognomine  divae  640 

grata  meae  superas  eduxit  prima  sub  auras.' 

Hac  Arethusa  terms.     Geminos  dea  fertilis  angues 
curribus  admovit,  frenisque  coercuit  ora, 
et  medium  caeli  terraeque  per  aera  vecta  est, 
atque  levem  currum  Tritonida  misit  in  urbem  645 

Triptolemo  ;  partimque  rudi  data  semina  jussit 
spargere  humo,  partim  post  tempora  longa  recultae. 
jam  super  Europen  sublimis  et  Asida  terram 
vectus  erat  juvenis  ;  Scythicas  advertitur  oras. 
rex  ibi  Lyncus  erat.     Regis  subit  ille  penates  ;         650 
qua  veniat,  causamque  viae  nomenque  rogatus 
et  patriam,  *  Patria  est  clarae  mihi '  dixit  '  Athenae ; 
Triptolemus  nomen.     Veni  nee  puppe  per  undas, 
nee  pede  per  terras :  patuit  mihi  pervius  aether, 
dona  fero  Cereris,  latos  quae  sparsa  per  agros  655 

frugiferas  messes  alimentaque  mitia  reddant.' 
barbarus  invidit ;  tantique  ut  muneris  auctor 
ipse  sit,  hospitio  recipit,  somnoque  gravatum 
adgreditur  ferro.     Conantem  figere  pectus 
lynca  Ceres  fecit,  rursusque  per  aera  jussit  660 

Mopsopium  juvenem  sacros  agitare  jugales. 


60  The  Pride  of  Niobe,  [Metam. 

VIII.   The  Pride  and  the  Grief  of  Niobe. 
[Book  VI.  — 165-312.] 

[Minerva,  having  heard  the  tale  of  the  Pierides,  bethinks  herself 
of  a  fit  penalty  for  Arachne,  a  Lydian  maid,  who  had  boastfully 
challenged  her  to  a  trial  of  skill  in  embroidery.  Visiting  her  in  the 
guise  of  an  old  woman,  and  finding  her  still  of  the  same  mind,  she 
assumes  her  proper  shape,  and  works  in  her  web  the  tale  of  sundry 
divine  judgments,  while  Arachne  weaves  the  story  of  numerous 
transformations  of  gods,  impelled  thereto  by  love.  To  punish  her 
impiety  and  insolence,  Minerva  strikes  her  on  the  forehead ;  and 
when  Arachne  in  despair  hangs  herself,  converts  her  to  a  spider, 
condemned  to  spin  and  to  hang  for  evermore  (VI.  1-145).] 

But  her  fate  does  not  warn  Niobe,  daughter  of  Tantalus,  who, 
as  the  mother  of  seven  sons  and  seven  daughters,  boasts  herself 
above  Latona.  In  wrath,  therefore,  and  to  avenge  their  mother, 
Apollo  in  one  day  smites  all  the  sons  of  Niobe,  and  Diana  all  her 
daughters  ;  and  so,  being  suddenly  made  childless,  she  is  turned 
into  marble,  and  her  tears  continue  to  flow  for  ever  (165-312). 

"PCCE  venit  comitum  Niobe  celeberrima  turba,     165 

-L/  vestibus  intexto  Phrygiis  spectabilis  auro, 

et,  quantum  ira  sink,  formosa  ;  movensque  decoro 

cum  capite  inmissos  humerum  per  utrumque  capillos. 

constitit ;  utque  oculos  circumtulit  alta  superbos, 

•  Quis  furor,  auditos'  inquit  *  praeponere  visis  170 

caelestes?  aut  cur  colitur  Latona  per  aras, 

numen   adhuc   sine   ture   meum  est?    Mihi  Tantalus 

auctor, 
cui  licuit  soli  superorum  tangere  mensas. 
Plei'adum  soror  est  genitrix  mea  ;  maximus  Atlas 
est  avus,  aetherium  qui  fert  cervicibus  axem  ;  175 

Juppiter  alter  avus,  socero  quoque  glorior  illo. 

1  Me  gentes  metuunt  Phrygiae,  me  regia  Cadmi 
sub  domina  est,  fidibusque  mei  commissa  mariti 
moenia  cum  populis  a  meque  viroque  reguntur. 


VI.  2i3.]     She  boasts  herself  above  Latona.  61 

in  quamcumque  domus  adverti  lumina  partem,  180 

immensae  spectantur  opes.     Accedit  eodem 

digna  dea  facies.     Hue  natas  adice  septem 

et  totidem  juvenes,  et  mox  generosque  nurusque. 

quaerite  nunc,  habeat  quam  nostra  superbia  causam  ! 

nescio  quoque  audete  satam  Titanida  Coeo  185 

Latonam  praeferre  mihi,  cui  maxima  quondam 

exiguam  sedem  pariturae  terra  negavit. 

nee  caelo,  nee  humo,  nee  aquis  dea  vestra  recepta  est; 

exsul  erat  mundi,  donee  miserata  vagantem, 

Hosfita  tu  tern's  erras,  ego  (dixit)  in  undis;  190 

instabilemque  locum  Delos  dedit.     Ilia  duorum 

facta  parens  :  uteri  pars  haec  est  septima  nostri. 

1  Sum  felix  :  quis  enim  neget  hoc?  felixque  manebo  : 
hoc  quoque  quis  dubitet?  tutam  me  copia  fecit, 
major  sum,  quam  cui  possit  Fortuna  nocere :  195 

multaque  ut  eripiat,  multo  mihi  plura  relinquet. 
excessere  metum  mea  jam  bona.     Fingite  demi 
huic  aliquid  populo  natorum  posse  meorum  : 
non  tamen  ad  numerum  redigar  spoliata  duorum, 
Latonae  turbam  :   quae  quantum  distat  ab  orba?       200 
ite,  satisque  superque  sacri,  laurumque  capillis 
ponite.'     Deponunt,  infectaque  sacra  relinquunt, 
quodque  licet,  tacito  venerantur  murmure  numen. 

Indignata  dea  est ;  summoque  in  vertice  Cynthi 
talibus  est  dictis  gemina  cum  prole  locuta :  205 

1  En  ego  vestra  parens,  vobis  animosa  creatis, 
et,  nisi  Junoni,  nulli  cessura  dearum, 
an  dea  sim,  dubitor ;  perque  omnia  saecula  cultis 
arceor,  O  nati,  nisi  vos  succurritis,  aris. 
nee  dolor  hie  solus:  diro  convicia  facto  210 

Tantalis  adjecit,  vosque  est  postponere  natis 
ausa  suis,  et  me,  quod  in  ipsam  recidat,  orbam 
dixit,  et  exhibuit  linguam  scelerata  paternam.' 


62  The  Sons  of  Niobe  are  slain.        [Metam. 

Adjectura  preces  erat  his  Latona  relatis : 
Desine  Phoebus  ait ;  -poenae  mora  longa  querella  est, 
dixit  idem  Phoebe  ;  celerique  per  aera  lapsu 
contigerant  tecti  Cadmeida  nubibus  arcem. 
planus  erat  lateque  patens  prope  moenia  campus, 
adsiduis  pulsatus  equis,  ubi  turba  rotarum 
duraque  mollierat  subjectas  ungula  glebas.  220 

Pars  ibi  de  septem  genitis  Amphione  fortes 
conscendunt  in  equos,  Tyrioque  rubentia  suco 
terga  premunt,  auroque  graves  moderantur  habenas : 
e  qui.bus  Ismenos,  qui  matri  sarcina  quondam 
prima  suae  fuerat,  dum  certum  flectit  in  orbem  225 

quadrupedis  cursus,  spumantiaque  ora  coercet, 
Ei  mihi!  conclamat,  medioque  in  pectore  fixa 
tela  gerit,  frenisque  manu  moriente  remissis, 
in  latus  a  dextro  paulatim  defluit  armo. 

Proximus,  audito  sonitu  per  inane  pharetrae,         230 
frena  dabat  Sipylus  :  veluti  cum  praescius  imbris 
nube  fugit  visa,  pendentiaque  undique  rector 
carbasa  deducit,  ne  qua  levis  effluat  aura, 
frena  dabat :  dantem  non  evitabile  telum 
consequitur  ;  summaque  tremens  cervice  sagitta       235 
haesit,  et  exstabat  nudum  de  gutture  ferrum. 
ille,  ut  erat  pronus,  per  crura  admissa  jubasque 
volvitur,  et  calido  tellurem  sanguine  foedat. 

Phaedimus  infelix  et  aviti  nominis  heres 
Tantalus,  ut  solito  finem  imposuere  labori,  240 

transierant  ad  opus  nitidae  juvenile  palaestrae  : 
et  jam  contulerant  arto  luctantia  nexu 
pectora  pectoribus  ;  cum  tento  concita  nervo, 
sicut  erant  juncti,  trajecit  utrumque  sagitta. 
ingemuere  simul ;  simul  incurvata  dolore  245 

membra  solo  posuere ;  simul  suprema  jacentes 
lumina  versarunt :  animam  simul  exhalarunt. 


VI.  231.]  The  Grief  of  Niobe.  63 

Adspicit  Alphenor,  laniataque  pectora  plangens 
advolat,  ut  gelidos  complexibus  allevet  artus ; 
inque  pio  cadit  officio,  nam  Delius  illi  250 

intima  fatifero  rupit  praecordia  ferro. 
quod  simul  eductum,  pars  est  pulmonis  in  hamis 
eruta,  cumque  anima  cruor  est  effusus  in  auras. 

At  non  intonsum  simplex  Damasichthona  vulnus 
adficit.     Ictus  erat,  qua  crus  esse  incipit,  et  qua       255 
mollia  nervosus  facit  internodia  poples. 
dumque  manu  temptat  trahere  exitiabile  telum, 
altera  per  jugulum  pennis  tenus  acta  sagitta  est. 
expulit  hanc  sanguis,  seque  ejaculatus  in  altum 
emicat,  et  longe  terebrata  prosilit  aura.  260 

Ultimus  Ilioneus  non  profectura  precando 
bracchia  sustulerat,  Di  que  O  communiter  omnes  ^ 
dixerat,  ignarus  non  omnes  esse  rogandos, 
far  cite!  Motus  erat,  cum  jam  revocabile  telum 
non  fuit,  Arcitenens  ;  minimo  tamen  occidit  ille        265 
vulnere,  non  alte  percusso  corde  sagitta. 

Fama  mali  populique  dolor  lacrimaeque  suorum 
tarn  subitae  matrem  certam  fecere  ruinae 
mirantem  potuisse,  irascentemque,  quod  ausi 
hoc  essent  superi,  quod  tantum  juris  haberent.  270 

nam  pater  Amphion,  ferro  per  pectus  adacto, 
flnierat  moriens  pariter  cum  luce  dolorem. 

Heu  quantum  haec  Niobe  Niobe  distabat  ab  ilia, 
quae  modo  Lato'is  populum  summoverat  aris, 
et  mediam  tulerat  gressus  resupina  per  urbem,  275 

invidiosa  suis  !  at  nunc  miseranda  vel  hosti. 
corporibus  gelidis  incumbit,  et  ordine  nullo 
oscula  dispensat  natos  suprema  per  omnes. 
a  quibus  ad  caelum  liventia  bracchia  tollens, 
*  Pascere,  crudelis,  nostro,  Latona,  dolore  :  280 

pascere '  ait,  «  satiaque  meo  tua  pectora  luctu  : 


64  The  Grief  of  Niobe.  [Metam. 

corque  ferum  satia '  dixit ;  '  per  funera  septem 
efferor:  exsulta,  victrixque  inimica  triumpha. 
cur  autem  victrix?  miserae  mihi  plura  supersunt, 
quam  tibi  felici.     Post  tot  quoque  funera  vinco.'       285 

Dixerat,  et  sonuit  contento  nervus  ab  arcu : 
qui  praeter  Nioben  unam  conterruit  omnes. 
ilia  malo  est  audax.     Stabant  cum  vestibus  atris 
ante  toros  fratrum  demisso  crine  sorores ; 
e  quibus  una,  trahens  haerentia  viscere  tela  290 

imposito  fratri,  moribunda  relanguit  ore  ; 
altera,  solari  miseram  conata  parentem, 
conticuit  subito,  duplicataque  vulnere  caeco  est, 
oraque  compressit,  nisi  postquam  spiritus  ibat ; 
haec  frustra  fugiens  collabitur ;  ilia  sorori  295 

inmoritur ;  latet  haec  ;  illam  trepidare  videres. 

Sexque  datis  leto  diversaque  vulnera  passis, 
ultima  restabat ;  quam  toto  corpore  mater, 
tota  veste  tegens,  '  Unam  minimamque  relinque  ! 
de  multis  minimam  posco'  clamavit f  et  unam.'  300 

dumque  rogat,  pro  qua  rogat,  occidit.     Orba  resedit 
exanimes  inter  natos  natasque  virumque, 
diriguitque  malis.     Nullos  movet  aura  capillos, 
in  vultu  color  est  sine  sanguine,  lumina  maestis 
stant  immota  genis,  nihil  est  in  imagine  vivum.         305 
ipsa  quoque  interius  cum  duro  lingua  palato 
congelat,  et  venae  desistunt  posse  moveri. 
nee  flecti  cervix,  nee  bracchia  reddere  motus, 
nee  pes  ire  potest,  intra  quoque  viscera  saxum  est: 
flet  tamen,  et  validi  circumdata  turbine  venti  310 

in  patriam  rapta  est.     Ibi  lixa  cacumine  montis 
liquitur,  et  lacrimas  etiam  nunc  marmora  manant. 


VII.  4«]  The  Enchantments  of  Medea,  65 

IX.   The  Enchantments  of  Medea. 

[Book  VII.— 1-293.] 

[The  doom  of  Niobe  reminds  one  hearer  of  the  vengeance 
inflicted  on  certain  people  of  Lycia,  who,  having  refused  to  Latona 
a  draught  of  water  from  the  lake  in  her  extreme  thirst,  were  by 
Jupiter  turned  into  frogs  (VI.  313-381)  ;  and  another  of  the  satyr 
Marsyas,  who  was  conquered  in  music  and  flayed  by  Apollo ;  and 
another  of  the  crime  of  Tantalus,  Niobe's  father,  who  caused  his 
son  Pelops  to  be  served  up  at  meat  to  the  gods  (382-411).  Pan- 
dion  of  Athens,  attacked  for  refusing  the  friendship  of  Pelops,  is 
helped  by  Tereus,  king  of  Thrace,  to  whom  he  gives  his  daughter 
Progne  to  wife.  But  Tereus,  having  committed  incest  with 
Progne's  sister  Philomel,  is  dreadfully  revenged  by  the  two,  who 
serve  to  him  in  a  banquet  the  body  of  his  son  Itys  ;  and,  pursuing 
them  for  vengeance,  all  are  transformed  to  birds  —  Tereus  becom- 
ing a  hoopoe,  Progne  a  swallow,  Philomel  a  nightingale,  and  Itys 
a  pheasant ;  while  Pandion,  dying  of  grief,  is  succeeded  by  Erec- 
theus  (412-676),  whose  daughter  Orithyia  is  borne  away  by  Boreas 
(the  North  Wind)  to  Thrace.  Here  she  becomes  mother  of  the 
winged  heroes  Zethes  and  Calais,  who  accompany  Jason  and  the 
Argonauts  in  their  voyage  for  the  Golden  Fleece  (677-721).] 

Arrived  at  Colchis,  Jason  is  met  by  the  enchantress  Medea, 
daughter  of  king  Aetes  ;  who,  moved  by  love,  secures  him  by  her 
enchantments  from  the  Dragon  guarding  the  fleece,  and  from  the 
fire-breathing  bulls,  with  which  he  ploughs  the  appointed  field, 
sowing  it  with  serpents'  teeth  (VII.  1-122).  From  these  spring  up 
armed  men,  who  prepare  to  attack  Jason ;  but  he,  instructed  by 
Medea,  casts  a  stone  among  them,  whereat  they  perish  in  mutual 
slaughter  (123-143).  Returning  to  Iolchos  with  Medea,  he  en- 
treats her  to  restore  to  youth  his  aged  father.  The  magic  is 
described  at  length,  by  which  she  prepares  the  juices  of  miraculous 
herbs  ;  and,  these  proving  efficacious,  yEson  is  converted  to  the 
fresh  vigor  of  forty  years  before  (144-293). 

TAMQUE  fretum  Minyae  Pagasaea  puppe  secabant : 
^    perpetuaque  trahens  inopem  sub  nocte  senectam 
Phineus  visus  erat,  juvenesque  Aquilone  creati 
virgineas  volucres  miseri  senis  ore  fugarant; 


66  The  Enchantments  of  Medea,        [Metam. 

multaque  perpessi  claro  sub  Iasone  tandem  5 

contigerant  rapidas  limosi  Phasidos  undas. 

Dumque  adeunt  regem,  Phrixeaque  vellera  poscunt, 
voxque  datur  numeris  magnorum  horrenda  laborum, 
concipit  interea  validos  Aeetias  ignes  ; 
et  luctata  diu,  postquam  ratione  furorem  10 

vincere  non  poterat,  *  Frustra,  Medea,  repugnas  : 
nescio  quis  deus  obstat'  ait,  <  mirumque,  nisi  hoc  est, 
aut  aliquid  certe  simile  huic,  quod  amare  vocatur. 
nam  cur  jussa  patris  nimium  mihi  dura  videntur? 
sunt  quoque  dura  nimis.     Cur,  quern  modo  denique 

vidi,  I5 

ne  pereat,  timeo?  quae  tanti  causa  timoris? 
excute  virgineo  conceptas  pectore  flammas, 
si  potes,  infelix.     Si  possem,  sanior  essem  : 
sed  gravat  invitam  nova  vis  ;  aliudque  cupido, 
mens  aliud  suadet.     Video  meliora,  proboque  :  20 

deteriora  sequor.     Quid  in  hospite,  regia  virgo, 
ureris,  et  thalamos  alieni  concipis  orbis? 
haec  quoque  terra  potest,  quod  ames,  dare.     Vivat, 

an  ille 
occidat,  in  dis  est.     Vivat  tamen  :  idque  precari 
vel  sine  amore  licet.     Quid  enim  commisit  Iason?     25 
quern,  nisi  crudelem,  non  tangat  Iasonis  aetas 
et  genus  et  virtus?  quern  non,  ut  cetera  desint, 
ore  movere  potest?  certe  mea  pectora  movit. 

*  At  nisi  opem  tulero,  taurorum  adflabitur  ore, 
concurretque  suae  segetis  tellure  creatis  30 

hostibus,  aut  avido  dabitur  fera  praeda  draconi. 
hoc  ego  si  patiar,  turn  me  de  tigride  natam, 
turn  ferrum  et  scopulos  gestare  in  corde  fatebor. 
cur  non  et  specto  pereuntem,  oculosque  videndo 
conscelero?  cur  non  tauros  exhortor  in  ilium,  ^5 

terrigenasque  feros,  insopitumque  draconem  ? 


VII.  7o-]  She  discourses  with  herself.  67 

*  Di  meliora  velint :  quamquam  non  ista  precanda, 
sed  facienda  mihi.     Prodamne  ego  regna  parentis, 
atque  ope  nescio  quis  servabitur  advena  nostra, 

ut  per  me  sospes  sine  me  det  lintea  ventis,  40 

virque  sit  alterius,  poenae  Medea  relinquar? 
si  facere  hoc,  aliamve  potest  praeponere  nobis, 
occidat  ingratus.     Sed  non  is  vultus  in  illo, 
non  ea  nobilitas  animo  est,  ea  gratia  formae, 
ut  timeam  fraudem  meritique  oblivia  nostri.  45 

et  dabit  ante  fidem  ;  cogamque  in  foedera  testes 
esse  deos.     Quin  tuta  times  !  accingere,  et  omnem 
pelle  moram  :  tibi  se  semper  debebit  Iason, 
te  face  sollemni  junget  sibi,  perque  Pelasgas 
servatrix  urbes  matrum  celebrabere  turba.  50 

6  Ergo  ego  germanam  fratremque  patremque  deosque 
et  natale  solum,  ventis  ablata,  relinquam? 
nempe  pater  saevus,  nempe  est  mea  barbara  tellus, 
frater  adhuc  infans  :  stant  mecum  vota  sororis  ; 
maximus  intra  me  deus  est.     Non  magna  relinquam ; 
magna  sequar :  titulum  servatae  pubis  Achivae, 
notitiamque  loci  melioris,  et  oppida,  quorum 
hie  quoque  fama  viget,  cultusque  artesque  locorum  ; 
quemque  ego  cum  rebus,  quas  totus  possidet  orbis, 
Aesoniden  mutasse  velim,  quo  conjuge  felix  60 

et  dis  cara  ferar,  et  vertice  sidera  tangam. 

*  Quid,  quod  nescio  qui  mediis  incurrere  in  undis 
dicuntur  montes,  ratibusque  inimica  Charybdis 
nunc  sorbere  fretum,  nunc  reddere,  cinctaque  saevis 
Scylla  rapax  canibus  Siculo  latrare  profundo?  65 
nempe  tenensquod  amo,  gremioque  in  Iasonis  haerens, 
per  freta  longa  ferar.     Nihil  ilium  amplexa  verebor ; 
aut,  si  quid  metuam,  metuam  de  conjuge  solo, 
conjugiumne  vocas,  speciosaque  nomina  culpae 
imponis,  Medea,  tuae?  quin  aspice,  quantum  70 


68   .  The  Enchantments  of  Medea,        [Metam. 

aggrediare  nefas,  et  dum  licet,  effuge  crimen.' 
dixit ;  et  ante  oculos  rectum  pietasque  pudorque 
constiterant,  et  victa  dabat  jam  terga  Cupido. 

Ibat  ad  antiquas  Hecates  Perseidos  aras, 
quas  nemus  umbrosum  secretaque  silva  tegebat.         75 
et  jam  fortis  erat,  pulsusque  recesserat  ardor; 
cum  videt  Aesoniden,  exsttnetaque  flamma  revixit. 
erubuere  genae,  totoque  recanduit  ore, 
utque  solet  ventis  alimenta  assumere,  quaeque 
parva  sub  inducta  latuit  scintilla  favilla,  80 

crescere,  et  in  veteres  agitata  resurgere  vires, 
sic  jam  lentus  amor,  jam  quern  languere  putares, 
ut  vidit  juvenem,  specie  praesentis  inarsit. 

Et  casu  solito  formosior  Aesone  natus 
ilia  luce  fuit :  posses  ignoscere  amanti.  85 

spectat,  et  in  vultu  veluti  turn  denique  viso 
lumina  fixa  tenet,  nee  se  mortalia  demens 
ora  videre  putat,  nee  se  declinat  ab  illo.    . 
ut  vero  coepitque  loqui,  dextramque  prehendit 
hospes,  et  auxilium  summissa  voce  rogavit,  90 

promisitque  torum,  lacrimis  ait  ilia  profusis : 
4  Quid  faciam  video ;  nee  me  ignorantia  veri 
decipiet,  sed  amor.     Servabere  munere  nostro : 
servatus  promissa  dato.'     Per  sacra  triformis 
ille  deae,  lucoque  foret  quod  numen  in  illo,  95 

perque  patrem  soceri  cernentem  cuncta  futuri, 
eventusque  suos  et  tanta  pericula  jurat, 
creditus  accepit  cantatas  protinus  herbas, 
edidicitque  usum,  laetusque  in  tesca  recessit. 

Postera  depulerat  Stellas  aurora  micantes  :  100 

conveniunt  populi  sacrum  Mavortis  in  arvum, 
consistuntque  jugis.     Medio  rex  ipse  resedit 
agmine,  purpureus  sceptroque  insignis  eburno. 
ecce  adamanteis  volcanum  naribus  efflant 


VII.  1 44-]  Jason  fulfils  his   Task,  69 

aeripedes  tauri,  tactaeque  vaporibus  herbae  105 

ardent.     Utque  solent  pleni  resonare  camini, 
aut  ubi  terrena  silices  fornace  soluti 
concipiunt  ignem  liquidarum  aspargine  aquarum  : 
pectora  sic  intus  clausas  volventia  flammas 
gutturaque  usta  sonant.     Tamen  illis  Aesone  natus 
obvius  it :  vertere  truces  venientis  ad  ora 
terribiles  vultus  praefixaque  cornua  ferro, 
pulvereumque  solum  pede  pulsavere  bisulco, 
fumificisque  locum  mugitibus  impleverunt. 

Deriguere  metu  Minyae.     Subit  ille,  nee  ignes     115 
sentit  anhelatos,  —  tantum  medicamina  possunt, — 1 
pendulaque  audaci  mulcet  palearia  dextra, 
subpositosque  jugo  pondus  grave  cogit  aratri 
ducere,  et  insuetum  ferro  proscindere  campum. 
mirantur  Colchi :  Minyae  clamoribus  augent,  120 

adiciuntque  animos.     Galea  turn  sumit  aena 
vipereos  dentes,  et  aratos  spargit  in  agros. 
semina  mollit  humus  valido  praetincta  veneno, 
et  crescunt,  fiuntque  sati  nova  corpora  dentes. 

Quos  ubi  viderunt  praeacutae  cuspidis  hastas        13! 
in  caput  Haemonii  juvenis  torquere  parantes, 
demisere  metu  vultumque  animumque  Pelasgi. 
ipsa  quoque  extimuit,  quae  tutum  fecerat  ilium : 
utque  peti  vidit  juvenem  tot  ab  hostibus  unum,  135 

palluit,  et  subito  sine  sanguine  frigida  sedit ; 
neve  parum  valeant  a  se  data  gramina,  carmen 
auxiliare  canit,  secretasque  advocat  artes. 
ille,  gravem  medios  silicem  jaculatus  in  hostes, 
a  se  depulsum  Martem  convertit  in  ipsos.  140 

terrigenae  pereunt  per  mutua  vulnera  fratres, 
civilique  cadunt  acie.     Gratantur  Achivi, 
victoremque  tenent,  avidisque  amplexibus  haerent. 

Tu  quoque  victorem  complecti,  barbara,  velles : 


70  The  Enchantments  of  Medea.        [Metam. 

obstitit  incepto  pudor ;   at  complexa  fuisses,  145 

sed  te,  ne  faceres,  tenuit  reverentia  famae. 
quod  licet,  adfectu  tacito  laetaris,  agisque 
carminibus  grates  et  dis  auctoribus  horum. 

Pervigilem  superest  herbis  sopire  draconem, 
qui  crista  linguisque  tribus  praesignis  et  uncis  150 

dentibus  horrendus  custos  erat  arietis  aurei. 
hunc  postquam  sparsit  Lethaei  gramine  suci, 
verbaque  ter  dixit  placidos  facientia  somnos, 
quae  mare  turbatum,  quae  concita  flumina  sistunt: 
somnus  in  ignotos  oculos  sibi  venit,  et  auro  155 

heros  Aesonius  potitur  ;  spolioque  superbus, 
muneris  auctorem  secum,  spolia  altera,  portans, 
victor  Iolciacos  tetigit  cum  conjuge  portus. 

Haemoniae  matres  pro  gnatis  dona  receptis 
grandaevique  ferunt  patres,  congestaque  flamma      160 
tura  liquefaciunt,  inductaque  cornibus  aurum 
victima  vota  cadit.     Sed  abest  gratantibus  Aeson, 
jam  propior  leto,  fessusque  senilibus  annis. 
cum  sic  Aesonides :   ■  O  cui  debere  salutem 
confiteor,  conjunx,  quamquam  mihi  cuncta  dedisti,  165 
excessitque  fidem  meritorum  summa  tuorum  : 
si  tamen  hoc  possunt  (quid  enim  non  carmina  possint?) 
deme  meis  annis,  et  demptos  adde  parenti :  ■ 
nee  tenuit  lacrimas.     Mota  est  pietate  rogantis, 
dissimilemque  animum  subiit  Aeeta  relictus.  170 

Nee  tamen  affectus  tales  confessa,  '  Quod '  inquit 
*  excidit  ore  pio,  conjunx,  scelus?  ergo  ego  cuiquam 
posse  tuae  videor  spatium  transcribere  vitae? 
nee  sinat  hoc  Hecate,  nee  tu  petis  aequa.     Sed  isto, 
quod  petis,  experiar  majus  dare  munus,  Iason.  175 

arte  mea  soceri  longum  temptabimus  aevum, 
non  annis  revocare  tuis :  modo  diva  triformis 
adjuvet,  et  praesens  intentibus  adnuat  ausis  \ 


VII.  2i2.]        Her  Moonlight  Incantations.  71 

Tres  aberant  noctes,  ut  cornua  tota  coirent 
efficerentque  orbem.     Postquam  plenissima  fulsit,     180 
ac  solida  terras  spectavit  imagine  luna, 
egreditur  tectis  vestes  induta  recinctas, 
nuda  pedem,  nudos  humeris  infusa  capillos, 
fertque  vagos  mediae  per  muta  silentia  noctis 
incomitata  gradus.     Homines  volucresque  ferasque 
solverat  alta  quies  ;  nullo  cum  murmure  sepes  ; 
immotaeque  silent  frondes  ;  silet  humidus  aer  ; 
sidera  sola  micant.     Ad  quae  sua  bracchia  tendens 
ter  se  convertit,  ter  sumptis  flumine  crinem 
inroravit  aquis,  ternisque  ululatibus  ora  190 

solvit ;  et  in  dura  summisso  poplite  terra  :  — 

1  Nox'  ait  *  arcanis  fidissima,  quaeque  diurnis 
aurea  cum  luna  succeditis  ignibus,  astra, 
tuque  triceps  Hecate,  quae  coeptis  conscia  nostris 
adjutrixque  venis,  cantusque  artesque  magorum        195 
quaeque  magos,  Tellus,  pollentibus  instruis  herbis, 
auraeque  et  venti  montesque  amnesque  lacusque, 
dique  omnes  nemorum,  dique  omnes  noctis  adeste, 
quorum  ope,  cum  volui,  ripis  mirantibus  amnes 
in  fontes  rediere  suos,  concussaque  sisto,  200 

stantia  concutio  cantu  freta,  nubila  pello, 
nubilaque  induco,  ventos  abigoque  vocoque, 
vipereas  rumpo  verbis  et  carmine  fauces, 
vivaque  saxa,  sua  convulsaque  robora  terra 
et  silvas  moveo,  jubeoque  tremescere  montes  205 

et  mugire  solum,  manesque  exire  sepulchris ; 

*  Te  quoque,  Luna,  traho,  quamvis  Temesaea  labores 
aera  tuos  minuant,  currus  quoque  carmine  nostro 
pallet  avi,  pallet  nostris  Aurora  venenis  :  — 
vos  mihi  taurorum  flammas  hebetastis,  et  unco  210 

impatiens  oneris  collum  pressistis  aratro. 
vos  serpentigenis  in  se  fera  bella  dedistis ; 


72  The  Enchantments  of  Medea,        [Metam. 

custodemque  rudem  somni  sopistis,  et  aurum 
vindice  decepto  Graias  misistis  in  urbes. 

1  Nunc  opus  est  sucis,  per  quos  renovata  senectus  215 
in  florem  redeat,  primosque  recolligat  annos. 
et  dabitis ;  neque  enim  micuerunt  sidera  frustra, 
nee  frustra  volucrum  tractus  cervice  draconum 
currus  adest.'     Aderat  demissus  ab  aethere  currus. 

Quo  simul  ascendit,  frenataque  colla  draconum    220 
permulsit,  manibusque  leves  agitavit  habenas : 
sublimis  rapitur,  subjectaque  Thessala  Tempe 
despicit,  et  Threces  regionibus  applicat  angues ; 
et  quas  Ossa  tulit,  quas  altum  Pelion  herbas, 
Othrys  quas  Pindusque  et  Pindo  major  Olympus,     225 
perspicit,  et  placitas  partim  radice  revellit, 
partim  succidit  curvamine  falcis  aenae. 
multa  quoque  Apidani  placuerunt  gramina  ripis, 
multa  quoque  Amphrysi :  neque  eras  immunis,  Enipeu  ; 
nee  non  Peneus,  nee  non  Spercheides  undae  230 

contribuere  aliquid,  juncosaque  litora  Boebes. 
carpsit  et  Eubo'ica  vivax  Anthedone  gramen, 
nondum  mutato  vulgatum  corpore  Glauci. 

Et  jam  nona  dies  curru  pennisque  draconum, 
nonaque  nox  omnes  lustrantem  viderat  agros,  235 

cum  rediit :  neque  erant  tacti,  nisi  odore,  dracones, 
et  tamen  annosae  pellem  posuere  senectae. 
constitit  adveniens  citra  limenque  foresque, 
et  tantum  caelo  tegitur,  refugitque  viriles 
contactus  ;  statuitque  aras  e  cespite  binas,  240 

dexteriore  Hecates,  ast  laeva  parte  Juventae. 

Has  ubi  verbenis  silvaque  incinxit  agresti, 
baud  procul  egesta  scrobibus  tellure  duabus 
sacra  facit,  cultrosque  in  guttura  velleris  atri 
conicit,  et  patulas  perfundit  sanguine  fossas.  245 

turn  super  invergens  liquidi  carchesia  bacchi, 


VII.  280.]  The  Magic  Cauldron.  73 

aeneaque  invergens  tepidi  carchesia  lactis, 

verba  simul  fudit,  terrenaque  numina  civit, 

umbrarumque  rogat  rapta  cum  conjuge  regem, 

ne  properent  artus  anima  fraudare  senili.  250 

Quos  ubi  placavit,  precibusque  et  murmure  longo, 
Aesonis  effoetum  proferri  corpus  ad  auras 
jussit,  et  in  plenos  resolutum  carmine  somnos, 
exanimi  similem  stratis  porrexit  in  herbis. 
hinc  procul  Aesoniden,  procul  hinc  jubet  ire  ministros, 
et  monet  arcanis  oculos  removere  profanos. 
diffugiunt  jussi ;  passis  Medea  capillis, 
bacchantum  ritu,  flagrantes  circuit  aras : 
multifidasque  faces  in  fossa  sanguinis  atra 
tinguit,  et  intinctas  geminis  accendit  in  aris ;  260 

terque  senem  flamma,  ter  aqua,  ter  sulfure  lustrat. 

Interea  validum  posito  medicamen  aeno 
fervet,  et  exsultat  spumisque  tumentibus  albet. 
illic  Haemonia  radices  valle  resectas 
seminaque  floresque  et  sucos  incoquit  acres.  265 

adicit  extremo  lapides  Oriente  petitos, 
et  quas  Oceani  refluum  mare  lavit  arenas, 
addit  et  exceptas  luna  pernocte  pruinas, 
et  strigis  infames  ipsis  cum  carnibus  alas, 
inque  virum  soliti  vultus  mutare  ferinos  270 

ambigui  prosecta  lupi ;  nee  defuit  illic 
squamea  Cinyphii  tenuis  membrana  chelydri, 
vivacisque  jecur  cervi,  quibus  insuper  addit 
ora  caputque  novem  cornicis  saecula  passae. 

His  et  mille  aliis  postquam  sine  nomine  rebus       275 
propositum  instruxit  remorari  Tartara  munus, 
arenti  ramo  jampridem  mitis  olivae 
omnia  confudit,  summisque  immiscuit  ima. 
ecce  vetus  calido  versatus  stipes  aeno 
fit  viridis  primo,  nee  longo  tempore  frondes  280 


74  The  Enchantments  of  Medea.       [Metam. 

induit,  et  subito  gravidis  oneratur  olivis. 
at  quacumque  cavo  spumas  ejecit  aeno 
ignis,  et  in  terram  guttae  cecidere  calentes, 
vernat  humus,  floresque  et  mollia  pabula  surgunt. 

Quae  simul  ac  vidit,  stricto  Medea  recludit  285 

ense  senis  jugulum,  veteremque  exire  cruorem 
passa,  replet  sucis.     Quos  postquam  conbibit  Aeson, 
aut  ore  acceptos  aut  vulnere,  barba  comaeque 
canitie  posita  nigrum  rapuere  colorem ; 
pulsa  fugit  macies,  abeunt  pallorque  situsque,  290 

adjectoque  cavae  supplentur  corpore  rugae, 
membraque  luxuriant.     Aeson  miratur,  et  olim 
ante  quater  denos  hunc  se  reminiscitur  annos. 


VIII.  156.3  The  Flight  of  Dcedalns.  75 

X.    The  Flight  of  Daedalus. 
[Book  VIII.  — 152-259.] 

[Deceiving  the  daughters  of  Pelias,  Jason's  enemy,  by  a 
similar  miracle  wrought  upon  an  aged  ram,  Medea  brings  about 
their  father's  death  (VII.  297-349).  Escaping  by  means  of  winged 
dragons,  and  passing  over  the  scene  of  many  transformations, 
Medea  comes  to  Athens  ;  whence  (her  attempted  poisoning  of 
Theseus  being  foiled  by  the  recognition  of  his  father  ^Egeus)  she 
suddenly  vanishes  (350-424).  A  feast  is  celebrated  in  honor  of 
Theseus'  exploits  ;  and  hostility  ensuing  with  Minos  (Europa's  son) 
of  Crete,  Cephalus  is  sent  as  envoy  to  ^Egina  ;  to  whom  the  aged 
yEacus  relates  the  marvellous  transformation  of  ants  to  men  (called 
Myrmidons),  after  his  realm  had  been  ravaged  by  pestilence  (425- 
660).  Now  Cephalus  had  received  from  his  wife  Procris  a  hound 
and  a  dart  that  never  missed  its  aim ;  and,  as  he  delighted  greatly 
in  hunting,  Procris  being  jealous  watched  him  from  a  thicket ;  and 
he,  taking  it  for  the  movement  of  some  wild  creature,  shot  her  with 
that  dart  which  was  her  own  gift  (661-865).  Minos,  making  war 
on  Athens  to  avenge  the  slaying  of  his  son  Androgeos,  comes  first 
to  Megara ;  where  Scylla,  daughter  of  the  king  Nisus,  out  of  love 
for  Minos  cuts  the  purple  lock  on  which  her  father's  kingdom  and 
life  depend.  Disdained  by  Minos,  she  is  changed  to  a  sea-mew, 
and  Nisus  to  an  osprey  (VIII.  1-151).] 

Theseus,  in  his  escape  from  the  Cretan  labyrinth,  had  borne 
away  Ariadne,  daughter  of  Minos  ;  who,  forsaken  by  him,  is  com- 
forted by  Bacchus,  who  sets  her  coronet  among  the  stars  (152-1S2). 
Daedalus,  builder  of  the  labyrinth,  being  imprisoned,  escapes  with 
his  son  Icarus  by  means  of  wings  fastened  with  wax  ;  but  Icarus, 
soaring  too  near  the  sun,  and  the  wax  melting,  falls  into  the  sea 
named  for  him  (183-234).  His  fall  is  gladly  seen  by  Perdix,  once 
sister's  son  to  Daedalus,  and  slain  by  him  out  of  envy,  but  changed 
by  Minerva  to  a  partridge  (235-259). 

T  7DTA  Jovi  Minos  taurorum  corpora  centum 

*      solvit,  ut,  egressus  ratibus,  Curetida  terram 
contigit,  et  spoliis  decorata  est  regia  fixis. 
creverat  opprobrium  generis,  foedumque  patebat      155 
matris  adulterium  monstri  novitate  biformis. 


76  The  Flight  of  Dcedalns.  [Metam. 

destinat  hunc  Minos  thalamis  removere  pudorem, 
multiplicique  domo  caecisque  includere  tectis. 

Daedalus  ingenio  fabrae  celeberrimus  artis 
ponit  opus,  turbatque  notas,  et  lumina  flexum  160 

ducit  in  errorem  variarum  ambage  viarum. 
non  secus  ac  liquidus  Phrygiis  Maendros  in  arvis 
ludit,  et  ambiguo  lapsu  refluitque  fluitque, 
occurrensque  sibi  venturas  aspicit  undas, 
et  nunc  ad  fontes,  nunc  ad  mare  versus  apertum       165 
incertas  exercet  aquas  :  ita  Daedalus  implet 
innumeras  errore  vias ;  vixque  ipse  reverti 
ad  limen  potuit,  tanta  est  fallacia  tecti. 

Quo  postquam  geminam  tauri  juvenisque  figuram 
clausit,  et  Actaeo  bis  pastum  sanguine  monstrum      170 
tertia  sors  annis  domuit  repetita  novenis; 
utque  ope  virginea  nullis  iterata  priorum 
janua  difficilis  filo  est  inventa  relecto, 
protinus  Aegides  rapta  Mino'ide  Diam 
vela  dedit,  comitemque  suam  crudelis  in  illo  175 

litore  destituit.     Desertae  et  multa  querenti 
amplexus  et  opem  Liber  tulit,  utque  perenni 
sidere  clara  foret,  sumptam  de  fronte  coronam 
immisit  caelo.     Tenues  volat  ilia  per  auras ; 
dumque  volat,  gemmae  nitidos  vertuntur  in  ignes,    180 
consistuntque  loco,  specie  remanente  coronae, 
qui  medius  Nixique  genu  est,  Anguemque  tenentis. 

Daedalus  interea  Creten  longumque  perosus 
exsilium,  tactusque  loci  natalis  amore, 
clausus  erat  pelago.     '  Terras  licet'  inquit  *  et  undas 
obstruat,  at  caelum  certe  patet :  ibimus  iliac, 
omnia  possideat,  non  possidet  aera  Minos.' 
dixit ;  et  ignotas  animum  dimittit  in  artes, 
naturamque  novat :  nam  ponit  in  ordine  pennas, 
a  minima  coeptas,  longam  breviore  sequenti,  190 


VIII.  224.]  His    Warning  to  Icarus.  77 

ut  clivo  crevisse  putes.     Sic  rustica  quondam 

fistula  disparibus  paulatim  surgit  avenis. 

turn  lino  medias  et  ceris  adligat  imas, 

atque  ita  compositas  parvo  curvamine  flectit, 

ut  veras  imitetur  aves.     Puer  Icarus  una  195 

stabat,  et,  ignarus  sua  se  tractare  pericla, 

ore  renidenti  modo  quas  vaga  moverat  aura, 

captabat  plumas,  flavam  modo  pollice  ceram 

mollibat,  lusuque  suo  mirabile  patris 

impediebat  opus.     Postquam  manus  ultima  coeptis  200 

imposita  est,  geminas  opifex  libravit  in  alas 

ipse  suum  corpus,  motaque  pependit  in  aura. 

Instruit  et  natum,  *  Medio'  que  '  ut  limite  curras, 
Icare,'  ait  |i  moneo,  ne,  si  demissior  ibis, 
unda  gravet  pennas,  si  celsior,  ignis  adurat :  205 

inter  utrumque  vola.     Nee  te  spectare  Booten 
aut  Helicen  jubeo,  strictumque  Ononis  ensem  : 
me  duce  carpe  viam.'     Pariter  praecepta  volandi 
tradit,  et  ignotas  humeris  adcommodat  alas : 
inter  opus  monitusque  genae  maduere  seniles,  210 

et  patriae  tremuere  manus.     Dedit  oscula  nato 
non  iterum  repetenda  suo  ;  pennisque  levatus 
ante  volat,  comitique  timet,  velut  ales,  ab  alto 
quae  teneram  prolem  produxit  in  aera  nido ; 
hortaturque  sequi,  damnosasque  erudit  artes,  215 

et  movet  ipse  suas  et  nati  respicit  alas. 

Hos  aliquis  tremula  dum  captat  arundine  pisces, 
aut  pastor  baculo,  stivave  innixus  arator, 
vidit,  et  obstupuit,  quique  aethera  carpere  possent, 
credidit  esse  deos.     Et  jam  Junonia  laeva  220 

parte  Samos  fuerat,  Delosque  Parosque  relictae, 
dextra  Lebinthos  erat,  fecundaque  melle  Calymne, 
cum  puer  audaci  coepit  gaudere  volatu, 
deseruitque  ducem,  caelique  cupidine  tractus 


78  The  Flight  of  Dcedalns.  [Metam. 

altius  egit  iter.     Rapidi  vicinia  solis  225 

mollit  odoratas,  pennarum  vincula,  ceras. 

tabuerant  cerae  :  nudos  quatit  ille  lacertos, 

remigioque  carens  non  ullas  percipit  auras. 

oraque  caerulea  patrium  clamantia  nomen 

excipiuntur  aqua,  quae  nomen  traxit  ab  illo.  230 

at  pater  infelix,  nee  jam  pater,  *  Icare,'  dixit, 

4  Icare,'  dixit  *  ubi  es?  qua  te  regione  requiram?' 

*  Icare '  dicebat,  pennas  aspexit  in  undis  : 

devovitque  suas  artes,  corpusque  sepulchro 

condidit,  et  tellus  a  nomine  dicta  sepulti.  235 

Hunc  miseri  tumulo  ponentem  corpora  nati 
garrula  limoso  prospexit  ab  elice  perdix, 
et  plausit  pennis,  testataque  gaudia  cantu  est : 
unica  tunc  volucris,  nee  visa  prioribus  annis, 
factaque  nuper  avis,  longum  tibi,  Daedale,  crimen.  240 
namque  huic  tradiderat,  fatorum  ignara,  docendam 
progeniem  germana  suam,  natalibus  actis 
bis  puerum  senis,  animi  ad  praecepta  capacis. 
ille  etiam  medio  spinas  in  pisce  notatas 
traxit  in  exemplum,  ferroque  incidit  acuto  245 

perpetuos  dentes,  et  serrae  repperit  usum  ; 
primus  et  ex  uno  duo  ferrea  bracchia  nodo 
vinxit,  ut  aequali  spatio  distantibus  illis 
altera  pars  staret,  pars  altera  duceret  orbem. 
Daedalus  invidit,  sacraque  ex  arce  Minervae  250 

praecipitem  misit,  lapsum  mentitus  ;  at  ilium 
quae  favet  ingeniis,  excepit  Pallas,  avemque 
reddidit,  et  medio  velavit  in  aere  pennis. 
sed  vigor  ingenii  quondam  velocis  in  alas 
inque  pedes  abiit ;  nomen  quod  et  ante,  remansit.     255 
non  tamen  haec  alte  volucris  sua  corpora  tollit, 
nee  facit  in  ramis  altoque  cacumine  nidos  : 
propter  humum  volitat,  ponitque  in  sepibus  ova, 
antiquique  memor  metuit  sublirnia  casus. 


VIII.  278.]  The  Calydonian  Hunt,  79 

XL   The  Calydonian  Hunt. 
[Book  VIII.  —  260-545.] 

Diana,  angry  with  king  (Eneus,  because  her  sacrifice  had  been 
neglected,  sent  a  fierce  boar  to  ravage  the  country  of  Calydon 
(260-298).  Meleager,  son  of  (Eneus,  summons  the  bravest  youth 
of  Greece  to  hunt  the  monster  ;  and  among  them  comes  Atalanta 
of  Arcadia,  whom  Meleager  beholds  with  love  (299-328).  After  a 
difficult  chase,  Atalanta  is  first  to  wound  the  boar,  which  is  finally 
killed  by  Meleager  (329-439).  He  bestows  the  boar's  head,  as  the 
prize  of  victory,  on  Atalanta ;  which  being  resented  by  the  brothers 
of  his  mother  Althaea,  they  are  slain  by  him  in  the  quarrel,  and 
Althaea,  incensed  at  their  death,  after  long  debate  with  herself, 
plunges  into  the  flames  the  fatal  brand  on  which  the  life  of  her  son 
depends,  so  that  he  perishes  miserably  (440-525). 

TAMQUE  fatigatum  tellus  Aetnaea  tenebat 
•^    Daedalon,  et  sumptis  pro  supplice  Cocalus  armis 
mitis  habebatur.     Jam  lamentabile  Athenae 
pendere  desierant  Thesea  laude  tributum  ; 
templa  coronantur,  bellatricemque  Minervam 
cum  Jove  disque  vocant  aliis,  quos  sanguine  voto      265 
muneribusque  datis  et  acerris  turis  adorant ; 
sparserat  Argolicas  nomen  vaga  fama  per  urbes 
Theseos,  et  populi,  quos  dives  Achaia  cepit, 
hujus  opem  magnis  imploravere  periclis. 

Hujus  opem  Calydon,  quamvis  Meleagron  haberet, 
sollicita  supplex  petiit  prece.    Causa  petendi 
sus  erat,  infestae  famulus  vindexque  Dianae. 
Oenea  namque  ferunt  pleni  successibus  anni 
primitias  frugum  Cereri,  sua  vina  Lyaeo, 
Palladios  flavae  latices  libasse  Minervae  ;  275 

coeptus  ab  agricolis  superos  pervenit  ad  omnes 
ambitiosus  honor :  solas  sine  ture  relictas 
praeteritae  cessasse  ferunt  Latoidos  aras. 


80  The  Calydonian  Hunt.  [Metam. 

Tangit  et  ira  deos  :   '  At  non  impune  feremus, 
quaeque  inhonoratae,  non  et  dicemur  inuhae'  280 

inquit ;  et  Oeneos  ultorem  spreta  per  agros 
misit  aprum,  quanto  majores  herbida  tauros 
non  habet  Epiros,  sed  habent  Sicula  arva  minores. 
sanguine  et  igne  micant  oculi,  riget  ardua  cervix, 
et  setae  similes  rigidis  hastilibus  horrent ;  285 

fervida  cum  rauco  latos  stridore  per  armos 
spuma  fluit;  dentes  aequantur  dentibus  Indis ; 
fulmen  ab  ore  venit ;  frondes  adflatibus  ardent. 

Is  modo  crescentes  segetes  proculcat  in  herba,      290 
nunc  matura  metit  fleturi  vota  coloni, 
et  Cererem  in  spicis  intercipit.     Area  frustra, 
et  frustra  expectant  promissas  horrea  messes, 
sternuntur  gravidi  longo  cum  palmite  fetus, 
bacaque  cum  ramis  semper  frondentis  olivae.  295 

saevit  et  in  pecudes  :  non  has  pastorve  canesve, 
non  armenta  truces  possunt  defendere  tauri. 

Diffugiunt  populi,  nee  se  nisi  moenibus  urbis 
esse  putant  tutos  :  donee  Meleagros  et  una 
lecta  manus  juvenum  co'iere  cupidine  laudis  :  —        300 
Tyndaridae  gemini,  spectatus  caestibus  alter, 
alter  equo  ;  primaeque  ratis  molitor  Iason  ; 
et  cum  Pirithoo,  felix  Concordia,  Theseus ; 
et  duo  Thestiadae  ;  proles  Aphareia,  Lynceus 
et  velox  Idas  ;  et  jam  non  femina  Caeneus  ;  305 

Leucippusque  ferox,  jaculoque  insignis  Acastus  ; 
Hippothousque,Dryasque,  etcretus  Amy ntore Phoenix  ; 
Actoridaeque  pares,  et  missus  ab  Elide  Phyleus ; 
nee  Telamon  aberat,  magnique  creator  Achillis ; 
cumque  Pheretiade  et  Hyanteo  Iolao  310 

impiger  Eurytion,  et  cursu  invictus  Echion  ; 
Naryciusque Lelex,  Panopeusque,  Hyleusque,  feroxque 
Hippasus,  et  primis  etiamnum  Nestor  in  annis ; 


VIII.  347-]  Scene  of  the   Chase,  81 

et  quos  Hippocoon  antiquis  misit  Amyclis ; 
Penelopesque  socer  cum  Parrhasio  Ancaeo  ;  315 

Ampycidesque  sagax,  et  adhuc  a  conjuge  tutus 
Oeclides,  nemorisque  decus  Tegeaea  Lycaei. 

Rasilis  huic  summam  mordebat  fibula  vestem ; 
crinis  erat  simplex,  nodum  collectus  in  unum ; 
ex  humero  pendens  resonabat  eburnea  laevo  320 

telorum  custos  ;  arcum  quoque  laeva  tenebat : 
talis  erat  cultu ;  facies,  quam  dicere  vere 
virgineam  in  puero,  puerilem  in  virgine  possis. 

Hanc  pariter  vidit,  pariter  Calydonius  heros 
optavit,  renuente  deo,  flammasque  latentes  325 

hausit,  et  •  O  felix,  si  quern  dignabitur '  inquit 
1  ista  virum  !  \     Nee  plura  sinit  tempusque  pudorque 
dicere :  majus  opus  magni  certaminis  urguet. 

Silva  frequens  trabibus,  quam  nulla  ceciderat  aetas, 
incipit  a  piano,  devexaque  prospicit  arva  :  330 

quo  postquam  venere  viri,  pars  retia  tendunt, 
vincula  pars  adimunt  canibus,  pars  pressa  sequuntur 
signa  pedum,  cupiuntque  suum  reperire  periclum. 
concava  vallis  erat,  quo  se  demittere  rivi 
adsuerant  pluvialis  aquae  :  tenet  ima  lacunae  335 

lenta  salix  ulvaeque  leves  juncique  palustres, 
viminaque  et  longa  parvae  sub  arundine  cannae. 

Hinc  aper  excitus  medios  violentus  in  hostes 
fertur,  ut  excussis  elisi  nubibus  ignes. 
sternitur  incursu  nemus,  et  propulsa  fragorem  340 

silva  dat.     Exclamant  juvenes,  praetentaque  forti 
tela  tenent  dextra  lato  vibrantia  ferro. 
ille  ruit  spargitque  canes,  ut  quisque  furenti 
obstat,  et  obliquo  latrantes  dissipat  ictu. 
cuspis  Echionio  primum  contorta  lacerto  345 

vana  fuit,  truncoque  dedit  leve  vulnus  acerno. 
proxima,  si  nimiis  mittentis  viribus  usa 

6 


82  The  Calydonian  Hunt.  [Metam. 

non  foret,  in  tergo  visa  est  haesura  petito  — 

longius  it :  auctor  teli  Pagasaeus  Iason. 

*  Phoebe,'  ait  Ampycides  '  si  te  coluique  coloque,     350 

da  mini  quod  petitur  certo  contingere  telo  ! ' 

qua  potuit,  precious  deus  annuit.     Ictus  ab  illo  est, 

sed  sine  vulnere,  aper :  ferrum  Diana  volanti 

abstulerat  jaculo  ;  lignum  sine  acumine  venit. 

Ira  feri  mota  est,  nee  fulmine  lenius  arsit :  355 

emicat  ex  oculis,  spirat  quoque  pectore  flamma. 
utque  volat  moles  adducto  concita  nervo, 
cum  petit  aut  muros,  aut  plenas  milite  turres, 
in  juvenes  certo  sic  impete  vulnificus  sus 
fertur,  et  Eupalamon  Pelagonaque,  dextra  tuentes   360 
cornua,  prosternit.     Socii  rapuere  jacentes  ; 
at  non  letiferos  efTugit  Enaesimus  ictus 
Hippocoonte  satus  :  trepidantem  et  terga  parantem 
vertere  succiso  liquerunt  poplite  nervi. 
forsitan  et  Pylius  citra  Trojana  perisset  365 

tempora  :  sed  sumpto  posita  conamine  ab  hasta 
arboris  insiluit,  quae  stabat  proxima,  ramis, 
despexitque,  loco  tutus,  quern  fugerat  hostem. 

Dentibus  ille  ferox  in  querno  stipite  tritis 
imminet  exitio,  fidensque  recentibus  armis  370 

Ornytidae  magni  rostro  femur  hausit  adunco. 
at  gemini,  nondum  caelestia  sidera,  fratres, 
ambo  conspicui,  nive  candidioribus  ambo 
vectabantur  equis,  ambo  vibrata  per  auras 
hastarum  tremulo  quatiebant  spicula  motu.  375 

vulnera  fecissent,  nisi  saetiger  inter  opacas 
nee  jaculis  isset  nee  equo  loca  pervia,  silvas. 

Persequitur  Telamon,  studioque  incautus  eundi 
pronus  ab  arborea  cecidit  radice  retentus. 
dum  levat  hunc  Peleus,  celerem  Tegeaea  sagittam  380 
imposuit  nervo,  sinuatoque  expulit  arcu. 


VIII.  4isO  The   Wild  Boar  at  Bay.  83 

fixa  sub  aure  feri  summum  destringit  arundo 

corpus,  et  exiguo  rubefecit  sanguine  saetas. 

nee  tamen  ilia  sui  successu  laetior  ictus, 

quam  Meleagros  erat.     Primus  vidisse  putatur,         385 

et  primus  sociis  visum  ostendisse  cruorem, 

et  *  Meritum '  dixisse  *  feres  virtutis  honorem.' 

erubuere  viri,  seque  exhortantur,  et  addunt 

cum  clamore  animos,  jaciuntque  sine  ordine  tela : 

turba  nocet  jactis,  et  quos  petit,  impedit  ictus.  390 

Ecce  furens  contra  sua  fata  bipennifer  Areas 
1  Discite,  femineis  quid  tela  virilia  praestent, 

0  juvenes,  operique  meo  concedite  '  dixit ; 

1  ipsa  suis  licet  hunc  Latonia  protegat  armis, 

invita  tamen  hunc  perimet  mea  dextra  Diana.'  395 

talia  magniloquo  tumidus  memoraverat  ore, 
ancipitemque  manu  tollens  utraque  securim 
institerat  digitis,  primos  suspensus  in  artus. 
occupat  audentem,  quaque  est  via  proxima  leto, 
summa  ferus  geminos  direxit  ad  inguina  dentes.       400 
concidit  Ancaeus,  glomerataque  sanguine  multo 
viscera  lapsa  fluunt,  madefactaque  terra  cruore  est, 

Ibat  in  adversum  proles  Ixionis  hostem 
Pirithoiis,  valida  quatiens  venabula  dextra. 
cui  procul  Aegides  ■  O  me  mihi  carior '  inquit  405 

*  pars  animae  consiste  meae  !  licet  eminus  esse 
fortibus  :  Ancaeo  nocuit  temeraria  virtus.' 
dixit,  et  aerata  torsit  grave  cuspide  cornum : 
cui  bene  librato  votique  potente  futuro 
obstitit  aesculea  frondosus  ab  arbore  ramus.  410 

misit  et  Aesonides  jaculum,  quod  casus  ab  illo 
vertit  in  immeriti  fatum  latrantis,  et  inter 
ilia  conjectum  tellure  per  ilia  flxum  est. 

At  manus  Oenidae  variat ;  missisque  duabus 
hasta  prior  terra,  medio  stetit  altera  tergo.  415 


84  The  Calydonian  Hunt.  [Metam. 

nee  mora  :  dum  saevit,  dum  corpora  versat  in  orbem, 
stridentemque  novo  spumam  cum  sanguine  fundit, 
vulneris  auctor  adest,  hostemque  irritat  ad  iram, 
splendidaque  adversos  venabula  condit  in  armos. 
gaudia  testantur  socii  clamore  secundo,  420 

victricemque  petunt  dextrae  conjungere  dextram. 
immanemque  ferum  multa  tellure  jacentem 
mirantes  spectant ;  neque  adhuc  contingere  tutum 
esse  putant,  sed  tela  tamen  sua  quisque  cruentat. 
ipse  pede  imposito  caput  exitiabile  pressit,  425 

atque  ita  :  '  Sume  mei  spolium,  Nonacria,  juris' 
dixit  '  et  in  partem  veniat  mea  gloria  tecum.' 
protinus  exuvias,  rigidis  horrentia  saetis 
terga  dat,  et  magnis  insignia  dentibus  ora. 

Illi  laetitiae  est  cum  munere  muneris  auctor;         430 
invidere  alii,  totoque  erat  agmine  murmur. 
e  quibus  ingenti  tendentes  bracchia  voce 
*  Pone  age,  nee  titulos  intercipe,  femina,  nostras* 
Thestiadae  clamant,  l  nee  te  fiducia  formae 
decipiat,  ne  sit  longe  tibi  captus  amore  435 

auctor':  et  huic  adimunt  munus,  jus  muneris  illi. 
non  tulit,  et  tumida  frendens  Mavortius  ira, 
1  Discite,  raptores  alieni '  dixit  *  honoris, 
facta  minis  quantum  distent ; '  hausitque  nefando 
pectora  Plexippi,  nil  tale  timentia,  ferro.  440 

Toxea,  quid  faciat  dubium,  pariterque  volentem 
ulcisci  fratrem  fraternaque  fata  timentem, 
haud  patitur  dubitare  diu,  calidumque  priori 
caede  recalfecit  consorti  sanguine  telum. 

Dona  deum  templis,  nato  victore,  ferebat,  445 

cum  videt  exstinctos  fratres  Althaea  referri. 
quae  plangore  dato  maestis  clamoribus  urbem 
implet,  et  auratis  mutavit  vestibus  atras. 
at  simul  est  auctor  necis  editus,  excidit  omnis 


VIII.  483]  The  Fatal  Brand.  85 

luctus,  et  a  lacrimis  in  poenae  versus  amorem  est.    450 

Stipes  erat,  quern,  cum  partus  enixa  jaceret 
Thestias,  in  flammam  triplices  posuere  sorores ; 
staminaque  impresso  fatalia  pollice  nentes 

*  Tempora'  dixerunt  *  eadem  lignoque  tibique, 

O  modo  nate,  damus.'     Quo  postquam  carmine  dicto 

excessere  deae,  flagrantem  mater  ab  igne 

eripuit  torrem,  sparsitque  liquentibus  undis. 

ille  diu  fuerat  penetralibus  abditus  imis, 

servatusque  tuos,  juvenis,  servaverat  annos. 

protulit  hunc  genitrix,  taedasque  et  fragmina  poni    460 

imperat,  et  positis  inimicos  admovet  ignes. 

Turn  conata  quater  flammis  imponere  ramum, 
coepta  quater  tenuit.     Pugnant  materque  sororque, 
et  diversa  trahunt  unum  duo  nomina  pectus, 
saepe  metu  sceleris  pallebant  ora  futuri ;  465 

saepe  suum  fervens  oculis  dabat  ira  ruborem. 
et  modo  nescio  quid  similis  crudele  minanti 
vultus  erat,  modo  quern  misereri  credere  posses ; 
cumque  ferus  lacrimas  animi  siccaverat  ardor, 
inveniebantur  lacrimae  tamen.     Utque  carina,  470 

quam  ventus,  ventoque  rapit  contrarius  aestus, 
vim  geminam  sentit,  paretque  incerta  duobus  — 
Thestias  hand  aliter  dubiis  aflfectibus  errat, 
inque  vices  ponit,  positamque  resuscitat  iram. 

Incipit  esse  tamen  melior  germana  parente,  475 

et  consanguineas  ut  sanguine  leniat  umbras, 
impietate  pia  est :  nam  postquam  pestifer  ignis 
convaluit,  *  Rogus  iste  cremet  mea  viscera '  dixit; 
utque  manu  dira  lignum  fatale  tenebat, 
ante  sepulcrales  infelix  adstitit  aras,  480 

*  Poenarum'  que  '  deae  triplices,  furialibus,'  inquit 

*  Eumenides,  sacris  vultus  advertite  vestros. 
ulciscor,  facioque  nefas :  mors  morte  pianda  est. 


86  The   Calydonian  Hunt,  [Metam. 

in  scelus  addendum  scelus  est,  in  funera  funus ; 

per  coacervatos  pereat  domus  impia  luctus.  485 

an  felix  Oeneus  nato  victore  fruetur, 

Thestius  orbus  erit?     Melius  lugebitis  ambo. 

vos  modo,  fraterni  manes,  animaeque  recentes, 

officium  sentite  meum,  magnoque  paratas 

accipite  inferias,  uteri  mala  pignora  nostri.  490 

*  Ei  mihi !  quo  rapior?  fratres  ignoscite  matri ! 
deficiunt  ad  coepta  manus.     Meruisse  fatemur 
ilium,  cur  pereat:  mortis  mihi  displicet  auctor. 
ergo  impune  feret,  vivusque  et  victor  et  ipso 
successu  tumidus  regnum  Calydonis  habebit?  495 

vos  cinis  exiguus  gelidaeque  jacebitis  umbrae? 
haud  equidem  patiar.     Pereat  sceleratus,  et  ille 
spemque  patris  regnique  trahat  patriaeque  ruinam. 
mens  ubi  materna  est?  ubi  sunt  pia  jura  parentum? 
et  quos  sustinui  bis  mensum  quinque  labores?  500 

O  utinam  primis  arsisses  ignibus  infans, 
idque  ego  passa  forem  !     Vixisti  munere  nostro  : 
nunc  merito  moriere  tuo.     Cape  praemia  facti, 
bisque  datam,  primum  partu,  mox  stipite  rapto, 
redde  animam,  vel  me  fraternis  adde  sepulcris.         505 

'  Et  cupio,   et  nequeo ;  quid  agam?  modo  vulnera 
fratrum 
ante  oculos  mihi  sunt,  et  tantae  caedis  imago : 
nunc  animum  pietas  maternaque  nomina  frangunt. 
me  miseram  !  male  vincetis,  sed  vincite,  fratres : 
dummodo  quae  dedero  vobis  solacia,  vosque  510 

ipsa  sequar.'     Dixit,  dextraque  aversa  trementi 
funereum  torrem  medios  conjecit  in  ignes. 
aut  dedit,  aut  visus  gemitus  est  ille  dedisse 
stipes,  ut  invitis  correptus  ab  ignibus  arsit. 

Inscius  atque  absens  flamma  Meleagros  ab  ilia     515 
uritur,  et  caecis  torreri  viscera  sentijt 


VIII.  545-]  Death  of  Me  I  eager.  87 

ignibus,  ac  magnos  superat  virtute  dolores. 
quod  tamen  ignavo  cadat  et  sine  sanguine  leto, 
maeret,  et  Ancaei  felicia  vulnera  dicit ; 
grandaevumque  patrem  fratresque  piasque  sorores   520 
cum  gemitu,  sociamque  tori  vocat  ore  supremo ; 
forsitan  et  matrem.     Crescunt  ignisque  dolorque, 
languescuntque  iterum  :  simul  est  exstinctus  uterque, 
inque  leves  abiit  paulatim  spiritus  auras 
paulatim  cana  prunam  velante  favilla.  525 

Alta  jacet  Calydon  :  lugent  juvenesque  senesque, 
vulgusque  proceresque  gemunt,  scissaeque  capillos 
planguntur  matres  Calydonides  Eueninae. 
pulvere  canitiem  genitor  vultusque  seniles 
foedat  humi  fusus,  spatiosumque  increpat  aevum. 
nam  de  matre  manus  diri  sibi  conscia  facti  530 

exegit  poenas,  acto  per  viscera  ferro. 
non  mihi  si  centum  deus  ora  sonantia  linguis, 
ingeniumque  capax,  totumque  Helicona  dedisset, 
tristia  persequerer  miserarum  dicta  sororum. 
inmemores  decoris  liventia  pectora  tundunt ;  535 

dumque  manet  corpus,  corpus  refoventque  foventque ; 
oscula  dant  ipsi,  posito  dant  oscula  lecto ; 
post  cinerem  cineres  haustos  ad  pectora  pressant ; 
adfusaeque  jacent  tumulo,  signataque  saxo 
nomina  complexae  lacrimas  in  nomina  fundunt.        540 
quas  Parthaoniae  tandem  Latonia  clade 
exsatiata  domus,  praeter  Gorgenque  nurumque 
nobilis  Alcmenae,  natis  in  corpore  pennis 
allevat,  et  longas  per  bracchia  porrigit  alas, 
corneaque  ora  facit,  versasque  per  aera  mittit.  545 


88  Philemon  and  Baucis.  [Metam. 

XII.   Philemon  and  Baucis. 
[Book  VIII.  —  620-724.] 

[Hercules,  returning  from  the  Calydonian  Hunt,  is  entertained 
with  his  friends  by  the  river-god  Achelous,  who  recounts  the  fate  of 
certain  nymphs,  turned  into  rocks  and  islands.  These  prodigies 
are  mocked  by  Pirithous,  son  of  Ixion,  who  is  among  them.  To 
silence  his  cavil,  Lelex  relates  the  following  tale  (589-619).] 

Jupiter  and  Mercury,  journeying  once  in  Phrygia,  were  refused 
hospitality  by  all  the  inhabitants  of  a  certain  place,  except  two 
pious  rustics,  Philemon  and  his  wife  Baucis,  who  provide  such 
entertainment  as  they  are  able  (620-688).  While  the  inhospitable 
town  was  drowned  in  a  marsh,  the  poor  hut  of  Philemon  became 
a  temple,  of  which  he  and  his  wife  were  made  attendants  ;  until  in 
a  good  old  age  they  were  both  transformed  to  trees,  he  to  an  oak 
and  she  to  a  linden  (689-724). 

r  I  ^ILIAE  contermina  quercus 
"*■     collibus  est  Phrygiis,  modico  circumdata  muro. 
haud  procul  huic  stagnum  est,  tellus  habitabilis  olim, 
nunc  celebres  mergis  fulicisque  palustribus  undae.  625 
Juppiter  hue  specie  mortali,  cumque  parente 
venit  Atlantiades,  positis  caducifer  alis. 
mille  domos  adiere,  locum  requiemque  petentes : 
mille  domos  clausere  serae.     Tamen  una  recepit, 
parva  quidem,  stipulis  et  canna  tecta  palustri :  630 

sed  pia  Baucis  anus  parilique  aetate  Philemon 
ilia  sunt  annis  juncti  juvenilibus,  ilia 
consenuere  casa  ;  paupertatemque  fatendo 
effecere  levem,  nee  iniqua  mente  ferendo. 
nee  refert,  dominos  illic,  famulosne  requiras  :  635 

tota  domus  duo  sunt,  idem  parentque  jubentque. 

Ergo  ubi  caelicolae  parvos  tetigere  penates, 
summissoque  humiles  intrarunt  vertice  postes, 
membra  senex  posito  jussit  relevare  sedili, 


VIII.  676.]        Their  Humble  Hospitality.  89 

quo  superinjecit  textum  rude  sedula  Baucis,  640 

inde  foco  tepidum  cinerem  dimovit,  et  ignes 

suscitat  hesternos,  foliisque  et  cortice  sicco 

nutrit,  et  ad  flammas  anima  producit  anili, 

multifidasque  faces  ramaliaque  arida  tecto 

detulit,  et  minuit,  parvoque  admovit  aeno.  645 

quodque  suus  conjunx  riguo  collegerat  horto, 

truncat  olus  foliis.     Furca  levat  ille  bicorni 

sordida  terga  suis  nigro  pendentia  tigno ; 

servatoque  diu  resecat  de  tergore  partem 

exiguam,  sectamque  domat  ferventibus  undis.  650 

Interea  medias  fallunt  sermonibus  horas, 
concutiuntque  torum  de  molli  fluminis  ulva  655 

impositum  lecto,  sponda  pedibusque  salignis. 
vestibus  hunc  velant,  quas  non  nisi  tempore  festo 
sternere  consuerant ;  sed  et  haec  vilisque  vetusque 
vestis  erat,  lecto  non  indignanda  saligno. 

Accubuere  dei.     Mensam  succincta  tremensque   660 
ponit  anus  :  mensae  sed  erat  pes  tertius  impar  : 
testa  parem  fecit.     Quae  postquam  subdita  clivum 
sustulit,  aequatam  mentae  tersere  virentes. 
ponitur  hie  bicolor  sincerae  baca  Minervae ; 
conditaque  in  liquida  corna  autumnalia  faece ;  665 

intibaque,  et  radix,  et  lactis  massa  coacti, 
ovaque  non  acri  leviter  versata  favilla, — 
omnia  fictilibus.     Post  haec  caelatus  eodem 
sistitur  argento  crater,  fabricataque  fago 
pocula,  qua  cava  sunt,  flaventibus  illita  ceris.  670 

Parva  mora  est,  epulasque  foci  misere  calentes, 
nee  longae  rursus  referuntur  vina  senectae, 
dantque  locum  mensis  paulum  seducta  secundis. 
hie  nux,  hie  mixta  est  rugosis  carica  palmis, 
pruriaque,  et  in  patulis  redolentia  mala  canistris,       675 
et  de  purpureis  collectae  vitibus  uvae. 


90  Philemon  and  Baucis.  [Metam. 

candidus  in  medio  favus  est.     Super  omnia  vultus 
accessere  boni,  nee  iners  pauperque  voluntas. 

Interea  totiens  haustum  cratera  repleri 
sponte  sua,  per  seque  vident  succrescere  vina.  680 

attoniti  novitate  pavent,  manibusque  supinis 
concipiunt  Baucisque  preces  timidusque  Philemon, 
et  veniam  dapibus  nullisque  paratibus  orant. 

Unicus  anser  erat,  minimae  custodia  villae, 
quern  dis  hospitibus  domini  mactare  parabant.  685 

ille  celer  penna  tardos  aetate  fatigat, 
eluditque  diu,  tandemque  est  visus  ad  ipsos 
confugisse  deos.     Superi  vetuere  necari : 
'  Di '  que  *  sumus,  meritasque  luet  vicinia  poenas 
impia '  dixerunt ;  ■  vobis  immunibus  hujus  690 

esse  mali  dabitur :  modo  vestra  relinquite  tecta, 
ac  nostros  comitate  gradus,  et  in  ardua  montis 
ite  simul.'     Parent  ambo,  baculisque  levati 
nituntur  longo  vestigia  ponere  clivo. 

Tantum  aberant  summo,  quantum  semel  ire  sagitta 
missa  potest :  flexere  oculos,  et  mersa  palude 
cetera  prospiciunt,  tantum  sua  tecta  manere. 
dumque  ea  mirantur,  dum  deflent  fata  suorum, 
ilia  vetus,  dominis  etiam  casa  parva  duobus 
vertitur  in  templum  ;  furcas  subiere  columnae  ;  700 

stramina  flavescunt,  aurataque  tecta  videntur, 
caelataeque  fores,  adopertaque  marmore  tellus. 

Talia  turn  placido  Saturnius  edidit  ore  : 
*  Dicite,  juste  senex,  et  femina  conjuge  justo 
digna,  quid  optetis.'     Cum  Baucide  pauca  locutus, 
judicium  superis  aperit  commune  Philemon  : 
1  Esse  sacerdotes,  delubraque  vestra  tueri 
poscimus  ;  et  quoniam  Concordes  egimus  annos, 
auferat  hora  duos  eadem,  nee  conjugis  umquam 
busta  meae  videam,  neu  sim  tumulandus  ab  ilia.'     710 


VIII.  724-]   They  are  transformed  to   Trees,  91 

Vota  fides  sequitur :  templi  tutela  fuere, 
donee  vita  data  est.     Annis  aevoque  soluti, 
ante  gradus  sacros  cum  starent  forte,  locique 
inciperent  casus,  frondere  Philemona  Baucis, 
Baucida  conspexit  senior  frondere  Philemon.  715 

jamque  super  geminos  crescente  cacumine  vultus 
mutua,  dum  licuit,  reddebant  dicta,   Vale  que 
O  conjunx  dixere  simul,  simul  abdita  texit 
ora  frutex.     Ostendit  adhuc  Thineius  illic 
incola  de  gemino  vicinos  corpore  truncos.  720 

haec  mihi  non  vani  —  neque  erat  cur  fallere  vellent  — 
narravere  senes :  equidem  pendentia  vidi 
serta  super  ramos ;  ponensque  recentia,  dixi : 
Cura  fii  dis  sunt,  et  qui  coluere  coluntur. 


92  The  Death  of  Hercules.  [Metam. 

XIII.   The  Death  of  Hercules. 

[Book  IX. — 134-272.] 

[Achelous,  continuing  the  discourse,  tells  of  the  transforma- 
tions of  Proteus;  and  of  Metra,  daughter  of  Eresichthon,  who 
(receiving  this  power  from  Neptune)  long,  by  cheats  and  wiles, 
sustained  her  father  cursed  with  extreme  rage  of  hunger  for  the 
violation  of  a  grove  of  Ceres  (VIII.  725-884).  And  as  Theseus 
inquires  the  cause  of  his  broken  horn,  Achelous  replies  that  con- 
tending once  with  Hercules  for  the  possession  of  Dejanira,  sister 
of  Meleager,  that  horn  had  been  wrested  ofi^  and,  being  filled  by 
the  Naiads  with  autumn  fruits,  became  the  horn  of  Plenty  (IX. 
1-100).  In  defence  of  the  same  Dejanira,  Hercules  had  once 
slain  the  centaur  Nessus  ;  who,  dying,  gave  her  a  tunic  stained 
with  his  blood,  mixed  with  venom  of  the  Lernaean  hydra,  which  (he 
said)  would  recall  her  husband's  love  if  ever  it  should  wander  or 
cool  (101-133).] 

Afterward,  Hercules  being  about  to  wed  Iole,  daughter  of  Eury- 
tus,  Dejanira  sent  to  him  this  tunic  as  a  marriage  gift.  But  when 
it  took  heat  from  the  altar  flames  as  he  was  about  to  sacrifice,  Her- 
cules, being  in  extreme  torment,  and  unable  to  tear  it  off,  cast  into 
the  sea  the  bearer  of  the  gift,  Lichas,  who  was  converted  into  a 
rock,  retaining  his  human  form  (134-227).  Then  Hercules,  build- 
ing a  great  funeral  pile  upon  Mount  (Eta  of  Thessaly,  burned  him- 
self thereon;  and,  his  mortal  parts  being  purged  away,  was 
received  into  the  company  of  the  gods  (228-272). 

ONGA  fuit  medii  mora  temporis,  actaque  magni 
■*-'  Herculis  implerant  terras,  odiumque  novercae. 
victor  ab  Oechalia  Cenaeo  sacra  parabat 
vota  Jovi,  cum  fama  loquax  praecessit  ad  aures, 
De'ianira,  tuas,  quae  veris  addere  falsa 
gaudet,  et  e  minimo  sua  per  mendacia  crescit, 
Amphitryoniaden  Ioles  ardore  teneri.  140 

Credit  amans,  venerisque  novae  perterrita  fama 
indulsit  primo  lacrimis,  flendoque  dolorem 
diffudit  miseranda  suum.     Mox  deinde,  *  Quid  autem 


IX.  176.]        The  Poisoned  Shirt  of  JVessus.  93 

flemus?'  ait:  *  pellex  lacrimis  laetabitur  istis. 
quae  quoniam  adveniet,  properandum,  aliquidque  no- 
vandum  est,  145 

dum  licet,  et  nondum  thalamos  tenet  altera  nostros. 
conquerar,  an  sileam?  repetam  Calydona,  morerne? 
excedam  tectis?  an,  si  nihil  amplius,  obstem? 
quid  si  me,  Meleagre,  tuam  memor  esse  sororem 
forte  paro  facinus,  quantumque  injuria  possit  150 

femineusque  dolor,  jugulata  pellice  testor?' 

Incursus  animus  varios  habet :  omnibus  illis 
praetulit  imbutam  Nesseo  sanguine  vestem 
mittere,  quae  vires  defecto  reddat  amori. 
ignaroque  Lichae,  quid  tradat  nescia,  luctus  155 

ipsa  suos  tradit,  blandisque  miserrima  verbis, 
dona  det  ilia  viro,  mandat.     Capit  inscius  heros, 
induiturque  humeris  Lernaeae  virus  echidnae. 

Tura  dabat  primis  et  verba  precantia  flammis, 
vinaque  marmoreas  patera  fundebat  in  aras  :  160 

incaluit  vis  ilia  mali,  resolutaque  flammis 
Herculeos  abiit  late  diffusa  per  artus. 
dum  potuit,  solita  gemitum  virtute  repressit ; 
victa  malis  postquam  est  patientia,  reppulit  aras, 
implevitque  suis  nemorosum  vocibus  Oeten.  165 

nee  mora,  letiferam  conatur  scindere  vestem  : 
qua  trahitur,  trahit  ilia  cutem,  foedumque  relatu, 
aut  haeret  membris  frustra  temptata  revelli, 
aut  laceros  artus  et  grandia  detegit  ossa. 
ipse  cruor,  gelido  ceu  quondam  lamina  candens        170 
tincta  lacu,  stridit,  coquiturque  ardente  veneno. 

Nee  modus  est :  sorbent  avidae  praecordia  flammae, 
caeruleusque  fluit  toto  de  corpore  sudor, 
ambustique  sonant  nervi,  caecaque  medullis 
tabe  liquefactis  tendens  ad  sidera  palmas,  175 

'  Cladibus '  exclamat,  «  Saturnia,  pascere  nostris  : 


94  2Tfctf  Death  of  Hercules.  [Metam. 

pascere,  et  hanc  pestem  specta,  crudelis,  ab  alto, 
corque  ferum  satia.     Vel  si  miserandus  et  hosti 
hoc  aestu  tibi  sum,  diris  cruciatibus  aegram 
invisamque  animam  natamque  laboribus  aufer.  180 

mors  mihi  munus  erit :  decet  haec  dare  dona  novercam. 
ergo  ego  foedantem  peregrino  templa  cruore 
Busirin  domui?  saevoque  alimenta  parentis 
Antaeo  eripui  ?  nee  me  pastoris  Hiberi 
forma  triplex,  nee  forma  triplex  tua,  Cerbere,  movit? 
vosne,  manus,  validi  pressistis  cornua  tauri? 
vestrum  opus  Elis  habet,  vestrum  Stymphalides  undae, 
Partheniumque  nemus?  vestra  virtute  relatus 
Thermodontiaco  caelatus  balteus  auro, 
pomaque  ab  insomni  concustodita  dracone?  190 

nee  mihi  Centauri  potuere  resistere,  nee  mi 
Arcadiae  vastator  aper?  nee  profuit  hydrae 
crescere  per  damnum,  geminasque  resumere  vires? 
quid,  cum  Thracis  equos  humano  sanguine  pingues 
plenaque  corporibus  laceris  praesepia  vidi,  195 

visaque  dejeci,  dominumque  ipsosque  peremi? 
his  elisa  jacet  moles  Nemeaea  lacertis  ; 
hac  caelum  cervice  tuli.     Defessa  jubendo  est 
saeva  Jovis  conjunx  :  ego  sum  indefessus  agendo, 
sed  nova  pestis  adest,  cui  nee  virtute  resisti,  200 

nee  telis  armisque  potest.     Pulmonibus  errat 
ignis  edax  imis,  perque  omnes  pascitur  artus. 
at  valet  Eurystheus !  Et  sunt,  qui  credere  possint 
esse  deos?'     Dixit,  perque  altum  saucius  Oeten 
haud  aliter  graditur,  quam  si  venabula  taurus  205 

corpore  fixa  gerat,  factique  refugerit  auctor. 
saepe  ilium  gemitus  edentem,  saepe  frementem, 
saepe  retemptantem  totas  refringere  vestes, 
sternentemque  trabes,  irascentemque  videres 
montibus,  aut  patrio  tendentem  bracchia  caelo.         210 


IX.  243-]  The  Funeral  File,  95 

Ecce  Lichan  trepidum  latitantem  rupe  cavata 
aspicit;  utque  dolor  rabiem  collegerat  omnem, 
«Tune,  Licha,'  dixit  *  feralia  dona  dedisti? 
tune  meae  necis  auctor  ens?'     Tremit  ille,  pavetque 
pallidus,  et  timide  verba  excusantia  dicit.  215 

dicentem  genibusque  manus  adhibere  parantem 
corripit  Alcides,  et  terque  quaterque  rotatum 
mittit  in  Eubo'icas  tormento  fortius  undas. 
ille  per  aerias  pendens  induruit  auras ; 
utque  ferunt  imbres  gelidis  concrescere  ventis,  220 

inde  nives  fieri,  nivibus  quoque  molle  rotatis 
astringi,  et  spissa  glomerari  grandine  corpus : 
sic  ilium  validis  actum  per  inane  lacertis 
exsanguemque  metu  nee  quicquam  humoris  habentem, 
in  rigidos  versum  silices  prior  edidit  aetas.  225 

nunc  quoque  in  Euboico  scopulus  brevis  emicat  alto 
gurgite,  et  humanae  servat  vestigia  formae, 
quern,  quasi  sensurum,  nautae  calcare  verentur, 
appellantque  Lichan. 

At  tu,  Jovis  inclita  proles, 
arboribus  caesis,  quas  ardua  gesserat  Oete,  230 

inque  pyram  structis,  arcum  pharetramque  capacem 
regnaque  visuras  iterum  Trojana  sagittas 
ferre  jubes  Poeante  satum,  quo  flamma  ministro 
subdita ;  dumque  avidis  comprenditur  ignibus  agger, 
congeriem  silvae  Nemeaeo  vellere  summam  235 

sternis,  et  imposita  clavae  cervice  recumbis, 
haud  alio  vultu,  quam  si  conviva  jaceres 
inter  plena  meri  redimitus  pocula  sertis. 

Jamque  valens  et  in  omne  latus  diffusa  sonabat, 
securosque  artus  contemptoremque  petebat  240 

flamma  suum.     Timuere  dei  pro  vindice  terrae : 
quos  ita,  sensit  enira,  laeto  Saturnius  ore 
Juppiter  adloquitur  :   '  Nostra  est  timor  iste  voluptas, 


96  1  he  Death  of  Hercules,  [Metam. 

O  superi ;  totoque  libens  mihi  pectore  grator, 

quod  memoris  populi  dicor  rectorque  paterque,         245 

et  mea  progenies  vestro  quoque  tuta  favore  est. 

nam  quamquam  ipsius  datur  hoc  immanibus  actis, 

obligor  ipse  tamen.     Sed  enim,  ne  pectora  vano 

fida  metu  paveant,  Oetaeas  spernite  flammas. 

omnia  qui  vicit,  vincet,  quos  cernitis,  ignes ;  250 

nee  nisi  materna  vulcanum  parte  potentem 

sentiet.     Aeternum  est  a  me  quod  traxit,  et  expers 

atque  immune  necis,  nullaque  domabile  flamma  : 

idque  ego  defunctum  terra  caelestibus  oris 

accipiam,  cunctisque  meum  laetabile  factum  255 

dis  fore  confido.     Siquis  tamen  Hercule,  siquis 

forte  deo  doliturus  erit,  data  praemia  nolet : 

sed  meruisse  dari  sciet,  invitusque  probabit.' 

Assensere  dei ;  conjunx  quoque  regia  visa  est 
cetera  non  duro,  duro  tamen  ultima  vultu  260 

dicta  tulisse  Jovis,  seque  indoluisse  notatam. 

Interea  quodcumque  fuit  populabile  flammae, 
Mulciber  abstulerat ;  nee  cognoscenda  remansit 
Herculis  effigies,  nee  quicquam  ab  imagine  ductum 
matris  habet,  tantumque  Jovis  vestigia  servat.  265 

utque  novus  serpens  posita  cum  pelle  senecta 
luxuriare  solet,  squamaque  virere  recenti : 
sic  ubi  mortales  Tirynthius  exuit  artus, 
parte  sui  meliore  viget,  majorque  videri 
coepit,  et  augusta  fieri  gravitate  verendus.  270 

quern  pater  omnipotens  inter  cava  nubila  raptum 
quadrijugo  curru  radiantibus  intulit  astris. 


X.  7-]  Orpheus  and  Eurydice.  97 

XIV.   Orpheus  and  Eurydice. 
[Book  X.  — 1-77.] 

[Alcmene,  mother  of  Hercules,  to  entertain  Iole  (who  had 
married  his  son  Hyllus),  relates  the  tale  of  Hercules'  birth,  which 
was  long  delayed,  but  at  last  brought  about  by  the  artifice  of  Galan- 
this,  a  waiting  maid ;  who,  for  the  falsehood  she  told,  was  turned 
into  a  weasel  by  Ilithyia,  whom  she  had  deceived  (IX.  273-323). 
Iole  relates  in  turn  of  her  sister  Dryope,  changed  to  a  lotus 
(324-339).  The  restoring  of  Iolaus  to  youth,  and  the  miraculous 
manhood  bestowed  on  the  children  of  Callirhoe,  having  moved  the 
displeasure  of  some  of  the  gods,  Jupiter  reminds  them  of  the  pain- 
ful old  age  of  his  own  son  Minos  (400-442).  The  tale  is  told  of 
Byblis,  daughter  of  Miletus  (who  had  migrated  from  Crete  to  Asia) : 
she,  filled  with  a  guilty  love  for  her  brother  Cannus,  became  a  foun- 
tain in  Caria  (443-665).  Iphis;  daughter  of  Ligdus  of  Crete,  having 
been  brought  up  as  a  youth  to  avoid  her  father's  displeasure  that  a 
daughter  was  born  to  him,  was  at  length  changed  to  a  young  man 
by  Isis,  and  so  became  the  husband  of  Ianthe  (666-797).] 

Hymen,  proceeding  to  Thrace,  after  the  marriage  of  Iphis, 
unites  Orpheus  to  Eurydice,  but  not  happily,  for  she  died  from  the 
bite  of  a  serpent.  To  recover  her,  Orpheus  penetrated  the  shadows 
of  the  Lower  World,  where  even  the  Furies  are  moved  to  tears  at 
his  song,  the  pains  of  hell  are  stayed,  and  Proserpine  is  won  to 
yield  him  back  his  wife,  only  on  condition  that  he  shall  not  look 
behind  him  till  again  in  the  upper  world.  Turning  about  too  soon, 
in  his  eagerness  to  see  her,  he  loses  her  again,  and  is  not  suffered 
a  second  time  to  enter  Hades  (X.  1-77). 

TNDE  per  immensum  croceo  velatus  amictu 

■*■  aethera   digreditur,    Ciconumque    Hymenaeus    ad 

oras 
tendit,  et  Orphea  nequiquam  voce  vocatur. 
adfuit  ille  quidem ;  sed  nee  sollemnia  verba, 
nee  laetos  vultus,  nee  felix  attulit  omen.  5 

fax  quoque,  quam  tenuit,  lacrimoso  stridula  fumo 
usque  fuit,  nullosque  invenit  motibus  ignes. 

I 


98  Orpheus  and  Eurydice.  [Metam. 

exitus  auspicio  gravior ;  nam  nupta,  per  herbas 

dum  nova  nai'adum  turba  comitata  vagatur, 

occidit,  in  talum  serpentis  dente  recepto.  10 

Quam  satis  ad  superas  postquam  Rhodopeius  auras 
deflevit  vates,  ne  non  temptaret  et  umbras, 
ad  Styga  Taenaria  est  ausus  descendere  porta ; 
perque  leves  populos  simulacraque  functa  sepulcro 
Persephonen  adiit,  inamoenaque  regna  tenentem        15 
umbrarum  dominum.     Pulsisque  ad  carmina  nervis 
sic  ait :  *  O  positi  sub  terra  numina  mundi, 
in  quern  recidimus,  quicquid  mortale  creamur; 
si  licet,  et  falsi  positis  ambagibus  oris 
vera  loqui  sinitis,  non  hue,  ut  opaca  viderem  20 

Tartara,  descendi,  nee  uti  villosa  colubris 
terna  Medusaei  vincirem  guttura  monstri. 
causa  viae  conjunx,  in  quam  calcata  venenum 
vipera  diffudit,  crescentesque  abstulit  annos. 
posse  pati  volui,  nee  me  temptasse  negabo :  25 

vicit  Amor.     Supera  deus  hie  bene  notus  in  ora  est : 
an  sit  et  hie,  dubito,  sed  et  hie  tamen  auguror  esse, 
famaque  si  veteris  non  est  mentita  rapinae, 
vos  quoque  junxit  Amor.     Per  ego  haec  loca  plena 

timoris, 
per  Chaos  hoc  ingens,  vastique  silentia  regni,  30 

Eurydices,  oro,  properata  retexite  fata, 
omnia  debemur  vobis,  paulumque  morati 
serius  aut  citius  sedem  properamus  ad  unam. 
tendimus  hue  omnes,  haec  est  domus  ultima ;  vosque 
humani  generis  longissima  regna  tenetis.  35 

haec  quoque,  cum  justos  matura  peregerit  annos, 
juris  erit  vestri.     Pro  munere  poscimus  usum. 
quod  si  fata  negant  veniam  pro  conjuge,  certum  est 
nolle  redire  mihi :  leto  gaudete  duorum.' 

Talia  dicentem  nervosque  ad  verba  moventem        40 


X.  74-]  Half -won,  but  lost  again.  99 

exsangues  flebant  animae  ;  nee  Tantalus  undam 

captavit  refugam,  stupuitque  Ixionis  orbis, 

nee  carpsere  jecur  volucres,  urnisque  vacarunt 

Belides,  inque  tuo  sedisti,  Sisyphe,  saxo. 

tunc  primum  lacrimis  victarum  carmine  fama  est        45 

Eumenidum  maduisse  genas.     Nee  regia  conjunx 

sustinet  oranti,  nee  qui  regit  ima,  negare  : 

Eurydicenque  vocant.     Umbras  erat  ilia  recentes 

inter,  et  incessit  passu  de  vulnere  tardo. 

hanc  simul  et  legem  Rhodopei'us  accipit  heros,  50 

ne  flectat  retro  sua  lumina,  donee  Avernas 

exierit  valles,  aut  irrita  dona  futura. 

Carpitur  acclivis  per  muta  silentia  trames, 
arduus,  obscurus,  caligine  densus  opaca. 
nee  procul  afuerunt  telluris  margine  summae :  55 

hie,  ne  deficeret  metuens,  avidusque  videndi, 
flexit  amans  oculos ;  et  protinus  ilia  relapsa  est, 
bracchiaque  intendens  prendique  et  prendere  captans 
nil  nisi  cedentes  infelix  arripit  auras, 
jamque  iterum  moriens  non  est  de  conjuge  quicquam 
questa  suo :  quid  enim  nisi  se  quereretur  amatam? 
supremumque   Vale  1  quod  jam  vix  auribus  ille 
acciperet,  dixit,  revolutaque  rursus  eodem  est. 

Non  aliter  stupuit  gemina  nece  conjugis  Orpheus, 
quam  tria  qui  timidus,  medio  portante  catenas,  65 

colla  canis  vidit ;  quern  non  pavor  ante  reliquit, 
quam  natura  prior,  saxo  per  corpus  oborto : 
quique  in  se  crimen  traxit  voluitque  videri 
Olenos  esse  nocens,  tuque  O  confisa  figurae, 
infelix  Lethaea,  tuae,  junctissima  quondam  70 

pectora,  nunc  lapides,  quos  humida  sustinet  Ide. 

Orantem  frustraque  iterum  transire  volentem 
portitor  arcuerat.     Septem  tamen  ille  diebus 
squalidus  in  ripa  Cereris  sine  munere  sedit ; 


ioo  The  Song  of  Orpheus,  [Metam. 

cura  dolorque  animi  lacrimaeque  alimenta  fuere.        75 

esse  deos  Erebi  crudeles  questus,  in  altam 

se  recipit  Rhodopen  pulsumque  aquilonibus  Haemum. 


XV.   The  Song  of  Orpheus. 
[Book  X.  —  86-219.] 

Withdrawn  apart  from  the  love  of  women,  and  having 
gathered  by  his  song  a  grove  of  forest  trees  [among  them  the  pine 
which  was  once  the  youth  Attis,  and  Cyparissus  changed  by  Apollo 
into  a  Cypress],  Orpheus  sings  of  the  loves  of  the  gods  for  mortal 
men.  And  first  of  Ganymede  of  Troy,  borne  to  heaven  by  Jupiter 
in  the  form  of  an  eagle  (143-161)  ;  and  of  Hyacinthus,  a  beautiful 
youth  of  Sparta,  beloved  by  Apollo,  but  accidentally  killed  by  him 
with  a  discus  (or  quoit)  that  he  had  hurled  into  the  air;  from 
whose  blood  sprang  the  flower  that  bears  his  name  (162-219). 

[He  further  sings  of  certain  people  of  Cyprus,  cruel  to 
strangers,  who  by  Venus  were  changed  to  oxen  (220-237) ;  of  the 
statue  wrought  by  Pygmalion,  which  became  a  living  maiden,  and 
his  bride  (243-297) ;  of  Myrrha,  who  because  of  her  incestuous  love 
of  her  father  became  a  tree  weeping  fragrant  gum  (298-502) ;  of  her 
child  Adonis,  loved  by  Venus  (503-559)  ;  of  Atalanta,  fleet  of  foot, 
who  was  won  in  the  race  by  craft  of  Hippomenes  with  three  golden 
apples,  but  both  were  afterwards  changed  into  lions  (560-707)  ; 
and  of  the  death  of  Adonis,  slain  by  a  wild  boar,  and  by  Venus 
converted  into  the  flower  Anemone,  as  Menthe  had  aforetime  been 
by  Proserpine  into  the  herb  Mint  (708-739).] 

/^OLLIS  erat,  collemque  super  planissima  campi 

^-^  area,  quam  viridem  faciebant  graminis  herbae. 

umbra  loco  deerat :  qua  postquam  parte  resedit 

dis  genitus  vates,  et  fila  sonantia  movit, 

umbra  loco  venit.     Non  Chaonis  afuit  arbor,  90 

non  nemus  Heliadum,  non  frondibus  aesculus  altis, 


X.  i62.]  The  Rafe  of  Gctnymcde.  101 

nee  tiliae  molles,  nee  fagus  et  innuba  laurus, 

nee  coryli  fragiles,  et  fraxinus  utilis  hastis, 

enodisque  abies,  curvataque  glandibus  ilex, 

et  platanus  genialis,  acerque  coloribus  impar,  95 

amnicolaeque  simul  salices  et  aquatica  lotos, 

perpetuoque  virens  buxum,  tenuesque  myricae, 

et  bicolor  myrtus,  et  bacis  caerula  tinus. 

vos  quoque,  flexipedes  hederae,  venistis,  et  una 

pampineae  vites  et  amictae  vitibus  ulmi ;  100 

ornique  et  piceae,pomoque  onerata  rubenti 

arbutus,  et  lentae  (victoris  praemia)  palmae, 

et  succincta  comas  hirsutaque  vertice  pinus, 

grata  deum  matri :  siquidem  Cybeleius  Attis 

exuit  hac  hominem,  truncoque  induruit  illo.  105 

Tale  nemus  vates  attraxerat ;  inque  ferarum 
concilio  medius  turba  volucrumque  sedebat. 
ut  satis  impulsas  temptavit  pollice  chordas,  145 

et  sensit  varios,  quamvis  diversa  sonarent, 
concordare  modos,  hoc  vocem  carmine  movit : 

*  Ab  Jove,  Musa  parens  (cedunt  Jovis  omnia  regno) 
carmina  nostra  move :  Jovis  est  mihi  saepe  potestas 
dicta  prius.     Cecini  plectro  graviore  Gigantas,         150 
sparsaque  Phlegraeis  victricia  fulmina  campis ; 
nunc  opus  est  leviore  lyra,  puerosque  canamus 
dilectos  superis,  inconcessisque  puellas 
ignibus  attonitas  meruisse  libidine  poenam. 

'Rex  superum  Phrygii  quondam  Ganymedis  amore 
arsit,  et  inventum  est  aliquid,  quod  Juppiter  esse, 
quam  quod  erat,  mallet.     Nulla  tamen  alite  verti 
dignatur,  nisi  quae  posset  sua  fulmina  ferre. 
nee  mora :  percusso  mendacibus  aere  pennis 
abripit  Iliaden,  qui  nunc  quoque  pocula  miscet,         160 
invitaque  Jovi  nectar  Junone  ministrat. 

'  Te  quoque,  Amyclide,  posuisset  in  aethere  Phoebus, 


io?<  The  Song  of  Orfheus,  [Metam. 

tristia  si  spatium  ponendi  fata  dedissent. 

qua  licet,  aeternus  tamen  es ;  quotiensque  repellit 

ver  hiemem,  Piscique  Aries  succedit  aquoso,  165 

tu  totiens  oreris,  viridique  in  cespite  flores. 

te  meus  ante  omnes  genitor  dilexit,  et  orbe 

in  medio  positi  caruerunt  praeside  Delphi, 

dum  deus  Eurotan  immunitamque  frequentat 

Sparten  :  nee  citharae,  nee  sunt  in  honore  sagittae.  170 

inmemor  ipse  sui  non  retia  ferre  recusat, 

non  tenuisse  canes,  non  per  juga  montis  iniqui 

isse  comes  ;  longaque  alit  assuetudine  flammas. 

*  Jamque  fere  medius  Titan  venientis  et  actae 
noctis  erat,  spatioque  pari  distabat  utrimque  :  175 
corpora  veste  levant,  et  suco  pinguis  olivi 
splendescunt,  latique  ineunt  certamina  disci. 

*  Quem  prius  aerias  libratum  Phoebus  in  auras 
misit,  et  oppositas  disjecit  pondere  nubes. 

recidit  in  solidam  longo  post  tempore  terram  180 

pondus,  et  exhibuit  junctam  cum  viribus  artem. 
protinus  imprudens  actusque  cupidine  ludi 
tollere  Taenarides  orbem  properabat ;  at  ilium 
dura  repercussum  subjecit  in  aera  tellus 
in  vultus,  Hyacinthe,  tuos.     Expalluit  aeque  185 

quam  puer  ipse  deus  ;  collapsosque  excipit  artus, 
et  modo  te  refovet,  modo  tristia  vulnera  siccat, 
nunc  animam  admotis  fugientem  sustinet  herbis. 

*  Nil  prosunt  artes  :  erat  immedicabile  vulnus. 

ut  si  quis  violas  riguove  papaver  in  horto,  190 

liliaque  infringat  fulvis  haerentia  virgis, 
marcida  demittant  subito  caput  ilia  gravatum, 
nee  se  sustineant,  spectentque  cacumine  terram : 
sic  vultus  moriens  jacet,  et  defecta  vigore 
ipsa  sibi  est  oneri  cervix  humerpque  recumbit.  195 

'  *  Laberis,  Oebalide,  prima  fraudate  juventa, 


X.  219]  Death  of  Hyacinthus.  103 

Phoebus  ait,  videoque  tuum,  mea  crimina,  vulnus, 
tu  dolor  es,  facinusque  meum :  mea  dextera  leto 
inscribenda  tuo  est ;  ego  sum  tibi  funeris  auctor. 
quae  mea  culpa  tamen?  nisi  si  lusisse  vocari  200 

culpa  potest,  nisi  culpa  potest  et  amasse  vocari. 
atque  utinam  pro  te  vitam,  tecumve  liceret 
reddere  !     Quod  quoniam  fatali  lege  tenemur, 
semper  eris  mecum,  memorique  haerebis  in  ore. 
te  lyra  pulsa  manu,  te  carmina  nostra  sonabunt;      205 
flosque  novus  scripto  gemitus  imitabere  nostros : 
tempus  et  illud  erit,  quo  se  fortissimus  heros 
addat  in  hunc  florem,  folioque  legatur  eodem." 
4  Talia  dum  vero  memorantur  Apollinis  ore, 
ecce  cruor,  qui  fusus  humo  signaverat  herbam,         210 
desinit  esse  cruor,  Tyrioque  nitentior  ostro 
flos  oritur,  formamque  capit  quam  lilia,  si  non 
purpureus  color  his,  argenteus  esset  in  illis. 
non  satis  hoc  Phoebo  est  (is  enim  fuit  auctor  honoris)  : 
ipse  suos  gemitus  foliis  inscribit,  et  ai  ai  215 

flos  habet  inscriptum,  funestaque  littera  ducta  est. 
nee  genuisse  pudet  Sparten  Hyacinthon,  honorque 
durat  in  hoc  aevi ;  celebrandaque  more  priorum 
annua  praelata  redeunt  Hyacinthia  pompa.' 


104  The  Death  of  Orpheus.  [Met am. 

XVT.    The  Death  of  Orpheus. 

[Book  XL  — 1-84.] 

Still  lamenting  in  solitude  for  his  lost  Eurydice,  Orpheus  is 
assailed  in  a  frenzy  by  the  women  of  Thrace,  who  tear  him  in 
pieces  ;  so  that  while  his  body  is  borne  upon  the  Hebrus,  and  to 
the  isle  of  Lesbos,  his  shade  securely  joins  that  of  his  wife  in  the 
Elysian  Fields  (XL  1-66) ;  the  women  who  had  caused  his  death 
being  by  Bacchus  changed  to  trees  (67-84) . 

/^ARMINE  dum  tali  silvas  ani mosque  ferarum 

^^  Threicius  vates  et  saxa  sequentia  ducit, 

ecce  nurus  Ciconum,  tectae  lymphata  ferinis 

pectora  velleribus,  tumuli  de  vertice  cernunt 

Orphea,  percussis  sociantem  carmina  nervis.  5 

e  quibus  una,  levem  jactato  crine  per  auram, 

*  En,'  ait  *  en  hie  est  nostri  contemptor \h  et  hastam 

vatis  Apollinei  vocalia  misit  in  ora : 

quae  foliis  praesuta  notam  sine  vulnere  fecit. 

Alterius  telum  lapis  est,  qui  missus,  in  ipso  10 

aere  concentu  victus  vocisque  lyraeque  est, 
ac  veluti  supplex  pro  tarn  furialibus  ausis 
ante  pedes  jacuit.     Sed  enim  temeraria  crescunt 
bella,  modusque  abiit,  insanaque  regnat  Erinys. 

Cunctaque  tela  forent  cantu  mollita  ;  sed  ingens     15 
clamor  et  infracto  Berecyntia  tibia  cornu, 
tympanaque  et  plausus  et  Bacchei  ululatus 
obstrepuere  sono  citharae.     Turn  denique  saxa 
non  exauditi  rubuerunt  sanguine  vatis. 
ac  primum  attonitas  etiamnum  voce  canentis  20 

innumeras  volucres,  anguesque  agmenque  ferarum, 
Maenades  Orphei  titulum  rapuere  triumphi. 

Inde  cruentatis  vertuntur  in  Orphea  dextris, 
et  coeunt  ut  aves,  si  quando  luce  vagantem 


XI.  53.]  TMe   Thracian  Mcenadcs.  105 

noctis  avem  cernunt ;  structoque  utrimque  theatro      25 

ceu  matutina  cervus  periturus  arena 

praeda  canum  est,  vatemque  petunt,  et  fronde  virentes 

coniciunt  thyrsos,  non  haec  in  munera  factos. 

hae  glebas,  illae  direptos  arbore  ramos, 

pars  torquent  silices.     Neu  desint  tela  furori,  30 

forte  boves  presso  subigebant  vomere  terram  ; 

nee  procul  hinc,  multo  fructum  sudore  parantes, 

dura  lacertosi  fodiebant  arva  coloni. 

agmine  qui  viso  fugiunt,  operisque  relinquunt 

arma  sui ;  vacuosque  jacent  dispersa  per  agros  35 

sarculaque  rastrique  graves  longique  ligones. 

quae  postquam  rapuere  ferae,  cornuque  minaces 

divellere  boves,  ad  vatis  fata  recurrunt, 

tendentemque  manus  atque  illo  tempore  primum 

irrita  dicentem,  nee  quicquam  voce  moventem,  40 

sacrilegae  perimunt ;  perque  os,  pro  Juppiter  !  illud, 

auditum  saxis  intellectumque  ferarum 

sensibus,  in  ventos  anima  exhalata  recessit. 

Te  maestae  volucres,  Orpheu,  te  turba  ferarum, 
te  rigidi  silices,  te  carmina  saepe  secutae  45 

fleverunt  silvae  ;  positis  te  frondibus  arbos 
tonsa  comam  luxit ;  lacrimis  quoque  flumina  dicunt 
increvisse  suis,  obstrusaque  carbasa  pullo 
naides  et  dryades  passosque  habuere  capillos. 
membra  jacent  diversa  locis  :  caput,  Hebre,  lyramque 
excipis ;  et,  mirum  !  medio  dum  labitur  amne, 
flebile  nescio  quid  queritur  lyra,  flebile  lingua 
murmurat  exanimis,  respondent  flebile  ripae. 
jamque  mare  invectae  flumen  populare  relinquunt, 
et  Methymnaeae  potiuntur  litore  Lesbi.  55 

hie  ferus  expositum  peregrinis  anguis  arenis 
os  petit  et  sparsos  stillanti  rore  capillos. 
tandem  Phoebus  adest,  morsusque  inferre  parantem 


106  The  Death  of  Orpheus,  [Metam. 

arcet,  et  in  lapidem  rictus  serpentis  apertos 

congelat,  et  patulos,  ut  erant,  indurat  hiatus.  60 

Umbra  subit  terras,  et  quae  loca  viderat  ante, 
cuncta  recognoscit ;  quaerensque  per  arva  piorum 
invenit  Eurydicen,  cupidisque  amplectitur  ulnis. 
hie  modo  conjunctis  spatiantur  passibus  ambo, 
nunc  praecedentem  sequitur,  nunc  praevius  anteit,     65 
Eurydicenque  suam  jam  tuto  respicit  Orpheus. 

Non  impune  tamen  scelus  hoc  sinit  esse  Lyaeus : 
amissoque  dolens  sacrorum  vate  suorum, 
protinus  in  silvis  matres  Edonidas  omnes, 
quae  videre  nefas,  torta  radice  ligavit.  70 

quippe  pedum  digitos,  in  quantum  quaeque  secuta  est, 
traxit,  et  in  solidam  detrusit  acumine  terram ; 
utque  suum  laqueis,  quos  callidus  abdidit  auceps, 
crus  ubi  commisit  volucris,  sensitque  teneri, 
plangitur,  ac  trepidans  astringit  vincula  motu :  75 

sic,  ut  quaeque  solo  defixa  cohaeserat  harum, 
exsternata  fugam  frustra  temptabat ;  at  illam 
lenta  tenet  radix,  exsultantemque  coercet. 
dumque  ubi  sint  digiti,  dum  pes  ubi,  quaerit,  et  ungues, 
aspicit  in  teretes  lignum  succedere  suras  ;  80 

et  conata  femur  maerenti  plangere  dextra, 
robora  percussit.     Pectus  quoque  robora  fiunt ; 
robora  sunt  humeri ;  porrectaque  bracchia  veros 
esse  putes  ramos,  et  non  fallare  putando. 


XI.  ioi.]  Bacchus  in  Phrygia.  107 

XVII.    The  Story  of  Midas. 

[Book  XI.  — 85-193.] 

Proceeding  from  Thrace  into  Phrygia,  Bacchus  is  deserted  by 
Silenus,  whom  king  Midas  restores  to  him,  and  so  receives  from 
Bacchus  whatever  boon  he  should  desire.  Choosing  that  whatever 
he  touched  might  become  gold,  Midas  presently  finds  his  gift  a 
curse ;  but  by  help  of  the  god  is  freed  from  it  on  bathing  in  the 
river  Pactolus,  whose  sands  thenceforth  become  gold  (85-145). 
Afterwards,  frequenting  woods  and  lonely  places,  he  became 
witness  of  a  contest  for  the  palm  of  music  between  Pan  and 
Apollo.  By  Tmolus,  the  mountain-god,  Apollo  is  judged  victor; 
and  Midas  pronouncing  for  Pan,  his  ears  are  by  Apollo  lengthened 
into  ass's  ears  (146-179) ;  the  secret  of  which  being  by  his  servant 
whispered  to  the  earth,  there  sprang  up  reeds,  which  in  their 
rustling  told  the  shame  of  Midas  (180-193). 

TVTEC   satis  hoc  Baccho  est :  ipsos   quoque   deserit 
■*"  ^  agros, 

cumque  choro  meliore  sui  vineta  Timoli 
Pactolonque  petit  —  quamvis  non  aureus  illo 
tempore,  nee  caris  erat  invidiosus  arenis. 
hunc  assueta  cohors  satyri  bacchaeque  frequentant, 
at  Silenus  abest.     Titubantem  annisque  meroque      90 
ruricolae  cepere  Phryges,  vinctumque  coronis 
ad  regem  duxere  Midan,  cui  Thracius  Orpheus 
orgia  tradiderat  cum  Cecropio  Eumolpo. 
qui  simul  agnovit  socium  comitemque  sacrorum, 
hospitis  adventu  festum  genialiter  egit  95 

per  bis  quinque  dies  et  junctas  ordine  noctes. 
Et  jam  stellarum  sublime  coegerat  agmen 
Lucifer  undecimus,  Lydos  cum  laetus  in  agros 
rex  venit,  et  juveni  Silenum  reddit  alumno. 
huic  deus  optandi  gratum,  sed  inutile,  fecit  I00 

muneris  arbitrium,  gaudens  altore  recepto. 


108  The  Story  of  Midas,  [Metam. 

ille,  male  usurus  donis,  ait  '  Effice,  quicquid 
corpore  contigero,  fulvum  vertatur  in  aurum.' 
adnuit  optatis,  nocituraque  munera  solvit 
Liber,  et  indoluit,  quod  non  meliora  petisset.  105 

Laetus  abit,  gaudetque  malo  Berecyntius  heros : 
pollicitique  fidem  tarigendo  singula  temptat. 
vixque  sibi  credens,  non  alta  fronde  virenti 
ilice  detraxit  virgam  :  virga  aurea  facta  est ; 
tollit  humo  saxum  :  saxum  quoque  palluit  auro  ;        no 
contigit  et  glebam  :  contactu  gleba  potenti 
massa  fit;  arentis  Cereris  decerpsit  aristas  : 
aurea  messis  erat ;  demptum  tenet  arbore  pomum  : 
Hesperidas  donasse  putes.     Si  postibus  altis 
admovit  digitos,  postes  radiare  videntur ;  115 

ille  etiam  liqu'idis  palmas  ubi  laverat  undis, 
unda  fluens  palmis  Danaen  eludere  posset. 

Vix  spes  ipse  suas  animo  capit,  aurea  fingens 
omnia.     Gaudenti  mensas  posuere  ministri 
exstructas  dapibus,  nee  tostae  frugis  egentes  :  120 

turn  vero,  sive  ille  sua  Cerealia  dextra 
munera  contigerat,  Cerealia  dona  rigebant ; 
sive  dapes  avido  convellere  dente  parabat, 
lamina  fulva  dapes,  admoto  dente,  premebat; 
miscuerat  puris  auctorem  muneris  undis  :  125 

fusile  per  rictus  aurum  fluitare  videres. 

Attonitus  novitate  mali,  divesque  miserque, 
effugere  optat  opes,  et  quae  modo  voverat,  odit. 
copia  nulla  famem  relevat :  sitis  arida  guttur 
urit,  et  inviso  meritus  torquetur  ab  auro.  130 

ad  caelumque  manus  et  splendida  bracchia  tollens, 
'  Da  veniam,  Lenaee  pater  !  peccavimus,'  inquit, 
'  sed  miserere,  precor,  speciosoque  eripe  damno.' 
,     Mite  deum  numen,  Bacchus  peccasse  fatentem 
restituit,  factique  fide  data  munera  solvit.  135 


XI.  169.]  Contest  of  Pan  and  Apollo.  109 

«  Neve  male  optato  maneas  circumlitus  auro, 
vade'  ait  *  ad  magnis  vicinum  Sardibus  amnem, 
perque  jugum  montis  labentibus  obvius  undis 
carpe  viam,  donee  venias  ad  fluminis  ortus ; 
spumigeroque  tuum  fonti,  quo  plurimus  exit,  140 

subde  caput,  corpusque  simul,  simul  elue  crimen. ' 
rex  jussae  succedit  aquae.     Vis  aurea  tinxit 
flumen,  et  humano  de  corpore  cessit  in  amnem. 
nunc  quoque  jam  veteris  percepto  semine  venae 
arva  rigent  auro  madidis  pallentia  glebis.  145 

Ille,  perosus  opes,  silvas  et  rura  colebat, 
Panaque  montanis  habitantem  semper  in  antris. 
pingue  sed  ingenium  mansit ;  nocituraque,  ut  ante, 
rursus  erant  domino  stolidae  praecordia  mentis, 
nam  freta  prospiciens  late  riget  arduus  alto  150 

Tmolus  in  ascensu,  clivoque  extensus  utroque 
Sardibus  hinc,  illinc  parvis  finitur  Hypaepis. 
Pan  ibi  dum  teneris  jactat  sua  carmina  nymphis, 
et  leve  cerata  modulatur  arundine  carmen, 
ausus  Apollineos  prae  se  contemnere  cantus,  155 

judice  sub  Tmolo  certamen  venit  ad  impar. 

Monte  suo  senior  judex  consedit,  et  aures 
liberat  arboribus  :  quercu  coma  caerula  tantum 
cingitur,  et  pendent  circum  cava  tempora  glandes. 
isque  deum  pecoris  spectans,  '  In  judice'  dixit  160 

*  nulla- mora  est.'     Calamis  agrestibus  insonat  ille  : 
barbaricoque  Midan  —  aderat  nam  forte  canenti  — 
carmine  delenit.     Post  hunc  sacer  ora  retorsit 
Tmolus  ad  os  Phoebi :  vultum  sua  silva  secuta  est. 

Ille,  caput  flavum  lauro  Parnaside  vinctus,  165 

verrit  humum  Tyrio  saturata  murice  palla ; 
instrictamque  fidem  gemmis  et  dentibus  Indis 
sustinet  a  laeva,  tenuit  manus  altera  plectrum  : 
artificis  status  ipse  fuit.     Turn  stamina  docto 


HO  The  Story  of  Midas.  [Metam. 

pollice  sollicitat,  quorum  dulcedine  captus  170 

Pana  jubet  Tmolus  citharae  summittere  cannas. 

Judicium  sanctique  placet  sententia  montis 
omnibus.     Arguitur  tamen,  atque  injusta  vocatur 
unius  sermone  Midae.     Nee  Delius  aures 
humanam  stolidas  patitur  retinere  figuram ;  175 

sed  trahit  in  spatium,  villisque  albentibus  implet, 
instabilesque  imas  facit,  et  dat  posse  moveri. 
cetera  sunt  hominis  :  partem  damnatur  in  unam, 
induiturque  aures  lente  gradientis  aselli. 

Ille  quidem  celat,  turpique  onerata  pudore  180 

tempora  purpureis  temptat  velare  tiaris ; 
sed  solitus  longos  ferro  resecare  capillos 
viderat  hoc  famulus.     Qui,  cum  nee  prodere  visum 
dedecus  auderet,  cupiens  efferre  sub  auras, 
nee  posset  reticere  tamen,  secedit,  humumque  185 

effodit,  et,  domini  quales  aspexerit  aures, 
voce  refert  parva,  terraeque  inmurmurat  haustae ; 
indiciumque  suae  vocis  tellure  regesta 
obruit,  et  scrobibus  tacitus  discedit  opertis. 
creber  arundinibus  tremulis  ibi  surgere  lucus  190 

coepit,  et,  ut  primum  pleno  maturuit  anno, 
prodidit  agricolam.     Leni  nam  motus  ab  austro 
obruta  verba  refert,  dominique  coarguit  aures. 


XII.  5-]  T%e   Chiefs  at   Troy.  ill 

XVIII.    The  Chiefs  at  Troy. 
[Book  XII.  — 1-145.] 

[Departing  from  Tmolus,  Apollo,  with  Neptune,  serves  king 
Laomedon  in  building  the  walls  of  Troy,  whom  they  punish  for  his 
perfidy  (XI.  194-220).  The  transformations  of  Thetis,  who  is 
given  as  bride  to  Peleus  and  becomes  mother  of  Achilles  (221-265). 
But  Peleus,  having  slain  his  brother  Phocus,  flees  to  Ceyx  of  Tra- 
chin,  whose  brother  Dasdalion  (grieving  for  the  loss  of  his  daughter 
Chio)  had  cast  himself  from  Parnassus  and  been  turned  by  Apollo 
into  a  hawk  (266-345).  Meanwhile  the  cattle  brought  by  Peleus 
are  destroyed  by  a  wolf,  through  anger  of  the  Nereid  mother  of 
Phocus,  the  wolf  being  afterwards  turned  to  stone  (346-409). 
Ceyx,  against  the  entreaty  of  his  wife  Alcyone,  goes  to  consult 
the  oracle  of  Apollo  at  Claros  upon  these  prodigies ;  but  being 
shipwrecked,  and  so  not  returning  at  the  appointed  time,  Alcyone 
entreats  Juno  for  him  in  her  prayers,  until  she  is  shown  in  vision 
that  he  is  dead,  and  discovers  his  floating  body  near  the  shore ; 
and  by  pity  of  the  gods  they  are  both  transformed  to  kingfishers, 
in  whose  breeding  season  the  waters  are  ever  still  and  calm 
(410-748).  An  old  man,  beholding  them  as  they  circle  in  their 
flight,  points  out  a  sea-gull,  which  (he  says)  is  the  altered  form  of 
>£sacus,  son  of  Priam,  who  had  plunged  into  the  sea  through  grief 
at  the  loss  of  the  nymph  Hesperia  (749-795).] 

At  the  mourning  for  jEsacus,  Paris  is  absent,  whose  guilt  in  the 
rape  of  Helen  brought  the  chiefs  of  Greece  to  war  against  Troy. 
Detained  at  Aulis  by  contrary  winds,  Agamemnon  is  commanded 
to  sacrifice  his  daughter  Iphigenia ;  who,  however,  is  borne  away 
by  Diana,  a  hind  being  put  in  her  place  (XII.  1-36).  The  Palace 
of  Fame,  who  reports  the  Grecian  armament  (37-65).  In  the  fight 
at  their  landing,  the  invulnerable  Cygnus  is  strangled  by  Achilles, 
and  changed  by  his  father  Neptune  to  a  Swan  (65-145). 

1VTESCIUS  adsumptis  Priamus  pater  Aesacon  alis 
^    vivere,  lugebat ;  tumulo  quoque  nomen  habenti 
inferias  dederat  cum  fratribus  Hector  inanes. 
defuit  officio  Paridis  praesentia  tristi, 
postmodo  qui  rapta  longum  cum  conjuge  bellum  5 


H2  The  Chiefs  at  Troy,  [Metam. 

attulit  in  patriam,  conjurataeque  sequuntur 

mille  rates,  gentisque  simul  commune  Pelasgae. 

nee  dilata  foret  vindicta,  nisi  aequora  saevi 

invia  fecissent  venti,  Boeotaque  tellus 

Aulide  piscosa  puppes  tenuisset  ituras.  10 

Hie  patrio  de  more  Jovi  cum  sacra  parassent, 
ut  vetus  accensis  incanduit  ignibus  ara, 
serpere  caeruleum  Danai  videre  draconem 
in  platanum,  coeptis  quae  stabat  proxima  sacris. 
nidus  erat  volucrum  bis  quattuor  arbore  summa,         15 
quas  simul  et  matrem  circum  sua  damna  volantem 
corripuit  serpens,  avidaque  abscondidit  alvo. 
obstupuere  omnes.     At  veri  providus  augur 
Thestorides  '  Vincemus'  ait,  '  gaudete,  Pelasgi : 
Troja  cadet ;  sed  erit  nostri  mora  longa  laboris ; '       20 
atque  novem  volucres  in  belli  digerit  annos. 
ille,  ut  erat,  virides  amplexus  in  arbore  ramos 
fit  lapis,  et  superat  serpentis  imagine  saxum. 

Permanet  Aoniis  Nereus  violentus  in  undis, 
bellaque  non  transfert ;  et  sunt,  qui  parcere  Trojae   25 
Neptunum  credant,  quia  moenia  fecerat  urbi. 
at  non  Thestorides  :  nee  enim  nescitve  tacetve, 
sanguine  virgineo  placandam  virginis  iram 
esse  deae.     Postquam  pietatem  publica  causa, 
rexque  patrem  vicit,  castumque  datura  cruorem  30 

flentibus  ante  aram  stetit  Iphigenia  ministris, 
victa  dea  est,  nubemque  oculis  objecit,  et  inter 
officium  turbamque  sacri  vocesque  precantum 
subposita  fertur  mutasse  Mycenida  cerva. 
ergo  ubi,  qua  decuit,  lenita  est  caede  Diana,  y 

et  pariter  Phoebes,  pariter  maris  ira  recessit ; 
accipiunt  ventos  a  tergo  mille  carinae, 
multaque  perpessae  Phrygia  potiuntur  arena. 

Orbe  locus  medio  est  inter  terrasque  fretumque 


XII.  73-]  Tke  House  of  Fame.  113 

caelestesque  plagas,  triplicis  confinia  mundi :  40 

unde  quod  est  usquam,  quamvis  regionibus  absit, 

inspicitur,  penetratque  cavas  vox  omnis  ad  aures. 

Fama  tenet,  summaque  domum  sibi  legit  in  arce  ; 

innumerosque  aditus  ac  mille  foramina  tectis 

addidit,  et  nullis  inclusit  limina  portis.  45 

nocte  dieque  patet :  tota  est  ex  aere  sonanti ; 

tota  fremit,  vocesque  refert,  iteratque  quod  audit ; 

nulla  quies  intus,  nullaque  silentia  parte. 

nee  tamen  est  clamor,  sed  parvae  murmura  vocis  : 

qualia  de  pelagi,  si  quis  procul  audiat,  undis  50 

esse  solent;  qualemve  sonum,  cum  Juppiter  atras 

increpuit  nubes,  extrema  tonitrua  reddunt. 

atria  turba  tenet :  veniunt  leve  vulgus,  euntque  ; 

mixtaque  cum  veris  passim  commenta  vagantur 

milia  rumorum,  confusaque  verba  volutant.  55 

e  quibus  hi  vacuas  implent  sermonibus  aures, 

hi  narrata  ferunt  alio,  mensuraque  ficti 

crescit,  et  auditis  aliquid  novus  adicit  auctor. 

illic  Credulitas,  illic  temerarius  Error, 

vanaque  Laetitia  est,  consternatique  Timores,  60 

Seditioque  recens,  dubioque  auctore  Susurri. 

ipsa  quid  in  caelo  rerum  pelagoque  geratur 

et  tellure,  videt,  totumque  inquirit  in  orbem. 

Fecerat  haec  notum,  Graias  cum  milite  forti 
adventare  rates  ;  neque  inexspectatus  in  armis  65 

hostis  adest.     Prohibent  aditus,  litusque  tuentur 
Troes  ;  et  Hectorea  primus  fataliter  hasta, 
Protesilae,  cadis,  commissaque  proelia  magno 
stant  Danais,  fortisque  animae  nece  cognitus  Hector, 
nee  Phryges  exiguo,  quid  Achaica  dextera  posset,    70 
sanguine  senserunt.     Et  jam  Sigea  rubebant 
litora ;  jam  leto  proles  Neptunia,  Cygnus 
mille  viros  dederat ;  jam  curru  instabat  Achilles, 

8 


114  The   Chiefs  at   Troy.  [Met am. 

totaque  Peliacae  sternebat  cuspidis  ictu 
agmina,perque  aeies  autCygnum  autHectoraquaerens. 

Congreditur  Cygno  :  decimum  dilatus  in  annum 
Hector  erat.     Turn  colla  jugo  candentia  pressos 
exhortatus  equos,  currum  direxit  in  hostem, 
concutiensque  suis  vibrantia  tela  lacertis, 
1  Quisquis  es,  O  juvenis,'  dixit  '  solamen  habeto  80 

mortis,  ab  Haemonio  quod  sis  jugulatus  Achille.' 
hactenus  Aeacides :  vocem  gravis  hasta  secuta  est. 
sed  quamquam  certa  nullus  fuit  error  in  hasta, 
nil  tamen  emissi  profecit  acumine  ferri, 
utque  hebeti  pectus  tantummodo  contudit  ictu.  85 

*  Nate  dea,  nam  te  fama  praenovimus,'  inquit 
ille,  *  quid  a  nobis  vulnus  miraris  abesse?  '  — 
mirabantur  enim  —  '  Non  haec,  quam  cernis,  equinis 
fulva  jubis  cassis,  neque  onus  cava  parma  sinistrae 
auxilio  mihi  sunt :  decor  est  quaesitus  ab  istis  ;  90 

Mars  quoque  ob  hoc  capere  arma  solet.     Removebitur 

hujus 
tegminis  officium  :  tamen  indestrictus  abibo. 
est  aliquid,  non  esse  satum  Nere'ide,  sed  qui 
Nereaque  et  natas  et  totum  temperet  aequor.' 

Dixit,  et  haesurum  clipei  curvamine  telum  95 

misit  in  Aeaciden,  quod  et  aes  et  proxima  rupit 
terga  novena  bourn,  decimo  tamen  orbe  moratum  est. 
excutit  hoc  heros,  rursusque  trementia  forti 
tela  manu  torsit :  rursus  sine  vulnere  corpus 
sincerumque  fuit ;  nee  tertia  cuspis  apertum  100 

et  se  praebentem  valuit  destringere  Cygnum. 
haud  secus  exarsit,  quam  circo  taurus  aperto, 
cum  sua  terribili  petit  irritamina  cornu, 
poeniceas  vestes,  elusaque  vulnera  sensit. 

Num  tamen  exciderit  ferrum,  considerat,  hastae : 
haerebat  ligno.     *  Manus  est  mea  debilis  ergo, 


XII.  I39-]  Death  of  Cygnus.  115 

quasque  '  ait  '  ante  habuit  vires,  effudit  in  uno? 
nam  certe  valui,  vel  cum  Lyrnesia  primus 
moenia  dejeci,  vel  cum  Tenedonque  suoque 
Eetioneas  implevi  sanguine  Thebas  ;  no 

vel  cum  purpureus  populari  caede  Caycus 
fluxit,  opusque  meae  bis  sensit  Telephus  hastae. 
hie  quoque  tot  caesis,  quorum  per  litus  acervos 
et  feci,  et  video,  valuit  mea  dextra  valetque.' 

Dixit,  et,  ante  actis  veluti  male  crederet,  hastam  115 
misit  in  adversum  Lycia  de  plebe  Menoeten, 
loricamque  simul  subjectaque  pectora  rupit. 
quo  plangente  gravem  moribundo  vertice  terram, 
extrahit  illud  idem  calido  de  vulnere  telum, 
atque  ait :  *  Haec  manus  est,  haec,  qua  modo  vicimus, 
hasta ;  120 

utar  in  hoc  isdem  :  sit  in  hoc  precor  exitus  idem.' 
sic  fatur,  Cygnumque  petit ;  nee  fraxinus  errat, 
inque  humero  sonuit  non  evitata  sinistro  : 
inde  velut  muro  solidaque  a  caute  repulsa  est. 
qua  tamen  ictus  erat,  signatum  sanguine  Cygnum    125 
viderat,  et  frustra  fuerat  gavisus  Achilles, 
vulnus  erat  nullum  :  sanguis  erat  ille  Menoetae. 

Turn  vero  praeceps  curru  fremebundus  ab  alto 
desilit,  et  nitido  securum  cominus  hostem 
ense  petens,  parmam  gladio  galeamque  cavari  130 

cernit,  at  in  duro  laedi  quoque  corpore  ferrum. 
haud  tulit  ulterius,  clipeoque  adversa  retecto 
ter  quater  ora  viri  et  capulo  cava  tempora  pulsat ; 
cedentique  sequens  instat,  turbatque,  ruitque, 
attonitoque  negat  requiem.     Pavor  occupat  ilium  :    135 
ante  oculosque  natant  tenebrae,  retroque  ferenti 
aversos  passus  medio  lapis  obstitit  arvo. 
quern  super  impulsum  resupino  pectore  Cygnum 
vi  multa  vertit,  terraeque  adflixit  Achilles. 


n6  The  Chiefs  at  Troy,  [Metam. 

turn  clipeo  genibusque  premens  praecordia  duris,     140 
vincla  trahit  galeae,  quae  presso  subdita  mento 
elidunt  fauces,  et  respiramen  iterque 
eripiunt  animae.     Victum  spoliare  parabat : 
arma  relicta  videt ;  corpus  deus  aequoris  albam 
contulit  in  volucrem,  cujus  modo  nomen  habebat.     145 


XIII.  7»]        Rivalry  of  Ajax  and  Ulysses.  117 

XIX.   Rivalry  of  Ajax  and  Ulysses. 

[Book  XIII.— 1-398.] 

[As  the  chiefs  marvel  at  this  prodigy,  Nestor  relates  of  Caeneus, 
once  a  maiden  (Casnis),  but  made  into  an  invulnerable  man,  who 
was  present  when  the  nuptial  feast  of  Pirithous  and  Hippodamia 
was  disturbed  by  the  battle  of  the  Lapithae  and  the  Centaurs.  For 
the  Centaurs,  monsters  of  vast  strength  and  fury,  half-man,  half- 
horse,  had  attempted  to  steal  away  the  bride.  And  Caeneus, 
remaining  unhurt  through  the  fight,  was  at  length  overwhelmed 
with  vast  piles  of  trees,  and  transformed  by  Neptune  to  an  eagle 
(XII.  146-535).  The  son  of  Hercules,  Tlepolemus,  tells  also  of 
Periclymenus,  slain  by  Hercules  as  he  flew  against  him  in  the  form 
of  an  eagle  (536-579).  At  the  request  of  Neptune,  whose  son 
Cygnus  had  been  slain,  Apollo  guides  the  arrow  of  Paris  to  the 
vulnerable  heel  of  Achilles ;  so  that  he  dies,  and  a  strife  arises 
among  the  other  chiefs  who  shall  receive  his  armor,  the  rival 
claimants  being  Ajax  and  Ulysses  (580-628).] 

Ajax  maintains  his  claim,  before  the  assembled  chiefs,  first  as  of 
nobler  descent,  and  then  by  his  martial  exploits,  chiefly  the  defence 
of  the  Grecian  fleet ;  at  the  same  time  scorning  the  strategy  of 
Ulysses,  and  asserting  that  himself  alone  has  might  to  wield  the 
immortal  armour  (1-122).  To  which  Ulysses  replies,  that  his  own 
counsel  had  been  most  effective  in  the  siege,  and  his  own  acts  most 
essential,  especially  in  the  night  attack  of  the  tents  of  Rhesus,  and 
the  carrying  away  of  the  Palladium  (123-381).  To  him  the  victory 
is  judged ;  and  Ajax,  in  ungovernable  wrath,  slays  himself  with 
his  own  sword,  —  the  flower  hyacinth  springing  from  his  blood 
(382-398). 

/^ONSEDERE  duces,  et  vulgi  stante  corona 
^■^  surgit  ad  hos  clipei  dominus  septemplicis  Ajax. 
utque  erat  impatiens  irae,  Sigeia  torvo 
litora  respexit,  classemque  in  litore  vultu, 
intendensque  manus,  i  Agimus,  pro  Juppiter  ! '  inquit  5 
*  ante  rates  causam,  et  mecum  confertur  Ulixes ! 
at  non  Hectoreis  dubitavit  cedere  flammis, 


n8  Rivalry  of  Ajaoc  and  Ulysses.        [Metam. 

quas  ego  sustinui,  quas  hac  a  classe  fugavi. 

tutius  est  igitur  fictis  contendere  verbis, 

quam  pugnare  manu.     Sed  nee  mihi  dicere  promptum, 

nee  facere  est  isti ;  quantumque  ego  marte  feroci 

inque  acie  valeo,  tantum  valet  iste  loquendo. 

1  Nee  memoranda  tamen  vobis  mea  facta,  Pelasgi, 
esse  reor,  vidistis  enim  :  sua  narret  Ulixes, 
quae  sine  teste  gerit,  quorum  nox  conscia  sola  est.     15 
praemia  magna  peti  fateor,  sed  demit  honorem 
aemulus  :  Ajaci  non  est  tenuisse  superbum, 
sit  licet  hoc  ingens,  quicquid  speravit  Ulixes. 
iste  tulit  pretium  jam  nunc  certaminis  hujus  : 
quo  cum  victus  erit,  mecum  certasse  feretur.  20 

1  Atque  ego,  si  virtus  in  me  dubitabilis  esset, 
nobilitate  potens  essem,  Telamone  creatus, 
moenia  qui  forti  Trojana  sub  Hercule  cepit, 
litoraque  intravit  Pagasaea  Colcha  carina. 
Aeacus  huic  pater  est,  qui  jura  silentibus  illic  25 

reddit,  ubi  Aeoliden  saxum  grave  Sisyphon  urguet. 
Aeacon  agnoscit  summus,  prolemque  fatetur 
Juppiter  esse  suam.     Sic  ab  Jove  tertius  Ajax. 
nee  tamen  haec  series  in  causam  prosit,  Achivi, 
si  mihi  cum  magno  non  est  communis  Achille.  30 

frater  erat :  fraterna  peto.     Quid  sanguine  cretus 
Sisyphio,  furtisque  et  fraude  simillimus  illi, 
inserit  Aeacidis  alienae  nomina  gentis? 

'An  quod  in  arma  prior,  nulloque  sub  indice  veni, 
arma  neganda  mihi?  potiorque  videbitur  ille,  35 

ultima  qui  cepit,  detrectavitque  furore 
militiam  ficto,  donee  sollertior  isto, 
sed  sibi  inutilior,  timidi  commenta  retexit 
Naupliades  animi,  vitataque  traxit  in  arma? 
optima  num  sumat,  quia  sumere  noluit  ulla?  40 

nos  inhonorati  et  donis  patruelibus  orbi, 


XIII.  7^.]  Claim  of  Ajax.  119 

obtulimus  quia  nos  ad  prima  pericula,  simus? 

*  Atque  utinam  aut  verus  furor  ille,  aut  creditus  esset, 
nee  comes  hie  Phrygias  umquam  venisset  ad  arces 
hortator  scelerum  !  non  te,  Poeantia  proles,  45 
expositum  Lemnos  nostro  cum  crimine  haberet : 

qui  nunc,  ut  memorant,  silvestribus  abditus  antris, 

saxa  moves  gemitu,  Laertiadaeque  precaris 

quae  meruit,  quae,  si  di  sunt,  non  vana  precaris. 

et  nunc  ille  eadem  nobis  juratus  in  arma,  50 

heu !  pars  una  ducum,  quo  successore  sagittae 

Herculis  utuntur,  fractus  morboque  fameque 

velaturque  aliturque  avibus,  volucresque  petendo 

debita  Trojanis  exercet  spicula  fatis, 

ille  tamen  vivit,  quia  non  comitavit  Ulixen.  55 

*  Mallet  et  infelix  Palamedes  esse  relictus  : 
quern  male  convicti  nimium  memor  iste  furoris 
prodere  rem  Danaam  finxit,  fictumque  probavit 
crimen,  et  ostendit,  quod  jam  praefoderat,  aurum.      60 

*  Ergo  aut  exsilio  vires  subduxit  Achivis, 

aut  nece :  sic  pugnat,  sic  est  metuendus  Ulixes. 
qui  licet  eloquio  fidum  quoque  Nestora  vincat, 
haud  tamen  efficiet,  desertum  ut  Nestora  crimen 
esse  rear  nullum  :  qui  cum  imploraret  Ulixen  65 

vulnere  tardus  equi,  fessusque  senilibus  annis, 
proditus  a  socio  est.     Non  haec  mihi  crimina  fingi 
scit  bene  Tydides,  qui  nomine  saepe  vocatum 
corripuit,  trepidoque  fugam  exprobravit  amico. 
aspiciunt  oculis  superi  mortalia  justis  :  70 

en  eget  auxilio,  qui  non  tulit ;  utque  reliquit, 
sic  linquendus  erat :  legem  sibi  dixerat  ipse. 

'  Conclamat  socios.     Adsum  ;  videoque  trementem 
pallentemque  metu  et  trepidantem  morte  futura. 
opposui  molem  clipei,  texique  jacentem,  75 

servavique  animam  (minimum  est  hoc  laudis)  inertem. 


120  Rivalry  of  Ajax  and  Ulysses,        [Met am. 

si  perstas  certare,  locum  redeamus  in  ilium  : 

redde  hostem,  vulnusque  tuum,  solitumque  timorem, 

post  clipeumque  late,  et  mecum  contende  sub  illo. 

at  postquam  eripui,  cui  standi  vulnera  vires  80 

non  dederant,  nullo  tardatus  vulnere  fugit. 

*  Hector  adest,  secumque  deos  in  proelia  ducit : 
quaque  ruit,  non  tu  tantum  terreris,  Ulixe, 

sed  fortes  etiam,  tantum  trahit  ille  timoris. 

hunc  ego  sanguineae  successu  caedis  ovantem  85 

cominus  ingenti  resupinum  pondere  fudi ; 

hunc  ego  poscentem,  cum  quo  concurreret,  unus 

sustinui,  sortemque  meam  vovistis,  Achivi, 

et  vestrae  valuere  preces.     Si  quaeritis  hujus 

fortunam  pugnae,  non  sum  superatus  ab  illo.  90 

ecce  ferunt  Troes  ferrumque  ignemque  Jovemque 

in  Danaas  classes:  ubi  nunc  facundus  Ulixes? 

nempe  ego  mille  meo  protexi  pectore  puppes, 

spem  vestri  reditus.     Date  tot  pro  navibus  arma. 

*  Quod  si  vera  licet  mihi  dicere,  quaeritur  istis,      95 
quam  mihi,  major  honos,  conjunctaque  gloria  nostra 

est: 
atque  Ajax  armis,  non  Ajaci  arma  petuntur. 
conferat  his  Ithacus  Rhesum,  imbellemque  Dolona, 
Priamidenque  Helenum  rapta  cum  Pallade  captum. 
luce  nihil  gestum,  nihil  est  Diomede  remoto.  100 

si  semel  ista  datis  meritis  tarn  vilibus  arma, 
dividite,  et  pars  sit  major  Diomedis  in  illis. 
quo  tamen  haec  Ithaco?  qui  clam,  qui  semper  inermis 
rem  gerit,  et  furtis  incautum  decipit  hostem? 
ipse  nitor  galeae  claro  radiantis  ab  auro  105 

insidias  prodet,  manifestabitque  latentem. 

*  Sed  neque  Dulichius  sub  Achillis  casside  vertex 
pondera  tanta  feret,  nee  non  onerosa  gravisque 
Pelias  hasta  potest  imbellibus  esse  lacertis, 


XIII.  i43]  Refly  of  Ulysses,  121 

nee  clipeus,  vasti  caelatus  imagine  mundi,  no 

conveniet  timidae  nataeque  ad  furta  sinistrae. 

debilitaturum  quid  te  petis,  improbe,  munus? 

quod  tibi  si  populi  donaverit  error  Achivi, 

cur  spolieris  erit,  non  cur  metuaris  ab  hoste : 

et  fuga,  qua  sola  cunctos,  timidissime,  vincis,  115 

tarda  futura  tibi  est  gestamina  tanta  trahenti. 

*  Adde  quod  iste  tuus,  tarn  raro  proelia  passus, 
integer  est  clipeus  :  nostro,  qui  tela  ferendo 
mille  patet  plagis,  novus  est  successor  habendus. 
denique,  quid  verbis  opus  est?     Spectemur  agendo! 
arma  viri  fortis  medios  mittantur  in  hostes : 

hide  jubete  peti,  et  referentem  ornate  relatis.' 
Finierat  Telamone  satus,  vulgique  secutum 
ultima  murmur  erat ;  donee  Laertius  heros 
astitit,  atque  oculos  paulum  teliure  moratos  125 

sustulit  ad  proceres,  expectatoque  resolvit 
ora  sono ;  neque  abest  facundis  gratia  dictis. 

*  Si  mea  cum  vestris  valuissent  vota,  Pelasgi, 
non  foret  ambiguus  tanti  certaminis  heres, 

tuque  tuis  armis,  nos  te  poteremur,  Achille.  130 

quern  quoniam  non  aequa  mihi  vobisque  negarunt 
fata,'  manuque  simul  veluti  lacrimantia  tersit 
lumina  *  quis  magno  melius  succedat  Achilli, 
quam  per  quern  magnus  Danais  successit  Achilles? 
huic  modo  ne  prosit,  quod,  uti  est,  hebes  esse  videtur : 
neve  mihi  noceat,  quod  vobis  semper,  Achivi, 
profuit  ingenium  ;  meaque  haec  facundia,  siqua  est, 
quae  nunc  pro  domino,  pro  vobis  saepe  locuta  est, 
invidia  careat ;  bona  nee  sua  quisque  recuset. 

1  Nam  genus  et  proavos  et  quae  non  fecimus  ipsi, 
vix  ea  nostra  voco.     Sed  enim,  quia  rettulit  Ajax 
esse  Jovis  pronepos,  nostri  quoque  sanguinis  auctor 
Juppiter  est,  totidemque  gradus  distamus  ab  illo. 


122  Rivalry  of  AJax  and  Ulysses,       [Metam. 

nam  mihi  Laertes  pater  est,  Arcesius  illi, 
Juppiter  huic;    neque   in  his  quisquam  damnatus  et 
exsul.  145 

est  quoque  per  matrem  Cyllenius  addita  nobis 
altera  nobilitas  :  deus  est  in  utroque  parente. 

*  Sed  neque  materno  quod  sum  generosior  ortu, 
nee  mihi  quod  pater  est  fraterni  sanguinis  insons, 
proposita  arma  peto  :  meritis  expendite  causam.        150 
dummodo  quod  fratres  Telamon  Peleusque  fuerunt 
Ajacis  meritum  non  sit,  nee  sanguinis  ordo, 

sed  virtutis  honor  spoliis  quaeratur  in  istis. 

aut  —  si  proximitas  primusque  requiritur  heres  — 

est  genitor  Peleus,  est  Pyrrhus  Alius  illi.  155 

quis  locus  Ajaci?  Phthiam  haec  Scyronve  ferantur. 

nee  minus  est  isto  Teucer  patruelis  Achilli : 

num  petit  ille  tamen?  num,sipetat,  auferat  ilia? 

ergo  operum  quoniam  nudum  certamen  habetur, 

plura  quidem  feci  quam  quae  comprendere  dictis      160 

in  promptu  mihi  sit ;  rerum  tamen  ordine  ducar. 

*  Praescia  venturi  genitrix  Nere'ia  leti 
dissimulat  cultu  natum  :  deceperat  omnes, 
in  quibus  Ajacem,  sumptae  fallacia  vestis. 

arma  ego  femineis,  animum  motura  virilem,  165 

mercibus  inserui.     Neque  adhuc  projecerat  heros 
virgineos  habitus,  cum  parmam  hastamque  tenenti 
Nate  dea  (dixi)  tibi  se  -peritura  reservant 
Pcrgama.     £>uid  dubitas  ingentem  evertcre  Trojam  f 
injecique  manum,  fortemque  ad  fortia  misi.  170 

ergo  opera  illius  mea  sunt.     Ego  Telephon  hasta 
pugnantem  domui ;  victum  orantemque  refeci. 
quod  Thebae  cecidere,  meum  est.     Me  credite  Lesbon, 
me  Tenedon,  Chrysenque,  et  Cillan,  Apollinis  urbes, 
et  Scyron  cepisse.     Mea  concussa  putate  175 

procubuisse  solo  Lyrnesia  moenia  dextra. 


XIII.  2io.]  The  Embassy  to   Troy,  123 

utque  alios  taceam,  qui  saevum  perdere  posset 
Hectora,  nempe  dedi :  per  me  jacet  inclitus  Hector. 
illis  haec  armis,  quibus  est  inventus  Achilles, 
arma  peto  :  vivo  dederam,  post  fata  reposco.  i3o 

1  Ut  dolor  unius  Danaos  pervenit  ad  omnes, 
Aulidaque  Euboicam  complerunt  mille  carinae, 
exspectata  diu,  nulla  aut  contraria  classi 
flamina  sunt,  duraeque  jubent  Agamemnona  sortes 
immeritam  saevae  natam  mactare  Dianae.  185 

denegat  hoc  genitor,  divisque  irascitur  ipsis, 
atque  in  rege  tamen  pater  est.     Ego  mite  parentis 
ingenium  verbis  ad  publica  commoda  verti. 
nunc  equidem  fateor,  fassoque  ignoscat  Atrides  : 
difficilem  tenui  sub  iniquo  judice  causam.  190 

hunc  tamen  utilitas  populi  fraterque  datique 
summa  movet  sceptri,  laudem  ut  cum  sanguine  penset 
mittor  et  ad  matrem,  quae  non  hortanda,  sed  astu 
decipienda  fuit.     Quo  si  Telamonius  isset, 
orba  suis  essent  etiam  nunc  lintea  ventis.  195 

1  Mittor  et  Iliacas  audax  orator  ad  arces, 
visaque  et  intrata  est  altae  mihi  curia  Trojae : 
plenaque  adhuc  erat  ilia  viris.     Interritus  egi 
quam  mihi  mandarat  communis  Graecia  causam, 
accusoque  Parin,  praedamque  Helenamque  reposco, 
et  moveo  Priamum  Priamoque  Antenora  junctum. 
at  Paris  et  fratres  et  qui  rapuere  sub  illo, 
vix  tenuere  manus  —  scis  hoc,  Menelae  !  —  nefandas  ; 
primaque  lux  nostri  tecum  fuit  ilia  pericli. 

*  Longa  referre  mora  est,  quae  consilioque  manuque 
utiliter  feci  spatiosi  tempore  belli, 
post  acies  primas  urbis  se  moenibus  hostes 
continuere  diu,  nee  aperti  copia  martis 
ulla  fuit :  decimo  demum  pugnavimus  anno, 
quid  facis  interea,  qui  nil,  nisi  proelia,  nosti?  210 


124  Rivalry  of  Ajax  and  Ulysses.        [Metam. 

quis  tuus  usus  erat?     Nam  si  mea  facta  requiris, 

hostibus  insidior,  fossas  munimine  cingo, 

consolor  socios,  ut  longi  taedia  belli 

mente  ferant  placida ;  doceo,  quo  simus  alendi 

armandique  modo  ;  mittor,  quo  postulat  usus.  215 

*  Ecce  Jovis  monitu,  deceptus  imagine  somni, 
rex  jubet  incoepti  curam  dimittere  belli : 

ille  potest  auctore  suam  defendere  vocem. 
non  sinat  hoc  Ajax,  delendaque  Pergama  poscat, 
quodque  potest,  pugnet  I     Cur  non  remoratur  ituros? 
cur  non  arma  capit,  dat,  quod  vaga  turba  sequatur? 
non  erat  hoc  nimium  numquam  nisi  magna  loquenti. 
quid  quod  et  ipse  fugit?     Vidi,  puduitque  videre, 
cum  tu  terga  dares,  inhonestaque  vela  parares. 
nee  mora  :  Quid facitis  ?  quae  vos  dementia  (dixi) 
concitat,  O  socii,  captam  dimittere  Trojam  f 
quidve  domttm  fertis  decimo,  nisi  dedecus,  anno  f 
talibus  atque  aliis,  in  quae  dolor  ipse  disertum 
fecerat,  aversos  profuga  de  classe  reduxi. 

*  Convocat  Atrides  socios  terrore  paventes ;  230 
nee  Telamoniades  etiam  nunc  hiscere  quicquam 
audet.     At  ausus  erat  reges  incessere  dictis 
Thersites,  etiam  per  me  haud  impune9  protervis. 
erigor,  et  trepidos  cives  exhortor  in  hostem, 
amissamque  mea  virtutem  voce  reposco.  235 
tempore  ab  hoc,  quodcumque  potest  fecisse  videri 
fortiter  iste,  meum  est,  qui  dantem  terga  retraxi. 
denique  de  Danais  quis  te  laudatve  petitve? 

<  At  sua  Tydides  mecum  communicat  acta, 
me  probat,  et  socio  semper  confidit  Ulixe.  240 

est  aliquid,  de  tot  Graiorum  milibus  unum 
a  Diomede  legi.     Nee  me  sors  ire  jubebat : 
sic  tamen,  et  spreto  noctisque  hostisque  periclo, 
ausum  eadem,  quae  nos,  Phrygia  de  gente  Dolona 


XIII.  278.]  Battles  before   Troy.  125 

interimo  ;  non  ante  tamen,  quam  cuncta  coegi  245 

prodere,  et  edidici,  quid  perfida  Troja  pararet. 

omnia  cognoram,  nee  quod  specularer  habebam ; 

et  jam  promissa  poteram  cum  laude  reverti : 

haud  contentus  eo,  petii  tentoria  Rhesi, 

inque  suis  ipsum  castris  comitesque  peremi :  250 

atque  ita  captivo  victor  votisque  potitus 

ingredior  curru  laetos  imitante  triumphos. 

cujus  equos  pretium  pro  nocte  poposcerat  hostis, 

arma  negate  mihi,  fueritque  benignior  Ajax ! 

*  Quid  Lycii  referam  Sarpedonis  agmina  ferro     255 
devastata  meo?  cum  multo  sanguine  fudi 
Coeranon  Iphitiden  et  Alastoraque  Chromiumque 
Alcandrumque  Haliumque  Noemonaque  Prytaninque, 
exitioque  dedi  cum  Chersidamante  Thoona, 
et  Charopem,  fatisque  immitibus  Ennomon  actum,  260 
quique  minus  celebres  nostra  sub  moenibus  urbis 
procubuere  manu.     Sunt  et  mihi  vulnera,  cives, 
ipso  pulchra  loco  :  nee  vanis  credite  verbis, 
aspicite  en  ! '  vestemque  manu  diduxit ;  et  *  Haec  sunt 
pectora  semper !  ait  '  vestris  exercita  rebus.  265 

at  nil  impendit  per  tot  Telamonius  annos 
sanguinis  in  socios,  et  habet  sine  vulnere  corpus. 

4  Quid  tamen  ho^refert,  si  se  pro  classe  Pelasga 
arma  tulisse  refert  contra  Troasque  Jovemque  ? 
confiteorque,  tulit :  neque  enim  benefacta  maligne   270 
detractare  meum  est ;  sed  ne  communia  solus 
occupet,  atque  aliquem  vobis  quoque  reddat  honorem ; 
reppulit  Actorides  sub  imagine  tutus  Achillis 
Troas  ab  arsuris  cum  defensore  carinis. 
ausum  etiam  Hectoreo  solum  concurrere  marti  275 

se  putat,  oblitus  regisque  ducumque  meique, 
nonus  in  officio,  et  praelatus  munere  sortis. 
sed  tamen  eventus  vestrae,  fortissime,  pugnae 


126  Rivalry  of  Ajax  and  Ulysses.       [Metam. 

quis  fuit?  est  Hector  violatus  vulnere  nullo. 

'  Me  miserum  !  quanto  cogor  meminisse  dolore    280 
temporis  illius,  quo  Graium  mums,  Achilles 
procubuit !  nee  me  lacrimae  luctusve  timorve 
tardarunt,  quin  corpus  humo  sublime  referrem. 
his  humeris,  his,  inquam,  humeris  ego  corpus  Achillis, 
et  simul  arma  tuli,  quae  nunc  quoque  ferre  laboro.  285 

*  Sunt  mihi,  quae  valeant  in  talia  pondera,  vires ; 
est  animus  certe  vestros  sensurus  honores. 
scilicet  idcirco  pro  gnato  caerula  mater 
ambitiosa  suo  fuit,  ut  caelestia  dona, 

artis  opus  tantae,  rudis  et  sine  pectore  miles  290 

indueret?  neque  enim  clipei  caelamina  norit, 
Oceanum  et  terras,  cumque  alto  sidera  caelo, 
Pleiadasque,     Hyadasque,     immunemque    aequoris 

Arcton , 
diversasque  urbes,  nitidumque  Ononis  ensem. 
postulat  ut  capiat  quae  non  intellegit  arma.  295 

1  Quid  quod  me,  duri  fugientem  munera  belli, 
arguit  incoepto  serum  accessisse  labori, 
nee  se  maomanimo  maledicere  sentit  Achilli? 
si  simulasse  vocas  crimen,  simulavimus  ambo ; 
si  mora  pro  culpa  est,  ego  sum  maturior  illo.  300 

me  pia  detinuit  conjunx,  pia  mat^Achillem ; 
primaque  sunt  illis  data  tempora,  cetera  vobis. 
haud  timeo,  si  jam  nequeo  defendere  crimen 
cum  tanto  commune  viro.     Deprensus  Ulixis 
ingenio  tamen  ille,  at  non  Ajacis  Ulixes.  305 

*  Neve  in  me  stolidae  convicia  fundere  linguae 
admiremur  eum,  vobis  quoque  digna  pudore 
obicit.     An  falso  Palameden  crimine  turpe 
accusasse  mihi,  vobis  damnasse  decorum  est? 

sed  neque  Naupliades  facinus  defendere  tantum        310 
tamque  patens  valuit,  nee  vos  audistis  in  illo 


XIII.  345]  Philoctetes.  127 

crimina  :  vidistis,  pretioque  objecta  patebant. 

Nee  Poeantiaden  quod  habet  Vulcania  Lemnos, 
esse  reus  merui :  factum  defendite  vestrum  ; 
consensistis  enim.     Nee  me  suasisse  negabo,  315 

ut  se  subtraheret  bellique  viaeque  labori, 
temptaretque  feros  requie  lenire  dolores : 
paruit,  et  vivit.     Non  haec  sententia  tantum 
fida,  sed  et  felix ;  cum  sit  satis,  esse  fidelem. 
quern  quoniam  vates  delenda  ad  Pergama  poscunt,  320 
ne  mandate  mihi :  melius  Telamonius  ibit, 
eloquioque  virum  morbis  iraque  furentem 
molliet,  aut  aliqua  producet  callidus  arte, 
ante  retro  Simois  fluet,  et  sine  frondibus  Ide 
stabit,  et  auxilium  promittet  Achaia  Trojae,  325 

quam,  cessante  meo  pro  vestris  pectore  rebus, 
Ajacis  stolidi  Danais  sollertia  prosit, 
sis  licet  infestus  sociis,  regique,  mihique, 
dure  Philoctete  :  licet  exsecrere,  meumque 
devoveas  sine  fine  caput,  cupiasque  dolenti  330 

me  tibi  forte  dari,  nostrumque  haurire  cruorem; 
utque  tui  mihi,  sic  fiat  tibi  copia  nostri : 
te  tamen  aggrediar,  mecumque  reducere  nitar ; 
tamque  tuis  potiar,  faveat  Fortuna,  sagittis, 
quam  sum  Dardanio,  quern  cepi,  vate  potitus ;  335 

quam  responsa  deum  Trojanaque  fata  retexi ; 
quam  rapui  Phrygiae  signum  penetrale  Minervae 
hostibus  e  mediis.     Et  se  mihi  comparat  Ajax? 
nempe  capi  Trojam  prohibebant  fata  sine  illis. 

1  Fortis  ubi  est  Ajax?  ubi  sunt  ingentia  magni      340 
verba  viri?  cur  hie  metuis?  cur  audet  Ulixes 
ire  per  excubias,  et  se  committere  nocti? 
perque  feros  enses  non  tantum  moenia  Troum, 
verum  etiam  summas  arces  intrare,  suaque 
eripere  aede  deam,  raptamque  adferre  per  hostes?   345 


128  Rivalry  of  A/ax  and  Ulysses.       [Met am. 

quae  nisi  fecissem,  frustra  Telamone  creatus 
gestasset  laeva  taurorum  tergora  septem. 
ilia  nocte  mihi  Trojae  victoria  parta  est : 
Pergama  tunc  vici,  cum  vinci  posse  coegi. 

*  Desine  Tydiden  vultuque  et  murmure  nobis        350 
ostentare  meum  :  pars  est  sua  laudis  in  illo. 

nee  tu,  cum  socia  clipeum  pro  classe  tenebas, 

solus  eras  :  tibi  turba  comes,  mihi  contigit  unus  ; 

qui  nisi  pugnacem  sciret  sapiente  minorem 

esse,  nee  indomitae  deberi  praemia  dextrae,  355 

ipse  quoque  haec  peteret ;  peteret  moderatior  Ajax, 

Eurypylusque  ferox,  claroque  Andraemone  natus ; 

nee  minus  Idomeneus,  patriaque  creatus  eadem 

Meriones  ;  peteret  majoris  frater  Atridae : 

quippe  manu  fortes,  nee  sunt  mihi  marte  secundi,    360 

consiliis  cessere  meis.     Tibi  dextera  bello 

utilis :  ingenium  est,  quod  eget  moderamine  nostro. 

tu  vires  sine  mente  geris  :  mihi  cura  futuri. 

tu  pugnare  potes  :  pugnandi  tempora  mecum 

eligit  Atrides.     Tu  tantum  corpore  prodes  :  365 

nos  animo.     Quantoque  ratem  qui  temperat,  anteit 

remigis  officium,  quanto  dux  milite  major, 

tantum  ego  te  supero.     Nee  non  in  corpore  nostro 

pectora  sunt  potiora  manu :  vigor  omnis  in  illis. 

*  At  vos,  O  proceres,  vigili  date  praemia  vestro :  370 
proque  tot  annorum  cura,  quibus  anxius  egi, 

nunc  titulum  meritis  pensandum  reddite  nostris. 

jam  labor  in  fine  est :  obstantia  fata  removi, 

altaque  posse  capi  faciendo  Pergama,  cepi. 

per  spes  nunc  socias,  casuraque  moenia  Troum,       375 

perque  deos  oro,  quos  hosti  nuper  ademi, 

per  siquid  superest,  quod  sit  sapienter  agendum, — 

si  quid  adhuc  audax,  ex  praecipitique  petendum  est, 

si  Trojae  fatis  aliquid  restare  putatis,  — 


XIII.  398.]     Ajax  slays  himself  in    Wrath*  129 

este  mei  memores  !  aut  si  mihi  non  datis  arma,         380 
huic  date  ! '  —  et  ostendit  signum  fatale  Minervae. 

Mota  manus  procerum  est,  et  quid  facundia  posset, 
re  patuit ;  fortisque  viri  tulit  arma  disertus. 
Hectora  qui  solus,  qui  ferrum,  ignesque,  Jovemque 
sustinuit  totiens,  unam  non  sustinet  iram  :  385 

invictumque  virum  vincit  dolor.     Arripit  ensem, 
et  *  Meus  hie  certe  est.     An  et  hunc  sibi  poscit  Ulixes  ? 
hoc '  ait  '  utendum  est  in  me  mihi ;  quique  cruore 
saepe  Phrygum  maduit,  domini  nunc  caede  madebit, 
ne  quisquam  Ajacem  possit  superare,  nisi  Ajax.'      390 
dixit,  et  in  pectus  turn  demum  vulnera  passum 
qua  patuit  ferrum,  letalem  condidit  ensem. 
nee  valuere  manus  infixum  educere  telum  : 
expulit  ipse  cruor ;  rubefactaque  sanguine  tellus 
purpureum  viridi  genuit  de  cespite  florem,  395 

qui  prius  Oebalio  fuerat  de  vulnere  natus. 
littera  communis  mediis  pueroque  viroque 
inscripta  est  foliis :  haec  nominis,  ilia  querellae. 


130  The   Tale  of  Galatea,  [Metam. 


XX.   The  Tale  of  Galatea. 

[Book  XIII.  — 750-897.] 

[During  the  return  of  the  chiefs  from  Troy,  Hecuba,  having 
plucked  out  the  eyes  of  Polymestor,  king  of  Thrace,  who  had 
murdered  her  son  Polydorus,  is  changed  to  a  dog  (XIII.  399-575). 
Aurora,  mourning  for  her  son  Memnon,  slain  by  Achilles,  obtains 
that  his  ashes  shall  become  birds,  while  her  tears  are  changed  to 
dew  (576-622).  >Eneas  at  Delphi  is  told  by  Anius,  priest  of 
Apollo,  of  his  daughters'  transformation  into  doves  while  fleeing 
from  the  power  of  Agamemnon  (623-674)  ;  and  at  his  departing 
receives  from  him  a  bowl  engraved  with  the  self-devotion  of  Orion's 
daughters,  sacrificed  for  Thebes,  out  of  whose  ashes  sprang  the 
youths  Coro?icB  (675-699).  Thence  sailing  to  Crete  and  Italy,  he 
passes  at  Actium  the  stone  image  of  the  judge  Ambracus,  and 
Dodona  where  the  sons  of  Molossus  took  the  form  of  birds 
(700-718).  On  the  coast  of  Sicily  he  nears  the  rock  of  the 
monster  Scylla,  once  the  beautiful  daughter  of  Phorcus,  who  hears 
from  her  attendant  nymph  Galatea  (daughter  of  Nereus  and  Doris) 
the  following  tale  (719-749).] 

Acis,  son  of  Faunus  and  the  nymph  Symaethis,  the  most  beau- 
tiful youth  of  Sicily,  loved  and  was  loved  by  Galatea.  But  the 
giant  Polyphemus  had  likewise  conceived  a  wild  passion  for  her, 
which  he  utters  in  song  (750-869) ;  and  seeing  them  as  they  are 
seated  together  in  a  wood,  he  is  filled  with  jealousy,  and  casts  a 
rock  from  ^Etna  upon  them,  by  which  Acis  is  crushed,  and  his 
blood,  oozing  beneath  the  rock,  becomes  a  river  (870-897). 

[Thereafter,  as  Scylla  paces  the  shore,  she  is  seen  and  pursued 
by  Glaucus,  who  relates  to  her  the  story  of  his  own  transformation 
from  a  mortal  to  a  sea-divinity  (898-968).  Going  then  to  Circe,  a 
mistress  of  enchantments,  he  entreats  her  to  aid  his  suit  of  Scylla  ; 
but  she  in  jealousy,  because  she  herself  loved  Glaucus,  so  en- 
chanted the  waters  Scylla  used  to  bathe,  that  she  was  converted  to 
a  foul  monster,  girt  about  the  loins  with  wild  dogs,  and  afterwards 
(lest  she  might  harm  ^Eneas'  fleet)  to  a  rock  (XIV.  i-74)-] 

A  CIS  erat  Fauno  nymphaque  Symaethide  cretus, 
•*-*-  magna  quidem  patrisque  sui  matrisque  voluptas, 
nostra  tamen  major,  nam  me  sibi  junxerat  uni. 


XIII.  785-]  The   Cyclops  Polyphemus,  131 

pulcher  et  octonis  iterum  natalibus  actis, 

signarat  dubia  teneras  lanugine  malas. 

hunc  ego,  me  Cyclops  nulla  cum  fine  petebat;  755 

nee,  si  quaesieris,  odium  Cyclopis,  amorne 

Acidis  in  nobis  fuerit  praesentior,  edam  : 

par  utrumque  fuit.     Pro  !  quanta  potentia  regni 

est,  Venus  alma,  tui !  nempe  ille  immitis  et  ipsis 

horrendus  silvis,  et  visus  ab  hospite  nullo  760 

impune,  et  magni  cum  dis  contemptor  Olympi, 

quid  sit  amor  sentit,  nostrique  cupidine  captus 

uritur,  oblitus  pecorum  antrorumque  suorum. 

Jamque  tibi  formae,  jamque  est  tibi  cura  placendi, 
jam  rigidos  pectis  rastris,  Polypheme,  capillos  ;         765 
jam  libet  hirsutam  tibi  falce  recidere  barbam, 
et  spectare  feros  in  aqua,  et  componere  vultus. 
caedis  amor  feritasque  sitisque  immensa  cruoris 
cessant,  et  tutae  veniuntque  abeuntque  carinae. 
Telemus  interea  Siculam  delatus  ad  Aetnen,  770 

Telemus  Eurymides,  quern  nulla  fefellerat  ales, 
terribilem   Polyphemon    adit ;   '  Lumen '   que,    f  quod 

unum 
fronte  geris  media,  rapiet  tibi '  dixit  f  Ulixes.' 
risit,  et  f  O  vatum  stolidissime,  falleris  '  inquit : 
f  altera  jam  rapuit.'     Sic  frustra  vera  monentem        775 
spernit,  et  aut  gradiens  ingenti  litora  passu 
degravat,  aut  fessus  sub  opaca  revertitur  antra. 

Prominet  in  pontum  cuneatus  acumine  longo 
collis  :  utrumque  latus  circumfluit  aequoris  unda  : 
hue  ferus  ascendit  Cyclops,  mediusque  resedit ;         780 
lanigerae  pecudes,  nullo  ducente,  secutae. 
cui  postquam  pinus,  baculi  quae  praebuit  usum, 
ante  pedes  posita  est,  antemnis  apta  ferendis, 
sumptaque  arundinibus  compacta  est  fistula  centum, 
senserunt  toti  pastoria  sibila  montes,  7S5 


132  The   Tale  of  Galatea,  [Metam. 

senserunt  undae.     Latitans  ego  rupe,  meique 
Acidis  in  gremio  residens,  procul  auribus  hausi 
talia  dicta  meis,  auditaque  mente  notavi : 

*  Candidior  folio  nivei,  Galatea,  ligustri, 
floridior  pratis,  longa  procerior  alno,  790 

splendidior  vitro,  tenero  lascivior  haedo, 
levior  adsiduo  detritis  aequore  conchis, 
solibus  hibernis,  aestiva  gratior  umbra, 
nobilior  pomis,  platano  conspectior  alta, 
lucidior  glacie,  matura  dulcior  uva,  795 

mollior  et  cygni  plumis  et  lacte  coacto, 
et,  si  non  fugias,  riguo  formosior  horto  :  — 
saevior  indomitis  eadem  Galatea  juvencis, 
durior  annosa  quercu,  fallacior  undis, 
lentior  et  salicis  virgis  et  vitibus  albis,  800 

his  immobilior  scopulis,  violentior  amne, 
laudato  pavone  superbior,  acrior  igni, 
asperior  tribulis,  foeta  truculentior  ursa, 
surdior  aequoribus,  calcato  immitior  hydro, 
et  (quod  praecipue  vellem  tibi  demere  possem)         805 
non  tantum  cervo  Claris  latratibus  acto, 
verum  etiam  ventis  volucrique  fugacior  aura  ! 

1  At,  bene  si  noris,  pigeat  fugisse ;  morasque 
ipsa  tuas  damnes,  et  me  retinere  labores. 
sunt  mihi,  pars  montis,  vivo  pendentia  saxo  810 

antra,  quibus  nee  sol  medio  sentitur  in  aestu, 
nee  sentitur  hiemps  ;  sunt  poma  gravantia  ramos  ; 
sunt  auro  similes  longis  in  vitibus  uvae ; 
sunt  et  purpureae  :  tibi  et  has  servamus,  et  illas. 
ipsa  tuis  manibus  silvestri  nata  sub  umbra  815 

mollia  fraga  leges,  ipsa  autumnalia  corna, 
prunaque,  non  solum  nigro  liventia  suco, 
verum  etiam  generosa  novasque  imitantia  ceras. 
nee  tibi  castaneae  me  conjuge,  nee  tibi  deerunt 


XIII.  853]  S°ng  °f  Polyphemus.  133 

arbutei  fetus :  omnis  tibi  serviet  arbos.  820 

'  Hoc  pecus  omne  meum  est :  multae  quoque  valli- 
bus  errant, 
multas  silva  tegit,  multae  stabulantur  in  antris ; 
nee,  si  forte  roges,  possim  tibi  dicere  quot  sint : 
pauperis  est  numerare  pecus.     De  laudibus  harum 
nil  mihi  credideris  :  praesens  potes  ipsa  videre,         825 
ut  vix  circumeant  distentum  cruribus  uber. 
sunt,  fetura  minor,  tepidis  in  ovilibus  agni ; 
sunt  quoque,  par  aetas,  aliis  in  ovilibus  haedi. 
lac  mihi  semper  adest  niveum  :  pars  inde  bibenda 
servatur,  partem  liquefacta  coagula  durant.  830 

•  Nee  tibi  deliciae  faciles,  vulgataque  tantum 
munera  contingent,  dammae,  leporesque,  caperque, 
parve  columbarum,  demptusve  cacumine  nidus, 
inveni  geminos,  qui  tecum  ludere  possint, 
inter  se  similes,  vix  ut  dignoscere  possis,  835 

villosae  catulos  in  summis  montibus  ursae ; 
inveni,  et  dixi  Dominae  servabimus  istos. 
jam  modo  caeruleo  nitidum  caput  exsere  ponto, 
jam,  Galatea,  veni,  nee  munera  despice  nostra. 

f  Certe  ego  me  novi,  liquidaeque  in  imagine  vidi  840 
nuper  aquae:  placuitque  mihi  mea  forma  videnti. 
aspice,  sim  quantus  :  non  est  hoc  corpore  major 
Juppiter  in  caelo  —  nam  vos  narrare  soletis 
nescio  quern  regnare  Jovem.     Coma  plurima  torvos 
prominet  in  vultus,  humerosque,  ut  lucus,  obumbrat. 
nee  mihi  quod  rigidis  horrent  densissima  saetis 
corpora,  turpe  puta.     Turpis  sine  frondibus  arbor ; 
turpis  equus,  nisi  colla  jubae  flaventia  velent ; 
barba  viros  hirtaeque  decent  in  corpore  saetae.         850 
unum  est  in  media  lumen  mihi  fronte,  sed  instar 
ingentis  clipei.     Quid?  non  haec  omnia  magno 
sol  videt  e  caelo?  soli  tamen  unicus  orbis. 


134*  The   Tale  of  Galatea.  [Metam. 

adde,  quod  in  vestro  genitor  meus  aequore  regnat: 
hunc  tibi  do  socerum.     Tantum  miserere,  precesque 
supplicis  exaudi,  tibi  enim  succumbimus  uni. 
quique  Jovem  et  caelum  sperno  et  penetrabile  fulmen, 
Nerei,  te  vereor :  tua  fulmine  saevior  ira  est. 

*  Atque  ego  contemptus  essem  patientior  hujus, 
si  fugeres  omnes.     Sed  cur  Cyclope  repulso  860 

Acin  amas?  praefersque  meis  amplexibus  Acin? 
ille  tamen  placeatque  sibi,  placeatque  licebit, 
quod  nollem,  Galatea,  tibi.     Modo  copia  detur  ! 
sentiet  esse  mihi  tanto  pro  corpore  vires  : 
viscera  viva  traham,  divulsaque  membra  per  agros, 
perque  tuas  spargam  —  sic  se  tibi  misceat !  —  undas. 
uror  enim,  laesusque  exaestuat  acrius  ignis ; 
cumque  suis  videor  translatam  viribus  Aetnam 
pectore  ferre  meo :  nee  tu,  Galatea,  moveris.' 

Talia  nequiquam  questus  —  nam  cuncta  videbam  — 
surgit,  et  ut  taurus  vacca  furibundus  adempta, 
stare  nequit,  silvaque  et  notis  saltibus  errat : 
cum  ferus  ignaros,  nee  quicquam  tale  timentes, 
me  videt  atque  Acin  ;  *  Video  '  que  exclamat  '  et  ista 
ultima  sit,  faciam,  veneris  concordia  vestrae.'  875 

tantaque  vox,  quantam  Cyclops  iratus  habere 
debuit,  ilia  fuit.     Clamore  perhorruit  Aetne, 
ast  ego  vicino  pavefacta  sub  aequore  mergor. 

Terga  fugae  dederat  conversa  Symaethius  heros, 
et  « Fer  opem,  Galatea,  precor,  mihi !  ferte  parentes,' 
dixerat,  *  et  vestris  periturum  admittite  regnis  ! ' 
insequitur  Cyclops,  partemque  e  monte  revulsam 
mittit;  et  extremus  quamvis  pervenit  ad  ilium 
angulus  is  montis,  totum  tamen  obruit  Acin. 

At  nos,  quod  solum  fieri  per  fata  licebat,  885 

fecimus,  ut  vires  assumeret  Acis  avitas. 
puniceus  de  mole  cruor  manabat,  et  intra 


XIII.  897-]  Death  of  Acts.  135 

temporis  exiguum  rubor  evanescere  coepit : 
fitque  color  primo  turbati  flu  minis  imbre, 
purgaturque  mora.     Turn  moles  fracta  dehiscit,        8qo 
vivaque  per  rimas  proceraque  surgit  arundo, 
osque  cavum  saxi  sonat  exsultantibus  undis ; 
miraque  res,  subito  media  tenus  exstitit  alvo 
incinctus  juvenis  flexis  nova  cornua  cannis, 
qui,  nisi  quod  major,  quod  toto  caerulus  ore,  895 

Acis  erat.     Sed  sic  quoque  erat  tamen  Acis,  in  amnem 
versus,  et  antiquum  tenuerunt  flumina  nomen. 


136  The    Wisdom  of  King  Numa.        [Metam. 

XXL   The  Wisdom  of  King  Numa. 
[Book  XV.  — 1-487.] 

[>Eneas  had  passed,  on  the  coast  of  Italy,  the  isle  of  the  Cer- 
copes,  turned  by  Jupiter  into  apes  (XIV.  75-100),  and  coming  to 
Cumae,  finds  the  Sibyl  Amalthea,  daughter  of  Scylla,  who  relates 
that,  being  loved  by  Apollo,  he  had  granted  her  wish  to  live  so 
many  years  as  the  grains  of  sand  in  her  hand  (101-153).  Arriving 
at  Cajetas,  he  meets  Macareus,  an  old  companion  of  Ulysses,  who 
relates  the  adventure  of  the  Cyclops  and  the  enchantments  of 
Circe,  at  whose  palace  they  had  remained  a  full  year  (154-312). 
During  this  time,  Circe  tells  of  Picus,  son  of  Saturn,  whom,  not 
returning  her  love,  she  had  converted  to  a  woodpecker,  and  his 
companions  to  various  beasts,  while  his  wife  Canens  wasted  into 
air  (313-440).  In  the  wars  which  followed  yEneas'  arrival  in 
Latium,  Diomed  refuses  aid  to  Turnus,  but  his  companions,  desir- 
ing to  grant  it,  are  changed  to  white  hinds  (441-5 11).  Various 
transformations  follow :  of  the  shepherd  Apulus  to  a  wild  olive  ; 
of  Eneas'  ships  to  water-nymphs  ;  of  the  ashes  of  the  city  Ardea 
to  a  heron ;  and  at  length  of  jEneas  himself  to  one  of  the  gods 
Indigetes;  of  Tiberinus  to  a  river  ;  of  Vertumnus  to  sundry  shapes, 
with  the  tales  by  which  he  at  length  won  the  love  of  Pomona ; 
lastly  of  Romulus,  who  at  his  death  became  the  god  Quirinus,  and 
his  wife  Hersilia  the  goddess  Ora  (512-851).] 

Guided  by  an  ancient  sage,  Numa  seeks  wisdom  among  the 
Greeks  of  Southern  Italy ;  [whereby  violating  the  Sabine  law,  he 
is  accused,  but  acquitted,  the  black  lots  being  changed  by  miracle 
to  white  in  the  urn  (XV.  1-59)].  At  Heraclea  Pythagoras,  exiled 
from  Samos,  instructs  him  in  the  doctrine  of  metempsychosis, 
and  the  law  which  forbids  all  shedding  of  blood.  This  was 
unknown  in  the  golden  age,  but  began  with  the  slaughter  of 
animals  for  food  (75-142).  Pythagoras  —  recalling  his  own  former 
existence  as  Euphorbas  (slain  by  Menelaus  before  Troy) — teaches 
that  all  life  incessantly  passes  from  one  to  another  form  ;  all  tilings 
are  in  flux  and  change  —  the  heavenly  bodies,  the  seasons  types  of 
human  life,  the  elements  with  their  transmutations,  the  vast  changes 
on  the  face  of  the  earth  (237-277).  [These  changes  detailed: 
waters  that  disappear,  or  overflow  regions  once  dry  ;  islands  formed 
from  mainland,  and  plains  uplifted  into  hills ;  springs  alternately 


XV.  7i.]  Doctrine  of  Pythagoras.  137 

hot  and  cold,  or  strangely  affecting  those  who  drink  of  them; 
Delos  and  the  Symplegades  ;  yEtna,  which  did  not  always  flame. 
Earth  herself  lives  and  breathes,  and  suffers  all  these  changes  ; 
life  springs  from  decay,  and  shows  strange  metamorphoses,  as  of 
worms  to  butterflies,  tadpoles  to  frogs,  and  shapeless  cubs  to 
bears ;  fable  of  the  Phoenix,  hyaena,  and  chameleon,  and  the 
growth  of  coral ;  States  change  and  pass  away,  —  Sparta,  Mycenae, 
Thebes,  —  while  new  Rome  is  rising  from  ancient  Troy  (278-453).] 
The  lesson  of  mercy  is  reinforced  ;  and,  fortified  with  this  doc- 
trine, Numa  rules  peacefully  the  state  of  Rome  until  his  death 
(454-457). 

[Egeria,  grieving  at  his  loss,  listens  to  the  tale  of  Hippolytus, 
son  of  Theseus  (banished  by  the  false  accusations  of  Phaedra,  and 
dashed  to  pieces  on  the  shores  of  Corinth),  but  changed  to  the 
Italian  Virbius,  and  is  changed  by  Diana  to  a  fountain  (488-551). 
Tale  of  the  Etruscan  Tages,  who  sprang  from  a  clod  ;  and  of  Cipus, 
on  whose  brow  grew  horns,  and  who  refused  the  sovereignty  of  his 
city  portended  thereby  (532-621).] 

F^VESTINAT  imperio  clarum  praenuntia  veri 

■*-^  Fama  Numam.     Non  ille  satis  cognosse  Sabinae 

gentis  habet  ritus  :  animo  majora  capaci  5 

concipit,  et  quae  sit  rerum  natura  requirit. 

hujus  amor  curae,  patria  Curibusque  relictis, 

fecit,  ut  Herculei  penetraret  ad  hospitis  urbem. 

Vir  fuit  hie,  ortu  Samius,  sed  fugerat  una  60 

et  Samon  et  dominos,  odioque  tyrannidis  exsul 
sponte  erat;  isque,  licet  caeli  regione  remotos, 
mente  deos  adiit,  et  quae  natura  negabat 
visibus  humanis,  oculis  ea  pectoris  hausit. 
cumque  animo  et  vigili  perspexerat  omnia  cura,         65 
in  medium  discenda  dabat ;  coetusque  silentum 
dictaque  mirantum  magni  primordia  mundi 
et  rerum  causas  et  quid  natura,  docebat : 
quid  deus,  unde  nives,  quae  fulminis  esset  origo ; 
Juppiter  an  venti  discussa  nube  tonarent ;  70 

quid  quateret  terras,  qua  sidera  lege  mearent, 


138  The    Wisdom  of  King  JVuma.        [Metam. 

et  quodcumque  latet ;  primusque  animalia  mensis 
arguit  imponi.     Primus  quoque  talibus  ora 
docta  quidem  solvit,  sed  non  et  credita,  verbis : 

*  Parcite,  mortales,  dapibus  temerare  nefandis        75 
corpora  !     Sunt  fruges,  sunt  deducentia  ramos 
pondere  poma  suo,  tumidaeque  in  vitibus  uvae ; 

sunt  herbae  dulces,  sunt  quae  mitescere  flamma 

mollirique  queant ;  nee  vobis  lacteus  humor 

eripitur,  nee  mella  thymi  redolentia  flore.  80 

prodiga  divitias  alimentaque  mitia  tellus 

suggerit,  atque  epulas  sine  caede  et  sanguine  praebet. 

came  ferae  sedant  jejunia,  nee  tamen  omnes  : 

quippe  equus  et  pecudes  armentaque  gramine  vivunt ; 

at  quibus  ingenium  est  inmansuetumque  ferumque,    85 

Armeniaeque  tigres  iracundique  leones, 

cumque  lupis  ursi,  dapibus  cum  sanguine  gaudent. 

'  Heu  quantum  scelus  est  in  viscera  viscera  condi, 
congestoque  avidum  pinguescere  corpore  corpus, 
alteriusque  animantem  animantis  vivere  leto  !  90 

'  Scilicet  in  tantis  opibus,  quas  optima  matrum 
Terra  parit,  nil  te  nisi  tristia  mandere  saevo 
vulnera  dente  juvat,  rictusque  referre  Cyclopum? 
nee,  nisi  perdideris  alium,  placare  voracis 
et  male  morati  poteris  jejunia  ventris?  95 

*  At  vetus  ilia  aetas,  cui  fecimus  aurea  nomen, 
fetibus  arboreis  et  quas  humus  educat  herbis 
fortunata  fuit,  neC  polluit  ora  cruore. 

tunc  et  aves  tutae  movere  per  aera  pennas, 
et  lepus  inpavidus  mediis  erravit  in  herbis,  100 

nee  sua  credulitas  piscem  suspenderat  hamo ; 
cuncta  sine  insidiis  nullamque  timentia  fraudem 
plenaque  pacis  erant.     Postquam  non  utilis  auctor 
victibus  invidit,  quisquis  fuit  ille,  priorum, 
corporeasque  dapes  avidam  demersit  in  alvum,         105 


XV.  1 39.]  The  Guilt  and  Cruelty  of  Bloodshed.     139 

fecit  iter  sceleri.     Primaque  e  caede  ferarum 
incaluisse  putem  maculatum  sanguine  ferrum. 
idque  satis  fuerat :  nostrumque  petentia  letum 
corpora  missa  neci  salva  pietate  fatemur ; 
sed  quam  danda  neci,  tarn  non  epulanda  fuerunt.  .  no 

4  Longius  inde  nefas  abiit,  et  prima  putatur 
hostia  sus  meruisse  mori,  quia  semina  pando 
eruerit  rostro,  spemque  interceperit  anni. 
vite  caper  morsa  Bacchi  mactandus  ad  aras 
ducitur  ultoris  :  nocuit  sua  culpa  duobus.  115 

quid  meruistis,  oves,  placidum  pecus,  inque  tuendos 
natum  homines,  pleno  quae  fertis  in  ubere  nectar, 
mollia  quae  nobis  vestras  velamina  lanas 
praebetis,  vitaque  magis,  quam  morte  juvatis? 
quid  meruere  boves,  animal  sine  fraude  dolisque,     120 
innocuum,  simplex,  natum  tolerare  labores? 
immemor  est  demum,  nee  frugum  munere  dignus, 
qui  potuit  curvi  dempto  modo  pondere  aratri 
ruricolam  mactare  suum,  qui  trita  labore 
ilia,  quibus  totiens  durum  renovaverat  arvum,  125 

condiderat  messes,  percussit  colla  securi. 

1  Nee  satis  est,  quod  tale  nefas  committitur :  ipsos 
inscripsere  deos  sceleri,  numenque  supernum 
caede  laboriferi  credunt  gaudere  juvenci. 
victima  labe  carens  et  praestantissima  forma  —         130 
nam  placuisse  nocet  —  vittis  praesignis  et  auro 
sistitur  ante  aras,  auditque  ignara  precantem, 
imponique  suae  videt  inter  cornua  fronti 
quas  coluit,  fruges,  percussaque  sanguine  cultros 
inficit  in  liquida  praevisos  forsitan  unda.  135 

protinus  ereptas  viventi  pectore  fibras 
inspiciunt,  mentesque  deum  scrutantur  in  illis. 
unde  fames  homini  vetitorum  tanta  ciborum  est? 
audetis  vesci,  genus  O  mortale?  quod  (oro) 


140  The    Wisdom  of  King  Numa.       [Met am. 

ne  facite,  et  monitis  animos  advertite  nostris :  140 

cumque  bourn  dabitis  caesorum  membra  palato, 
mandere  vos  vestros  scite  et  sentite  colonos. 

*  Et,  quoniam  deus  ora  movet,  sequar  ora  moventem 
rite  deum,  Delphosque  meos  ipsumque  recludam 
aethera  et  augustae  reserabo  oracula  mentis.  145 

magna,  nee  ingeniis  evestigata  priorum, 
quaeque  diu  latuere,  canam.     Juvat  ire  per  alta 
astra  ;  juvat  terris  et  inerti  sede  relicta 
nube  vehi,  validique  humeris  insistere  Atlantis ; 
palantesque  homines  passim  ac  rationis  egentes        150 
despectare  procul,  trepidosque  obitumque  timentes 
sic  exhortari,  seriemque  evolvere  fati. 

f  O  genus  attonitum  gelidae  formidine  mortis  ! 
quid  Styga,  quid  tenebras  et  nomina  vana  timetis, 
materiem  vatum,  falsique  pericula  mundi?  155 

corpora  sive  rogus  flamma,  seu  tabe  vetustas 
abstulerit,  mala  posse  pati  non  ulla  putetis. 
morte  carent  animae,  semperque,  priore  relicta 
sede,  novis  domibus  vivunt  habitantque  receptae. 
ipse  ego  —  nam  memini  —  Trojani  tempore  belli      160 
Pantho'ides  Euphorbus  eram,  cui  pectore  quondam 
haesit  in  adverso  gravis  hasta  minoris  Atridae. 
cognovi  clipeum,  laevae  gestamina  nostrae, 
nuper  Abanteis  templo  Junonis  in  Argis. 

■  Omnia  mutantur  :  nihil  interit.     Errat,  et  illinc  165 
hue  venit,  hinc  illuc,  et  quoslibet  occupat  artus 
spiritus,  eque  feris  humana  in  corpora  transit, 
inque  feras  noster,  nee  tempore  deperit  ullo. 
utque  novis  facilis  signatur  cera  figuris, 
nee  manet  ut  fuerat,  nee  formas  servat  easdem,        17a 
sed  tamen  ipsa  eadem  est,  animam  sic  semper  eandem 
esse,  sed  in  varias  doceo  migrare  figuras. 
ergo  —  nee  pietas  sit  victa  cupidine  ventris  — 


XV.  207-]  The   Changing  Seasons.  141 

parcite,  vaticinor,  cognatas  caede  nefanda 

exturbare  animas,  nee  sanguine  sanguis  alatur.         175 

*  Et  quoniam  magno  feror  aequore,  plenaque  venlis 
vela  dedi :  Nihil  est,  toto  quod  perstet  in  orbe. 
cuncta  fluunt,  omnisque  vagans  formatur  imago, 
ipsa  quoque  assiduo  labuntur  tempora  motu, 

non  secus  ac  flumen.     Neque  enim  consistere  flumen, 
nee  levis  hora  potest ;  sed  ut  unda  impellitur  unda, 
urgueturque  eadem  veniens  urguetque  priorem  — 
tempora  sic  fugiunt  pariter,  pariterque  sequuntur, 
et  nova  sunt  semper ;  nam  quod  fuit  ante,  relictum  est, 
fitque,  quod  haud  fuerat,  momentaque  cuncta  novantur. 

*  Cernis  et  emensas  in  lucem  tendere  noctes, 
et  jubar  hoc  nitidum  nigrae  succedere  nocti ; 
nee  color  est  idem  caelo,  cum  lassa  quiete 
cuncta  jacent  media,  cumque  albo  Lucifer  exit 
clarus  equo  ;  rursusque  alius,  cum  praevia  lucis        190 
tradendum  Phoebo  Pallantias  inrlcit  orbem. 

ipse  dei  clipeus  terra  cum  tollitur  ima 

mane  rubet,  terraque  rubet  cum  conditur  ima ; 

candidus  in  summo  est,  melior  natura  quod  illic 

aetheris  est,  terraeque  procul  contagia  fugit.  195 

nee  par  aut  eadem  nocturnae  forma  Dianae 

esse  potest  umquam  ;  semperque  hodierna  sequente, 

si  crescit,  minor  est,  major,  si  contrahit  orbem. 

*  Quid?  non  in  species  succedere  quattuor  annum 
aspicis,  aetatis  peragentem  imitamina  nostrae?  200 
nam  tener  et  lactens  puerique  simillimus  aevo 

Vere  novo  est ;  tunc  herba  recens  et  roboris  expers 
turget,  et  insolida  est,  et  spe  delectat  agrestes. 
omnia  tunc  florent,  florumque  coloribus  almus 
ludit  ager,  neque  adhuc  virtus  in  frondibus  ulla  est. 
transit  in  Aestatem  post  ver  robustior  annus 
fitque  valens  juvenis ;  neque  enim  robustior  aetas 


144  The    Wisdom  of  King  JVuma.        [Metam. 

aut  hominum  certe,  tuta  esse  et  honesta  sinamus, 
neve  Thyesteis  cumulemus  viscera  mensis. 

*  Quam  male  consuescit,  quam  se  parat  ille  cruori 
impius  humano,  vituli  qui  guttura  ferro 
rumpit,  et  inmotas  praebet  mugitibus  aures  !  465 

aut  qui  vagitus  similes  puerilibus  haedum 
edentem  jugulare  potest,  aut  alite  vesci, 
cui  dedit  ipse  cibos  !     Quantum  est,  quod  desit  in  istis 
ad  plenum  facinus?  quo  transitus  inde  paratur? 
bos  aret,  aut  mortem  senioribus  imputet  annis ;         470 
horriferum  contra  Borean  ovis  arma  ministret ; 
ubera  dent  saturae  manibus  pressanda  capellae. 
retia  cum  pedicis,  laqueos,  artesque  dolosas 
tollite  ;  nee  volucrem  viscata  fallite  virga  ; 
nee  formidatis  cervos  illudite  pennis  ;  475 

nee  celate  cibis  uncos  fallacibus  hamos. 
perdite   siqua   nocent,    verum    haec    quoque    perdite 

tantum  : 
ora  vacent  epulis,  alimentaque  mitia  carpant.' 

Talibus  atque  aliis  instructo  pectore  dictis 
in  patriam  remeasse  ferunt,  ultroque  petitum  480 

accepisse  Numam  populi  Latiaris  habenas : 
conjuge  qui  felix  nympha  ducibusque  Camenis 
sacriiicos  docuit  ritus,  gentemque  feroci 
assuetam  bello  pacis  traduxit  ad  artes. 
qui  postquam  senior  regnumque  aevumque  peregit, 
exstinctum  Latiaeque  nurus  populusque  Patresque 
deflevere  Numam. 


XV.  644-]        The    Worship  of  jEsadafius.  145 

XXII.    The  Worship  of  ^Esculapius. 

[Book  XV.  —  622-744.] 

The  people  of  Rome,  being  in  terror  of  a  pestilence,  seek 
counsel  of  Apollo,  who  bids  them  invite  his  son  (jEsculapius)  to 
their  city.  Proceeding  to  Epidaurus,  the  messengers  summon  his 
help  (622-652)  ;  who,  giving  them  favorable  answer  in  a  dream, 
takes  the  shape  of  a  serpent,  and  goes  aboard  their  ship  (653-693) ; 
and  arriving  at  Rome,  makes  his  dwelling  in  an  island  of  the  Tiber 
(694-744).—  B.C.  293. 

"DANDITE  nunc,  Musae,  praesentia  numina  vatum, 
■*■      (scitis  enim,  nee  vos  fallit  spatiosa  vetustas) 
unde  Coroniden  circumflua  Thybridis  alti 
insula  Romuleae  sacris  asciverit  urbis.  625 

Dira  lues  quondam  Latias  vitiaverat  auras, 
pallidaque  exsangui  squalebant  corpora  tabo. 
funeribus  fessi  postquam  mortalia  cernunt 
temptamenta  nihil,  nihil  artes  posse  medentum, 
auxilium  caeleste  petunt ;  mediamque  tenentes  630 

orbis  humum  Delphos  adeunt,  oracula  Phoebi, 
utque  salutifera  miseris  succurrere  rebus 
sorte  velit,  tantaeque  urbis  mala  finiat,  orant. 
et  locus  et  laurus  et,  quas  habet  ipse,  pharetrae 
intremuere  simul ;  cortinaque  reddidit  imo  635 

hanc  adyto  vocem,  pavefactaque  pectora  movit: 
4  Quod  petis  hinc,  propiore  loco,  Romane,  petisses : 
et  pete  nunc  propiore  loco ;  nee  Apolline  vobis, 
qui  minuat  luctus,  opus  est,  sed  Apolline  nato : 
ite  bonis  avibus,  prolemque  accersite  nostram.'  640 

Jussa  dei  prudens  postquam  accepere  Senatus, 
quam  colat,  explorant,  juvenis  Phoebeius  urbem, 
quique  petant  ventis  Epidauria  litora,  mittunt. 
quae  postquam  curva  missi  tetigere  carina, 

10 


144  The    Wisdom  of  King  Numa.         [Metam. 

aut  hominum  certe,  tuta  esse  et  honesta  sinamus, 
neve  Thyesteis  cumulemus  viscera  mensis. 

'  Quam  male  consuescit,  quam  se  parat  ille  cruori 
impius  humano,  vituli  qui  guttura  ferro 
rumpit,  et  inmotas  praebet  mugitibus  aures  !  465 

aut  qui  vagitus  similes  puerilibus  haedum 
edentem  jugulare  potest,  aut  alite  vesci, 
cui  dedit  ipse  cibos  !     Quantum  est,  quod  desit  in  istis 
ad  plenum  facinus?  quo  transitus  inde  paratur? 
bos  aret,  aut  mortem  senioribus  imputet  annis ;         470 
horriferum  contra  Borean  ovis  arma  ministret ; 
ubera  dent  saturae  manibus  pressanda  capellae. 
retia  cum  pedicis,  laqueos,  artesque  dolosas 
tollite  ;  nee  volucrem  viscata  fallite  virga  ; 
nee  formidatis  cervos  illudite  pennis  ;  475 

nee  celate  cibis  uncos  fallacibus  hamos. 
perdite   siqua   nocent,    verum    haec    quoque    perdite 

tantum  : 
ora  vacent  epulis,  alimentaque  mitia  carpant.' 

Talibus  atque  aliis  instructo  pectore  dictis 
in  patriam  remeasse  ferunt,  ultroque  petitum  480 

accepisse  Numam  populi  Latiaris  habenas : 
conjuge  qui  felix  nympha  ducibusque  Camenis 
sacriilcos  docuit  ritus,  gentemque  feroci 
assuetam  bello  pacis  traduxit  ad  artes. 
qui  postquam  senior  regnumque  aevumque  peregit, 
exstinctum  Latiaeque  nurus  populusque  Patresque 
deflevere  Numam. 


XV.  644-]        The    Worship  of  sEsculafius.  145 

XXII.   The  Worship  of  ^Esculapius. 

[Book  XV.  —  622-744.] 

The  people  of  Rome,  being  in  terror  of  a  pestilence,  seek 
counsel  of  Apollo,  who  bids  them  invite  his  son  (.dEsculapius)  to 
their  city.  Proceeding  to  Epidaurus,  the  messengers  summon  his 
help  (622-652)  ;  who,  giving  them  favorable  answer  in  a  dream, 
takes  the  shape  of  a  serpent,  and  goes  aboard  their  ship  (653-693) ; 
and  arriving  at  Rome,  makes  his  dwelling  in  an  island  of  the  Tiber 
(694-744).—  b.  c.  293. 

TT)ANDITE  nunc,  Musae,  praesentia  numina  vatum, 
■*■      (scitis  enim,  nee  vos  fallit  spatiosa  vetustas) 
unde  Coroniden  circumflua  Thybridis  alti 
insula  Romuleae  sacris  asciverit  urbis.  625 

Dira  lues  quondam  Latias  vitiaverat  auras, 
pallidaque  exsangui  squalebant  corpora  tabo. 
funeribus  fessi  postquam  mortalia  cernunt 
temptamenta  nihil,  nihil  artes  posse  medentum, 
auxilium  caeleste  petunt ;  mediamque  tenentes  630 

orbis  humum  Delphos  adeunt,  oracula  Phoebi, 
utque  salutifera  miseris  succurrere  rebus 
sorte  velit,  tantaeque  urbis  mala  finiat,  orant. 
et  locus  et  laurus  et,  quas  habet  ipse,  pharetrae 
intremuere  simul ;  cortinaque  reddidit  imo  635 

hanc  adyto  vocem,  pavefactaque  pectora  movit: 
4  Quod  petis  hinc,  propiore  loco,  Romane,  petisses : 
et  pete  nunc  propiore  loco  ;  nee  Apolline  vobis, 
qui  minuat  luctus,  opus  est,  sed  Apolline  nato : 
ite  bonis  avibus,  prolemque  accersite  nostram.'         640 

Jussa  dei  prudens  postquam  accepere  Senatus, 
quam  colat,  explorant,  juvenis  Phoebei'us  urbem, 
quique  petant  ventis  Epidauria  litora,  mittunt. 
quae  postquam  curva  missi  tetigere  carina, 


146  The    Worship  of  JEsculaftus.        [Metam. 

concilium  Graiosque  patres  adiere,  darentque,  645 

oravere,  deum,  qui  praesens  funera  gentis 
finiat  Ausoniae  :  certas  ita  dicere  sortes. 

Dissidet  et  variat  sententia  ;  parsque  negandum 
non  putat  auxilium  ;  multi  retinere,  suamque 
non  emittere  opem,  nee  numina  tradere  suadent.      650 
dum  dubitant,  seram  pepulere  crepuscula  lucem, 
umbraque  telluris  tenebras  induxerat  orbi : 
cum  deus  in  somnis  opifer  consistere  visus 
ante  tuum,  Romane,  torum,  sed  qualis  in  aede 
esse  solet,  baculumque  tenens  agreste  sinistra,  655 

caesariem  longae  dextra  deducere  barbae, 
et  placido  tales  emittere  pectore  voces : 

1  Pone  metus ;    veniam,  simulacraque  nostra  relin- 
quam : 
hunc  modo  serpentem,  baculum  qui  nexibus  ambit, 
perspice,  et  usque  nota  visu,  ut  cognoscere  possis:  660 
vertar  in  hunc ;  sed  major  ero,  tantusque  videbor, 
in  quantum  debent  caelestia  corpora  verti.' 
extemplo  cum  voce  deus,  cum  voce  deoque 
somnus  abit,  somnique  fugam  lux  alma  secuta  est. 

Postera  sidereos  Aurora  fugaverat  ignes ;  665 

incerti  quid  agant,  proceres  ad  templa  petiti 
conveniunt  operosa  dei,  quaque  ipse  morari 
sede  velit,  signis  caelestibus  indicet,  orant. 
vix  bene  desierant,  cum  cristis  aureus  altis 
in  serpente  deus  praenuntia  sibila  misit,  670 

adventuque  suo  signumque  arasque  foresque 
marmoreumque  solum  fastigiaque  aurea  movit, 
pectoribusque  tenus  media  sublimis  in  aede 
constitit,  atque  oculos  circumtulit  igne  micantes. 

Territa  turba  pavet :  cognovit  numina  castos         675 
evinctus  vitta  crines  albente  sacerdos, 
et  *  Deus  en  !  deus  en  !  animis  linguisque  favete, 


XV.  7ii.]  Arrival  in  Italy.  147 

quisquis  ades ! '  dixit  *  Sis,  O  pulcherrime,  visus 
utiliter,  populosque  juves  tua  sacra  colentes.' 
quisquis  adest,  jussum  veneratur  numen,  et  omnes  63o 
verba  sacerdotis  referunt  geminata,  piumque 
Aeneadae  praestant  et  mente  et  voce  favorem. 
adnuit  his,  motisque  deus  rata  pignora  cristis 
et  repetita  dedit  vibrata  sibila  lingua, 
turn  gradibus  nitidis  delabitur,  oraque  retro  685 

flectit,  et  antiquas  abiturus  respicit  aras, 
assuetasque  domos  habitataque  templa  salutat ; 
inde  per  injectis  adopertam  fioribus  ingens 
serpit  humum,  flectitque  sinus,  mediamque  per  urbem 
tendit  ad  incurvo  munitos  aggere  portus  ;  690 

restitit  hie,  agmenque  suum  turbaeque  sequentis 
officium  placido  visus  dimittere  vultu 
corpus  in  Ausonia  posuit  rate.     Numinis  ilia 
sensit  onus,  pressa  estque  dei  gravitate  carina. 

Aeneadae  gaudent,  caesoque  in  litore  tauro  695 

torta  coronatae  solvunt  retinacula  classis. 
impulerat  levis  aura  ratem.     Deus  eminet  alte, 
impositaque  premens  puppim  cervice  recurvam 
caeruleas  despectat  aquas,  modicisque  per  aequor 
Ionium  zephyris  sexto  Pallantidos  ortu  700 

Italiam  tenuit,  praeterque  Lacinia  templo 
nobilitata  deae,  Scylaceaque  litora  fertur. 
linquit  Iapygiam,  laevisque  Amphrisia  remis 
saxa  fugit,  dextra  praerupta  Celennia  parte, 
Romethiumque  legit,  Caulonaque,  Naryciamque,     705 
evincitque  fretum  Siculique  angusta  Pelori, 
Hippotadaeque  domos  regis,  Temesesque  metalla, 
Leucosiamque  petit,  tepidique  rosaria  Paesti. 
inde  legit  Capreas,  promontoriumque  Minervae, 
et  Surrentino  generosos  palmite  colles,  710 

Herculeamque  urbem,  Stabiasque,  et  in  otia  natam 


148  The    Worship  of  ^Lsculafius.        [Metam. 

Parthenopen,  et  ab  hac  Cumaeae  templa  Sibyllae. 
hinc  calidi  fontes  lentisciferumque  tenetur 
Linternum,  multamque  trahens  sub  gurgite  arenam 
Volturnus,  niveisque  frequens  Sinuessa  columbis,    715 
Minturnaeque  graves,  et  quam  tumulavit  alumnus, 
Antiphataeque  domus,  Trachasque  obsessa  palude, 
et  tellus  Circaea,  et  spissi  litoris  Antium. 

Hue  ubi  veliferam  nautae  advertere  carinam  — 
asper  enim  jam  pontus  erat  —  deus  explicat  orbes,  720 
perque  sinus  crebros  et  magna  volumina  labens, 
templa  parentis  init  flavum  tangentia  litus. 
aequore  pacato  patrias  Epidaurius  aras 
linquit,  et  hospitio  juncti  sibi  numinis  usus 
litoream  tractu  squamae  crepitants  arenam  725 

sulcat,  et  innixus  moderamine  navis  in  alta 
puppe  caput  posuit,  donee  Castrumque  sacrasque 
Lavini  sedes  Tiberinaque  ad  ostia  venit. 

Hue  omnes  populi  passim,  matrumque  patrumque 
obvia  turba  ruit,  quaeque  ignes,  Troica,  servant,      730 
Vesta,  tuos,  laetoque  deum  clamore  salutant ; 
quaque  per  adversas  navis  cita  ducitur  undas, 
tura  super  ripas  aris  ex  ordine  factis 
parte  ab  utraque  sonant,  et  odorant  aera  fumis : 
ictaque  conjectos  incalfacit  hostia  cultros.  735 

Jamque  caput  rerum,  Romanam  intraverat  urbem. 
erigitur  serpens,  summoque  acclinia  malo 
colla  movet,  sedesque  sibi  circumspicit  aptas. 
scinditur  in  geminas  partes  circumfluus  amnis : 
insula  nomen  habet ;  laterumque  e  parte  duorum      740 
porrigit  aequales  media  tellure  lacertos. 
hue  se  de  Latia  pinu  Phoebeius  anguis 
contulit,  et  finem  specie  caeleste  resumpta 
luctibus  imposuit,  venitque  salutifer  Urbi. 


XV.  766.]  The  Apotheosis  of  Ccesar.  149 

XXIII.   The  Apotheosis  of  CLesar. 
[Book  XV.  — 745-879.] 

After  the  triumphs  ot  Caesar,  and  his  death  by  treachery  of 
his  friends,  Venus  obtained  from  Jupiter  that  he  should  be  received 
into  the  number  of  the  Immortals,  —a  native  deity,  while  ^Escula- 
pius  was  of  foreign  origin  (745-844).  She  takes  therefore  his 
spirit  as  he  falls,  and  bears  it  above,  his  path  being  shown  by 
a  miraculous  star  which  appeared  in  the  heavens  at  his  death 
(845-880). 

Conclusion,  881-889. 

T  TIC  tamen  accessit  delubris  advena  nostris : 

•*■       Caesar  in  Urbe  sua  deus  est,  quern  marte  togaque 

praecipuum  non  bella  magis  finita  triumphis, 

resque  domi  gestae  properataque  gloria  rerum, 

in  sidus  vertere  novum  stellamque  comantem, 

quam  sua  progenies.     Neque  enim  de  Caesaris  actis 

ullum  majus  opus,  quam  quod  pater  exstitit  hujus. 

scilicet  aequoreos  plus  est  domuisse  Britannos, 

perque  papyriferi  semptemflua  flumina  Nili 

victrices  egisse  rates,  Numidasque  rebelles 

Cinyphiumque  Jubam,  Mithridateisque  tumentem     755 

nominibus  Pontum  populo  adjecisse  Quirini, 

et  multos  meruisse,  aliquos  egisse  triumphos, 

quam  tantum  genuisse  virum?     Quo  praeside  rerum 

humano  generi,  Superi,  favistis  abunde. 

Ne  foret  hie  igitur  mortali  semine  cretus,  760 

ille  deus  faciendus  erat.     Quod  ut  aurea  vidit 
Aeneae  genitrix,  vidit  quoque  triste  parari 
pontifici  letum  et  conjurata  arma  moveri, 
palluit;  et  cunctis,  ut  cuique  erat  obvia,  divis 
*  Aspice,'  dicebat  *  quanta  mihi  mole  parentur  765 

insidiae,  quantaque  caput  cum  fraude  petatur, 


150  The  Afotheosis  of  Ccesar.  [Metam. 

quod  de  Dardanio  solum  mihi  restat  Iiilo. 
solane  semper  ero  justis  exercita  curis? 
quam  modo  Tydidae  Calydonia  vulneret  hasta, 
nunc  male  defensae  confundant  moenia  Trojae ;        770 
quae  videam  natum  longis  erroribus  actum 
jactarique  freto  sedesque  intrare  silentum, 
bellaque  cum  Turno  gerere,  aut,  si  vera  fatemur, 
cum  Junone  magis?     Quid  nunc  antiqua  recordor 
damna  mei  generis?     Timor  hie  meminisse  priorum 
non  sinit :  in  me  acui  sceleratos  cernitis  enses. 
quos  prohibete*  precor,  facinusque  repellite !  neve 
caede  sacerdotis  flammas  exstinguite  Vestae.' 

Talia  nequiquam  toto  Venus  anxia  caelo 
verba  jacit,  superosque  movet ;  qui  rumpere  quamquam 
ferrea  non  possunt  veterum  decreta  sororum, 
signa  tamen  luctus  dant  baud  incerta  futuri. 
arma  ferunt  inter  nigras  crepitantia  nubes 
terribilesque  tubas,  auditaque  cornua  caelo 
praemonuisse  nefas.     Solis  quoque  tristis  imago       785 
lurida  sollicitis  praebebat  lumina  terris. 
saepe  faces  visae  mediis  ardere  sub  astris ; 
saepe  inter  nimbos  guttae  cecidere  cruentae. 
caerulus  et  vultum  ferrugine  Lucifer  atra 
sparsus  erat,  sparsi  lunares  sanguine  currus.  790 

tristia  mille  locis  Stygius  dedit  omina  bubo ; 
mille  locis  lacrimavit  ebur,  cantusque  feruntur 
auditi  Sanctis  et  verba  minantia  lucis. 
victima  nulla  litat,  magnosque  instare  tumultus 
fibra  monet,  caesumque  caput  reperitur  in  extis ;       795 
inque  foro  circumque  domos  et  templa  deorum 
nocturnos  ululasse  canes,  umbrasque  silentum 
erravisse  ferunt,  motamque  tremoribus  urbem. 

Non  tamen  insidias  venturaque  vincere  fata 
praemonitus  potuere  deum  ;  strictique  feruntur  800 


XV.  834]  Juf  iter  foretells  his  Glory.  151 

in  templum  gladii ;  neque  enim  locus  ullus  in  Urbe 

ad  facinus  diramque  placet,  nisi  curia,  caedem. 

turn  vero  Cytherea  manu  percussit  utraque 

pectus,  et  aetheria  molitur  condere  nube, 

qua  prius  infesto  Paris  est  ereptus  Atridae,  805 

et  Diomedeos  Aeneas  fugerat  enses. 

Talibus  hanc  genitor :  '  Sola  insuperabile  fatum, 
nata,  movere  paras?  intres  licet  ipsa  sororum 
tecta  trium  !  cernes  illic  molimine  vasto 
ex  aere  et  solido  rerum  tabularia  ferro,  810 

quae  neque  concursum  caeli,  neque  fulminis  iram, 
nee  metuunt  ullas  tuta  atque  aetarna  ruinas. 
invenies  illic  incisa  adamante  perenni 
fata  tui  generis  :  legi  ipse  animoque  notavi, 
et  referam,  ne  sis  etiamnum  ignara  futuri.  815 

1  Hie  sua  complevit,  pro  quo,  Cytherea,  laboras, 
tempora  perfectis  quos  terrae  debuit  annis. 
ut  deus  accedat  caelo  templisque  locetur, 
tu  facies  natusque  suus,  qui  nominis  haeres 
impositum  feret  unus  onus,  caedisque  parentis  820 

nos  in  bella  suos  fortissimus  ultor  habebit. 
illius  auspiciis  obsessae  moenia  pacem 
victa  petunt  Mutinae  ;  Pharsalia  sentiet  ilium  ; 
Emathiaque  iterum  madefient  caede  Philippi ; 
et  magnum  Siculis  nomen  superabitur  undis  ;  825 

Romanique  ducis  conjunx  Aegyptia  taedae 
non  bene  fisa  cadet :  frustraque  erit  ilia  minata, 
servitura  suo  Capitolia  nostra  Canopo. 

1  Quid  tibi  barbariem,  gentes  ab  utroque  jacentes 
Oceano  numerem?  Quodcumque  habitabile  tellus    830 
sustinet,  hujus  erit ;  pontus  quoque  serviet  illi. 
pace  data  terris,  animum  ad  civilia  vertet 
jura  suiim,  legesque  feret  justissimus  auctor : 
exemploque  suo  mores  reget,  inque  futuri 


152  The  Apotheosis  of  Ccssar.  [Metam. 

temporis  aetatem  venturorumque  nepotum  835 

prospiciens,  prolem  sancta  de  conjuge  natam 
ferre  simul  nomenque  suum  curasque  jubebit : 
nee,  nisi  cum  senior  Pylios  aequaverit  annos, 
aetherias  sedes  cognataque  sidera  tanget. 
hanc  animam  interea  caeso  de  corpore  raptam  840 

fac  jubar,  ut  semper  Capitolia  nostra  forumque 
divus  ab  excelsa  prospectet  Julius  aede.' 

Vix  ea  fatus  erat,  media  cum  sede  senatus 
constitit  alma  Venus,  nulli  cernenda,  suique 
Caesaris  eripuit  membris,  nee  in  aera  solvi  845 

passa  recentem  animam  caelestibus  intulit  astris. 
dumque  tulit,  lumen  capere  atque  ignescere  sensit, 
emisitque  sinu.     Luna  volat  altius  ilia, 
flammiferumque  trahens  spatioso  limite  crinem 
stella  micat,  natique  videns  benefacta  fatetur  850 

esse  suis  majora,  et  vinci  gaudet  ab  illo. 
hie  sua  praeferri  quamquam  vetat  acta  paternis, 
libera  fama  tamen  nullisque  obnoxia  jussis 
invitum  praefert,  unaque  in  parte  repugnat. 
sic  magni  cedit  titulis  Agamemnonis  Atreus ;  855 

Aegea  sic  Theseus,  sic  Pelea  vincit  Achilles, 
denique,  ut  exemplis  ipsos  aequantibus  utar, 
sic  et  Saturnus  minor  est  Jove.     Juppiter  arces 
temperat  aetherias  et  mundi  regna  triformis ; 
terra  sub  Augusto  :  pater  est  et  rector  uterque.  860 

Di,  precor,  Aeneae  comites,  quibus  ensis  et  ignis 
cesserunt,  dique  Indigetes,  genitorque  Quirine 
Urbis,  et  invicti  genitor  Gradive  Quirini, 
Vestaque  Caesareos  inter  sacrata  penates, 
et  cum  Caesarea  tu,  Phoebe  domestice,  Vesta,  865 

quique  tenes  altus  Tarpeias  Juppiter  arces, 
quosque  alios  vati  fas  appellare  piumque  est : 
tarda  sit  ilia  dies  et  nostro  serior  aevo, 


XV.  879-]  The  Poet's  Immortality.  153 

qua  caput  Augustum,  quern  temperat,  orbe  relicto 
accedat  caelo,  faveatque  precantibus  absens.  870 

Jamque  opus  exegi,  —  quod  nee  Jovis  ira  nee  ignis 
nee  poterit  ferrum  nee  edax  abolere  vetustas. 
cum  volet,  ilia  dies,  quae  nil  nisi  corporis  hujus 
jus  habet,  incerti  spatium  mihi  finiat  aevi : 
parte  tamen  meliore  mei  super  alta  perennis  875 

astra  ferar,  nomenque  erit  indelebile  nostrum, 
quaque  patet  domitis  Romana  potentia  terris, 
ore  legar  populi,  perque  omnia  saecula  fama, 
si  quid  habent  veri  vatum  praesagia,  vivam. 


SHORTER   POEMS. 


I.     The  Fasti. 

The  word  fasti,  properly  applied  to  those  days  of  the  year  on 
which  it  was  permitted  {fas)  to  transact  public  business,  came  to 
be  applied  to  the  Roman  Calendar,  or  systematic  arrangement 
and  classification  of  the  days  of  each  month.  Ovid's  purpose  in 
this  poem  was  to  cast  this  calendar  into  a  poetic  form,  describ- 
ing whatever  was  peculiar  and  characteristic  in  the  Roman  usages, 
— as  festivals  and  rites,  —  and  working  into  it  whatever  traditions 
and  myths  were  current  among  the  people.  The  Roman  religion 
was  so  meagre  in  the  elements  of  fable,  that  its  mythology,  as  pre- 
sented in  this  work,  is  hardly  more  than  a  clumsy  adaptation  and 
vamping  over  of  Grecian  myths.  It  was,  however,  as  rich  in 
form  and  ceremonial  as  it  was  poor  in  story ;  and  the  most  valu- 
able and  original  portions  of  the  Fasti  are  those  which  describe 
fragments  of  these  primitive  rites,  which  had  managed  to  survive 
the  inroad  of  the  more  fashionable  Greek  and  Oriental  forms  of 
worship,  and  still  lingered  in  the  community.  Some  of  them, 
indeed,  held  their  own  for  centuries  longer,  and  some  were 
transformed  and  adopted  into  the  Christian  calendar. 

Only  six  books  of  the  Fasti,  containing  the  months  from  Jan- 
uary to  June  inclusive,  are  extant.  It  is  a  much  disputed  question 
whether  the  other  six  books  have  been  lost,  or  were  never  written. 
It  is  probable  that  they  were  written  in  the  rough,  but  unfinished 
at  the  time  of  the  poet's  exile,  and  never  published.  At  any  rate, 
there  are  no  citations  in  ancient  authors  from  any  but  the  first 
six  books. 

The  following  extracts  from  the  fourth  book  (April)  contain  a 
description  of  two  very  ancient  festivals,  with  the  traditional 
account  of  the  founding  of  Rome,  introduced  in  the  usual  manner 
of  the  poet. 

i.    The  Festival  of  Pales  (April  21). 

"T^TOX  abiit,  oriturque  Aurora.     Par  ilia  poscor  : 
x  ^      Non  poscor  frustra,  si  fa  vet  alma  Pales. 


i$6  Shorter  Poems.  [Fasti 

Alma  Pales,  faveas  pastoria  sacra  canenti, 

Prosequor  officio  si  tua  festa  pio. 
Certe  ego  de  vitulo  cinerem  stipulasque  fabalis  725 

Saepe  tuli  plena  (februa  casta)  manu. 
Certe  ego  transilui  positas  ter  in  ordine  flammas, 

Udaque  roratas  laurea  misit  aquas. 
Mota  dea  est,  operique  favet :  navalibus  exi, 

Puppis  !  habent  ventos  jam  mea  vela  suos.  730 

I,  pete  virginea,  populus,  suffimen  ab  ara  : 

Vesta  dabit;  Vestae  munere  purus  eris. 
Sanguis  equi  suffimen  erit,  vitulique  favilla, 

Tertia  res  durae  culmen  inane  fabae. 
Pastor,  oves  saturas  ad  prima  crepuscula  lustra :       735 

-  Unda  prius  spargat,  virgaque  verrat  humum. 
Frondibus  et  fixis  decorentur  ovilia  ramis, 

Et  tegat  ornatas  longa  corona  fores. 
Caerulei  fiant  vivo  de  sulphure  fumi, 

Tactaque  fumanti  sulphure  balet  ovis.  740 

Ure  mares  oleas,  taedamque,  herbasque  Sabinas, 

Et  crepet  in  mediis  laurus  adusta  focis. 
Libaque  de  milio  milii  fiscella  sequetur : 

Rustica  praecipue  est  hoc  dea  laeta  cibo. 
Adde  dapes  mulctramque  suas,  dapibusque  resectis   745 

Silvicolam  tepido  lacte  precare  Palen. 
Consule  (die)  pecori far  iter  pecorisque  magi  sir  is: 

Effngiat  stabulis  noxa  repulsa  meis. 
Sive  sacro  pavi,  sedive  sub  arbore  sacra, 

Pabulaque  e  bustis  inscia  carpsit  ovis;  750 

Si  nemus  intravi  vetitum,  nostrisve  fugatae 

Sunt  oculis  nymphae,  semicapervc  deus; 
Simcafalx  ramo  lucum  spoliavit  opaco, 

Unde  data  est  aegrae  jiscina  frondis  ovi; 
Da  veniam  culpae,  nee,  dum  degrandinat,  obsit       755 

Agresti fano  supposuisse  pecus. 


IV.  792-3  The  Fasti.  i$7 

Nee  noceat  turbasse  lacus :  ig??oscite,  nymphae, 

Mota  quod  obscuras  ungula  fecit  aquas. 
Tu,  dea,  pro  nobis  fontes  fontanaque  placa 

Numina;  tu  spar  so  s  -per  ncmus  otnne  deos.  760 

Nee  dryadas,  nee  nos  vidcamus  labra  Dianae, 

Nee  Faumim,  medio  cum  premit  arva  die. 
Pelle  procul  morbos :  valeant  hominesque  gregesque, 

Ft  valeant  vigiles,  provida  turba,  canes. 
Neve  minus  multos  redigam  quam  mancfucrunt,      765 

Neve  gemam  refer  ens  vellera  rapt  a  lupo. 
Absit  ini qua  fames :  herbae  frondesque  supersint, 

£>uacque  lavent  artus,  quaeque  bibantur,  aquae. 
Ubera  plena  premam :  refer  at  mihi  caseus  aera> 

Dentque  viam  liquido  vimina  rara  sero.  770 

Lanaque  proveniat  nullas  lacsura  puellas, 

Mollis  et  ad  teneras  quamlibct  apta  manus. 
£>iiae  precor,  eveniant;  et  nosfaciamus  ad  annum  775 

Pastorum  dominae  grandia  liba  Pali. 
His  dea  placanda  est ;  haec  tu  conversus  ad  ortus 

Die  quater,  et  vivo  perlue  rore  manus. 
Turn  licet  adposita,  veluti  cratere,  camella, 

Lac  niveum  potes  purpureamque  sapam  ;  780 

Moxque  per  ardentes  stipulae  crepitantes  acervos 

Traicias  celeri  strenua  membra  pede. 
Exposttus  mos  est :  moris  mihi  restat  origo. 

Turba  facit  dubium,  coeptaque  nostra  tenet. 
Omnia  purgat  edax  ignis,  vitiumque  metallis  785 

Excoquit :  idcirco  cum  duce  purgat  ovis? 
An,  quia  cunctarum  contraria  semina  rerum 

Sunt  duo  discordes,  ignis  et  unda,  dei, 
Junxerunt  elementa  patres,  aptumque  putarunt 

Ignibus  et  sparsa  tangere  corpus  aqua?  790 

An,  quod  in  his  vitae  causa  est,  haec  perdidit  exsul, 

His  nova  fit  conjunx,  haec  duo  magna  putant? 


158  Shorter  Poems.  [Fasti 

Vix  equidem  credo  :  sunt  qui  Phaethonta  referri 

Credant,  et  nimias  Deucalionis  aquas. 
Pars  quoque,  cum  saxis  pastores  saxa  feribant,  795 

Scintillam  subito  prosiluisse  ferunt : 
Prima  quidem  periit,  stipulis  excepta  secunda  est. 

Hoc  argumentum  flamma  Parilis  habet? 
An  magis  hunc  morem  pietas  Aeneia  fecit, 

Innocuum  victo  cui  dedit  ignis  iter?  800 

Num  tamen  est  vero  propius,  cum  condita  Roma  est, 

Transferri  jussos  in  nova  tecta  Lares, 
Mutantesque  domum  tectis  agrestibus  ignem, 

Et  cessaturae  supposuisse  casae, 
Per  flammas  saluisse  pecus,  saluisse  colonos?  805 

Quod  fit  natali  nunc  quoque,  Roma,  tuo. 
Ipse  locus  causas  vati  facit.     Urbis  origo 

Venit :  ades  factis,  magne  Quirine,  tuis ! 


2.    The  Founding  of  Rome. 

TAM  luerat  poenas  frater  Numitoris,  et  omne 
•^      Pastorum  gemino  sub  duce  volgus  erat.  810 

Contrahere  agrestes  et  moenia  ponere  utrique 

Convenit :  ambigitur,  moenia  ponat  uter. 
%  Nil  opus  est  \  dixit  *  certamine  '  Romulus  *  ullo  : 

Magna  fides  avium  est ;  experiamur  aves.' 
Res  placet :  alter  adit  nemorosi  saxa  Palati ;  815 

Alter  Aventinum  mane  cacumen  init. 
Sex  Remus,  hie  volucres  bis  sex  videt  ordine  ;  pacto 

Statur,  et  arbitrium  Romulus  urbis  habet. 
Apta  dies  legitur,  qua  moenia  signet  aratro. 

Sacra  Palis  suberant ;  inde  movetur  opus  :  820 

Fossa  fit  ad  solidum  ;  fruges  jaciuntur  in  ima, 

Et  de  vicino  terra  petita  solo. 


IV.  856.]  The  Founding  of  Rome.  159 

Fossa  repletur  humo,  plenaeque  imponitur  ara, 

Et  novus  accenso  fungitur  igne  focus. 
Inde  premens  stivam  designat  moenia  sulco  :  825 

Alba  jugum  niveo  cum  bove  vacca  tulit. 
Vox  fuit  haec  regis  :    Condenti,  Juppiter ,  urbem 

JEt  genitor  Mavors   Vestaque  mater ,  adesl 
£>uosquc  pium  est  adhibere  dcos,  advertite  cuncti! 

Auspicibus  vobis  hoc  mihi  surgat  opus.  830 

Longa  sit  huic  aetas  dominacque  potentia  terrae, 

Sit  que  sub  hac  oriens  occiduusque  dies. 
Ille  precabatur  :  tonitru  dedit  omina  laevo 

Juppiter,  et  laevo  fulmina  missa  polo. 
Augurio  laeti  jaciunt  fundamina  cives,  835 

Et  novus  exiguo  tempore  murus  erat. 
Hoc  Celer  urget  opus,  quern  Romulus  ipse  vocarat, 

*  Sint'que,  (  Celer,  curae'  dixerat  *  ista  tuae  : 
Neve  quis  aut  muros,  aut  factam  vomere  fossam 

Transeat,  audentem  talia  dede  neci.'  840 

Quod  Remus  ignorans  humiles  contemnere  muros 

Coepit,  et  *  His  populus  '  dicere  '  tutus  erit?' 
Nee  mora,  transiluit :  rutro  Celer  occupat  ausum  ; 

Ille  premit  duram  sanguinulentus  humum. 
Haec  ubi  rex  didicit,  lacrimas  introrsus  obortas         845 

Devorat,  et  clausum  pectore  volnus  habet ; 
Flere  palam  non  volt,  exemplaque  fortia  servat, 

Sic  que  meos  muros  transeat  hostis  ait. 
Dat  tamen  exsequias  ;  nee  jam  suspendere  fletum 

Sustinet,  et  pietas  dissimulata  patet.  850 

Osculaque  adplicuit  posito  suprema  feretro, 

Atque  ait,  Invito  f rater  adempte,  vale! 
Arsurosque  artus  unxit.     Fecere,  quod  ille, 

Faustulus  et  maestas  Acca  soluta  comas ; 
Turn  juvenem  nondum  facti  flevere  Quirites  ;  ^55 

Ultima  plorato  subdita  flamma  rogo  est. 


160  Shorter  Poems.  [Fasti 

Urbs  oritur — quis  tunc  hoc  ulli  credere  posset?  — 

Victorem  terris  impositura  pedem. 
Cuncta  regas,  et  sis  magno  sub  Caesare  semper : 

Saepe  etiam  pluris  nominis  hujus  habe ;  860 

Et  quotiens  steteris  domito  sublimis  in  orbe, 

Omnia  sint  humeris  inferiora  tuis. 


2.  Ritual  to  avert  Blight  (April  25). 

QEX  ubi,  quae  restant,  luces  Aprilis  habebit, 

^     In  medio  cursu  tempora  veris  erunt, 

Et  frustra  pecudem  quaeres  Athamantidos  Helles, 

Signaque  dant  imbres,  exoriturque  Canis. 
Hac  mihi  Nomento  Romam  cum  luce  redirem,  905 

Obstitit  in  media  Candida  turba  via ; 
Flamen  in  antiquae  lucum  Robiginis  ibat, 

Exta  canis  flammis,  exta  daturus  ovis. 
Protinus  accessi,  ritus  ne  nescius  essem ; 

Edidit  haec  Flamen  verba,  Quirine,  tuus  :  910 

Aspera  Robigo ,  parcas  Cerialibus  her  bis, 

Et  tremat  in  summa  leve  cacumen  humo. 
Tu  sata  sideribus  caeli  nutrita  secundi 

Crescere,  dum jiant falcibus  apta,  sinas. 
Vis  tua  non  levis  est:  quae  tu  frumenta  notasti,       915 

Maestus  in  amissis  ilia  colonus  habet. 
Nee  venti  tantum  Cereri  nocuere,  nee  imbres, 

Nee  sic  marmoreo  -pallet  adusta  gelu, 
Quantum,  si  culmos  Titan  incalfacit  udos : 

Tunc  locus  est  irae,  diva  timenda,  tuae.  920 

Parce,  precor,  scabrasque  manus  a  messibus  aufer, 

Neve  noce  cultis :  posse  nocere  sat  est. 
Nee  ten  eras  segetes,  sed  durum  ample  et  ere  ferrum, 

£>uodque  potest  alios  perdere,  perde  prior. 


IV.  942.]  Ritual  to  avert  Blight.  161 

Utilius  gladios  et  tela  nocentia  carpes  :  925 

Nil  opus  est  Hits;  otia  mundus  agit. 
Sarcula  nunc  durusque  bidens  et  vomer  aduncus, 

Ruris  opes,  niteant:  inquinet  arma  situs. 
Conatusque  aliquis  vagina  ducereferrumy 

Adstrictum  longa  sentiat  esse  mora.  930 

At  tu  ne  viola  Cerereml  semper  que  colonus 

Absenti possit  solvere  vota  tibi. 
Dixerat;  a  dextra  villis  mantele  solutis, 

Cumque  meri  patera  turis  acerra  fuit ; 
Tura  focis  vinumque  dedit,  fibrasque  bidentis,  935 

Turpiaque  obscenae  (vidimus)  exta  canis. 
Turn  mihi  '  Cur  detur  sacris  nova  victima,  quaeris?  '  — 

Quaesieram  —  *  Causam  percipe '  flamen  ait. 
*  Est  canis,  Icarium  dicunt,  quo  sidere  moto 

Tosta  sitit  tellus,  praecipiturque  seges.  940 

Pro  cane  sidereo  canis  hie  imponitur  arae, 

Et  quare  pereat,  nil  nisi  nomen  habet.' 


162  Shorter  Poems*  [Heroides 


II.     Heroides. 

The  Heroides  ("  Heroines  ")  are  a  series  of  about  twenty  letters 
addressed  from  various  mythical  and  legendary  persons,  —  chiefly 
from  lonely  wives  and  forsaken  brides  to  husband  or  lover.  The 
example  here  given  is  the  first  and  perhaps  best  of  the  series. 

Penelope  to   Ulysses, 

TTANC  tua  Penelope  lento  tibi  mittit,  Ulixe  : 
■**  ■*■     Nil  mihi  rescribas,  at  tamen  ipse  veni. 
Troja  jacet  certe,  Danais  invisa  puellis  ; 

Vix  Priamus  tanti  totaque  Troja  fuit. 
O  utinam  turn,  cum  Lacedaemona  classe  petebat,        5 

Obrutus  insanis  esset  adulter  aquis  ! 
Non  ego  deserto  jacuissem  frigida  lecto, 

Non  quererer  tardos  ire  relicta  dies ; 
Nee  mihi  quaerenti  spatiosam  fallere  noctem 

Lassasset  viduas  pendula  tela  manus.  10 

Quando  ego  non  timui  graviora  pericula  veris? 

Res  est  solliciti  plena  timoris  amor. 
In  te  fingebam  violentos  Troas  ituros ; 

Nomine  in  Hectoreo  pallida  semper  eram. 
Sive  quis  Antilochum  narrabat  ab  Hectore  victum,     15 

Antilochus  nostri  causa  timoris  erat ; 
Sive,  Menoetiaden  falsis  cecidisse  sub  armis, 

Flebam  successu  posse  carere  dolos ; 
Sanguine  Tlepolemus  Lyciam  tepefecerat  hastam, 

Tlepolemi  leto  cura  novata  mea  est ;  20 

Denique,  quisquis  erat  castris  jugulatus  Achivis 

Frigidius  glacie  pectus  amantis  erat. 
Sed  bene  consuluit  casto  deus  aequus  amori : 

Versa  est  in  cineres  sospite  Troja  viro. 


I.  i,  58.J  Penelope  to   Ulysses.  163 

Argolici  rediere  duces  :  altaria  fumant ;  25 

Ponitur  ad  patrios  barbara  praeda  deos ; 
Grata  ferunt  nymphae  pro  salvis  dona  maritis ; 

Illi  victa  suis  Tro'ica  fata  canunt. 
Mirantur  justique  senes  trepidaeque  puellae  : 

Narrantis  conjunx  pendet  ab  ore  viri.  30 

Atque  aliquis  posita  monstrat  fera  proelia  mensa, 

Pingit  et  exiguo  Pergama  tota  mero : 
'  Hac  ibat  Simois,  hac  est  Sigeia  tellus, 

Hie  steterat  Priami  regia  celsa  senis ; 
Ulic  Aeacides,  illic  tendebat  Ulixes  ;  35 

Hie  alacer  missos  terruit  Hector  equos.' 
Omnia  namque  tuo  senior,  te  quaerere  misso, 

Retulerat  gnato  Nestor,  at  ille  mihi. 
Retulit  et  ferro  Rhesumque  Dolonaque  caesos, 

Utque  sit  hie  somno  proditus,  ille  dolo.  40 

Ausus  es,  O  nimium  nimiumque  oblite  tuorum, 

Thracia  nocturno  tangere  castra  dolo, 
Totque  simul  mactare  viros,  adjutus  ab  uno ! 

At  bene  cautus  eras  et  memor  ante  mei? 
Usque  metu  micuere  sinus,  dum  victor  amicum  45 

Dictus  es  Ismariis  isse  per  agmen  equis. 
Sed  mihi  quid  prodest  vestris  disjecta  lacertis 

Ilios  et  murus  quod  fuit,  esse  solum, 
Si  maneo  qualis  Troja  durante  manebam, 

Virque  mihi  dempto  fine  carendus  abest?  50 

Diruta  sunt  aliis,  uni  mihi  Pergama  restant, 

Incola  captivo  quae  bove  victor  arat. 
Jam  seges  est,  ubi  Troja  fuit,  resecandaque  fake 

Luxuriat  Phrygio  sanguine  pinguis  humus ; 
Semisepulta  virum  curvis  feriuntur  aratris  55 

Ossa  ;  ruinosas  occulit  herba  domos. 
Victor  abes  :  nee  scire  mihi,  quae  causa  morandi, 

Aut  in  quo  lateas  ferreus  orbe,  licet. 


164  Shorter  Poems.  [Heroides 

Qiiisquis  ad  haec  vertit  peregrinam  littora  puppim, 

Ille  mihi  de  te  multa  rogatus  abit :  60 

Quamque  tibi  reddat,  si  te  modo  viderit  usquam, 

Traditur  huic  digitis  charta  novata  meis. 
Nos  Pylon,  antiqui  Neleia  Nestoris  arva, 

Misimus  :  incerta  est  fama  remissa  Pylo. 
Misimus  et  Sparten  :  Sparte  quoque  nescia  veri.         65 

Quas  habitas  terras,  aut  ubi  lentus  abes? 
Utilius  starent  etiam  nunc  moenia  Phoebi. 

Irascor  votis  heu  levis  ipsa  meis ! 
Scirem  ubi  pugnares,  et  tantum  bella  timerem, 

Et  mea  cum  multis  juncta  querela  foret.  y0 

Quid  timeam,  ignoro ;  timeo  tamen  omnia  demens, 

Et  patet  in  curas  area  lata  meas. 
Quaecumque  aequor  habet,  quaecumque  pericula  tellus, 

Tarn  longae  causas  suspicor  esse  morae. 
Haec  ego  dum  stulte  metuo,  quae  vestra  libido  est,    75 

Esse  peregrino  captus  amore  potes. 
Forsitan  et  narres,  quam  sit  tibi  rustica  conjunx, 

Quae  tantum  lanas  non  sinat  esse  rudes. 
Fallar,  et  hoc  crimen  tenues  vanescat  in  auras, 

Neve,  revertendi  liber,  abesse  velis !  80 

Me  pater  Icarius  viduo  discedere  lecto 

Cogit,  et  immensas  increpat  usque  moras. 
Increpet  usque  licet:  tua  sum,  tua  dicar  oportet; 

Penelope  conjunx  semper  Ulixis  ero. 
Ille  tamen  pietate  mea  precibusque  pudicis  85 

Frangitur,  et  vires  temperat  ipse  suas. 
Dulichii  Samiique  et  quos  tulit  alta  Zacynthos, 

Turba  ruunt  in  me  luxuriosa  proci ; 
Inque  tua  regnant,  nullis  prohibentibus,  aula  : 

Viscera  nostra,  tuae  dilacerantur  opes.  90 

Quid  tibi  Pisandrum  Polybumque  Medontaque  dirum 

Eurymachique  avidas  Antinoique  manus 


I.  i,  n6.]  Penelofe  to   Ulysses.  165 

Atque  alios  referam,  quos  omnes  turpiter  absens 

Ipse  tuo  partis  sanguine  rebus  alis? 
Irus  egens  pecorisque  Melanthius  actor  edendi  95 

Ultimus  accedunt  in  tua  damna  pudor. 
Tres  sumus  inbelles  numero,  sine  viribus  uxor, 

Laertesque  senex,  Telemachusque  puer. 
Ille  per  insidias  paene  est  mihi  nuper  ademptus, 

Dum  parat  invitis  omnibus  ire  Pylon.  100 

Di,  precor,  hoc  jubeant,  ut  euntibus  ordine  fatis 

Ille  meos  oculos  comprimat,  ille  tuos. 
Hinc  faciunt  custosque  bourn  longaevaque  nutrix, 

Tertius  immundae  cura  fidelis  harae. 
Sed  neque  Laertes,  ut  qui  sit  inutilis  armis,  105 

Hostibus  in  mediis  regna  tenere  potest. 
Telemacho  veniet,  vivat  modo,  fortior  aetas : 

Nunc  erat  auxiliis  ilia  tuenda  patris. 
Nee  mihi  sunt  vires  inimicos  pellere  tectis : 

Tu  citius  venias,  portus  et  aura  tuis.  no 

Est  tibi,  sitque,  precor,  gnatus,  qui  mollibus  annis 

In  patrias  artes  erudiendus  erat. 
Respice  Laerten,  ut  jam  sua  lumina  condas, 

Extremum  fati  sustinet  ille  diem. 
Certe  ego,  quae  fueram  te  discedente  puella,  115 

Protinus  ut  venias,  facta  videbor  anus. 


1 66  Shorter  Poems,  [Amores 


III.     Amores. 

The  Amores  consist  of  three  books  of  short  poems,  very  miscel- 
laneous in  their  subjects,  sentimental,  voluptuous,  complimentary, 
or  personal.  Those  here  given  have  a  special  interest,  as  illus- 
trating the  poet's  earlier  aspiration,  and  the  more  playful  aspect  of 
his  verse. 

i.    The  Poet  of  Idleness  (i.  15). 

QUID  mihi,  Livor  edax,  ignavos  obicis  annos, 
Ingeniique  vocas  carmen  inertis  opus? 
Non  me  more  patrum,  dum  strenua  sustinet  aetas 

Praemia  militiae  pulverulenta  sequi, 
Nee  me  verbosas  leges  ediscere,  nee  me  5 

Ingrato  vocem  prostituisse  foro. 
Mortale  est,  quod  quaeris,  opus :  mihi  fama  perennis 

Quaeritur,  in  toto  semper  ut  orbe  canar. 
Vivet  Maeonides,  Tenedos  dum  stabit  et  Ide, 

Dum  rapidas  Simois  in  mare  volvet  aquas.  10 

Vivet  et  Ascraeus,  dum  mustis  uva  tumebit, 

Dum  cadet  incurva  falce  resecta  Ceres. 
Battiades  semper  toto  cantabitur  orbe  : 

Quamvis  ingenio  non  valet,  arte  valet. 
Nulla  Sophocleo  veniet  jactura  cothurno  ;  15 

Cum  sole  et  luna  semper  Aratus  erit. 
Dum  fallax  servus,  durus  pater,  improba  lena 

Vivent  et  meretrix  blanda,  Menandros  erit. 
Ennius  arte  carens  animosique  Accius  oris 

Casurum  nullo  tempore  nomen  habent.  20 

Varronem  primamque  ratem  quae  nesciet  aetas, 

Aureaque  Aesonio  terga  petita  duci? 
Carmina  sublimis  tunc  sunt  peritura  Lucreti, 

Exitio  terras  cum  dabit  una  dies. 


II.  6,  i2.]  Elegy  on  a  Parrot.  167 

Tityrus  et  fruges  Aenei'aque  arma  legentur,  25 

Roma  triumphati  dum  caput  orbis  erit. 
Donee  erunt  ignes  arcusque  Cupidinis  arma, 

Discentur  numeri,  culte  Tibulle,  tui. 
Gallus  et  Hesperiis  et  Gallus  notus  Eois, 

Et  sua  cum  Gallo  nota  Lycoris  erit.  30 

Ergo  cum  silices,  cum  dens  patientis  aratri 

Depereant  aevo,  carmina  morte  carent. 
Cedant  carminibus  reges  regumque  triumphi, 

Cedat  et  auriferi  ripa  benigna  Tagi. 
Vilia  miretur  vulgus  :  mihi  flavus  Apollo  35 

Pocula  Castalia  plena  ministret  aqua, 
Sustineamque  coma  metuentem  frigora  myrtum : 

Atque  fta  sollicito  multus  amante  legar. 
Pascitur  in  vivis  Livor ;  post  fata  quiescit, 

Cum  suus  ex  merito  quemque  tuetur  honos.  40 

Ergo  etiam  cum  me  supremus  adederit  ignis, 

Vivam,  parsque  mei  multa  superstes  erit. 


2.  Elegy  on  a  Parrot  (ii.  6). 

TpSITTACUS,  eois  imitatrix  ales  ab  Indis, 
A  Occidit !  exsequias  ite  frequenter,  aves. 
Ite,  piae  volucres,  et  plangite  pectora  pinnis, 

Et  rigido  teneras  ungue  notate  genas. 
Horrida  pro  maestis  lanietur  pluma  capillis,  5 

Pro  longa  resonent  carmina  vestra  tuba. 
Quod  scelus  Ismarii  quereris,  Philomela,  tyranni, 

Expleta  est  annis  ista  querella  suis. 
Alitis  in  rarae  miserum  devertere  funus : 

Magna  sed  antiqui  causa  doloris  Itys.  10 

Omnes,  quae  liquido  libratis  in  aere  cursus, 

Tu  tamen  ante  alios,  turtur  amice,  dole. 


1 68  Shorter  Poems,  [Amores 

Plena  fuit  vobis  omni  concordia  vita, 

Et  stetit  ad  finem  longa  tenaxque  fides. 
Quod  fuit  Argolico  juvenis  Phoceus  Orestae,  15 

Hoc  tibi,  dum  licuit,  psittace,  turtur  erat. 
Quid  tamen  ista  fides,  quid  rari  forma  coloris, 

Quid  vox  mutandis  ingeniosa  sonis, 
Quid  juvat,  ut  datus  es,  nostrae  placuisse  puellae? 

Infelix  avium  gloria,  nempe  jaces.  20 

Tu  poteras  fragiles  pinnis  hebetare  zmaragdos, 

Tincta  gerens  rubro  Punica  rostra  croco. 
Non  fuit  in  terris  vocum  simulantior  ales : 

Reddebas  blaeso  tarn  bene  verba  sono. 
Raptus  es  invidia  :  non  tu  fera  bella  movebas  ;  25 

Garrulus  et  placidae  pacis  amator  eras. 
Ecce,  coturnices  inter  sua  proelia  vivunt, 

Forsitan  et  riant  inde  frequenter  anus. 
Plenus  eras  minimo :  nee  prae  sermonis  amore 

In  multos  poteras  ora  vacare  cibos.  30 

Nux  erat  esca  tibi,  causaeque  papavera  somni, 

Pellebatque  sitim  simplicis  umor  aquae. 
Vivet  edax  vultur,  ducensque  per  aera  gyros 

Miluus,  et  pluviae  graculus  auctor  aquae ; 
Vivet  et  armiferae  cornix  invisa  Minervae,  35 

Ilia  quidem  saeclis  vix  moritura  novem. 
Occidit  ille  loquax,  humanae  vocis  imago, 

Psittacus,  extremo  munus  ab  orbe  datum. 
Optima  prima  fere  manibus  rapiuntur  avaris ; 

Implentur  numeris  deteriora  suis.  40 

Tristia  Phylacidae  Thersites  funera  vidit : 

Jamque  cinis,  vivis  fratribus,  Hector  erat. 
Quid  referam  timidae  pro  te  pia  vota  puellae, 

Vota  procelloso  per  mare  rapta  noto? 
Septima  lux  aderat,  non  exhibitura  sequentem,  45 

Et  stabat  vacuo  jam  tibi  Parca  colo  ; 


III.  15,  14.]  Farewell  to  the  Loves.  169 

Nee  tamen  ignavo  stupuerunt  verba  palato : 

Clamavit  moriens  lingua  Corinna,  vale! 
Colle  sub  Elysio  nigra  nemus  ilice  frondet, 

Udaque  perpetuo  gramine  terra  viret.  50 

Siqua  fides  dubiis,  volucrum  locus  ille  piarum 

Dicitur,  obscenae  quo  prohibentur  aves : 
Illic  innocui  late  pascuntur  olores, 

Et  vivax  phoenix,  unica  semper  avis ; 
Explicat  ipsa  suas  ales  Junonia  pinnas,  55 

Oscula  dat  cupido  blanda  columba  mari. 
Psittacus  has  inter  nemorali  sede  receptus 

Convertit  volucres  in  sua  verba  pias. 
Ossa  tegit  tumulus,  tumulus  pro  corpore  magnus, 

Quo  lapis  exiguus  par  sibi  carmen  habet :  60 

Colligor  ex  ipso  dominae  placuisse  sepulchro  : 

Orafuere  mihi  -plus  ave  docta  loqui. 


3.  Farewell  to  the  Loves  (iii.  15). 

QUAERE  novum  vatem,tenerorum  mater  Amorum  ! 
Raditur  hie  elegis  ultima  meta  meis : 
Quos  ego  composui,  Peligni  ruris  alumnus; 

Nee  me  deliciae  dedecuere  meae. 
Siquid  id  est,  usque  a  proavis  vetus  ordinis  heres,        5 

Non  modo  militiae  turbine  factus  eques. 
Mantua  Vergilio  gaudet ;  Verona  Catullo  : 

Pelignae  dicar  gloria  gentis  ego, 
Quam  sua  libertas  ad  honesta  coegerat  arma, 

Cum  timuit  socias  anxia  Roma  manus.  10 

Atque  aliquis  spectans  hospes  Sulmonis  aquosi 

Moenia,  quae  campi  jugera  pauca  tenent, 
*  Quae  tantum'  dicet  *  potuistis  ferre  poetam, 

Quantulacumque  estis,  vos  ego  magna  voco.' 


170  Shorter  Poems,  [Amores 

Culte  puer,  puerique  parens  Amathusia  culti,  15 

Aurea  de  campo  vellite  signa  meo. 
Corniger  increpuit  thyrso  graviore  Lyaeus  : 

Pulsanda  est  magnis  area  major  equis. 
Imbelles  Elegi,  genialis  Musa,  valete, 

Post  mea  mansurum  fata  superstes  opus  !  20 


I.  3,24.]  Banished  from  Rome,  171 


IV.     Tristia. 

The  Tristia  ("  Complaints  ")  are  five  books  of  poems  written 
during  Ovid's  long  banishment.  Some  of  them  tiave  much  bio- 
graphical interest,  and  all  are  full  of  personal  feeling  ;  sometimes 
monotonous,  abject,  and  unmanly,  more  often  a  genuine  and  most 
pathetic  expression  of  the  sorrows  of  exile.  (Respecting  the 
causes  and  circumstances  of  Ovid's  banishment,  see  the  Life.) 

i.  Banished  from  Rome  (i.  3). 

piJM  subit  illius  Iristissima  noctis  imago, 
^■^     Qua  mihi  supremum  tempus  in  Urbe  fuit, 
Cum  repeto  noctem,  qua  tot  mihi  cara  reliqui, 

Labitur  ex  oculis  nunc  quoque  gutta  meis. 
Jam  prope  lux  aderat,  qua  me  discedere  Caesar  5 

Finibus  extremae  jusserat  Ausoniae. 
Nee  spatium  fuerat,  nee  mens  satis  apta  parandi : 

Torpuerant  longa  pectora  nostra  mora. 
Non  mihi  servorum,  comitis  non  cura  legendi, 

Non  aptae  profugo  vestis  opisve  fuit.  10 

Non  aliter  stupui,  quam  qui  Jovis  ignibus  ictus 

Vivit,  et  est  vitae  nescius  ipse  suae. 
Ut  tamen  hanc  animi  nubem  dolor  ipse  removit, 

Et  tandem  sensus  convaluere  mei ; 
Adloquor  extremum  maestos  abiturus  amicos,  15 

Qui  modo  de  multis  unus  et  alter  erant. 
Uxor  amans  flentem  flens  acrius  ipsa  tenebat, 

Imbre  per  indignas  usque  cadente  genas ; 
Nata  procul  Libycis  aberat  diversa  sub  oris, 

Nee  poterat  fati  certior  esse  mei.  20 

Quocumque  aspiceres,  luctus  gemitusque  sonabant, 

Formaque  non  taciti  funeris  intus  erat. 
Femina  virque  meo,  pueri  quoque  funere  maerent ; 

Inque  domo  lacrimas  angulus  omnis  habet : 


172  Shorter  Poems,  [Tristia 

Si  licet  exemplis  in  parvo  grandibus  uti,  25 

Haec  facies  Trojae,  cum  caperetur,  erat. 
Jamque  quiescebant  voces  hominumque  canumque, 

Lunaque  nocturnos  alta  regebat  equos. 
Hanc  ego  suspiciens  et  ab  hac  Capitolia  cernens, 

Quae  nostro  frustra  juncta  fuere  lari,  30 

*  Numina  vicinis  habitantia  sedibus,'  inquam, 

*  Jamque  oculis  numquam  templa  videnda  meis, 
Dique  relinquendi,  quos  urbs  tenet  alta  Quirini, 

Este  salutati  tempus  in  omne  mihi ! 
Et  quamquam  sero  clipeum  post  vulnera  sumo,  35 

Attamen  hanc  odiis  exonerate  fugam, 
Caelestique  viro,  quis  me  deceperit  error, 

Dicite  :  pro  culpa  ne  scelus  esse  putet. 
Ut  quod  vos  scitis,  poenae  quoque  sentiat  auctor, 

Placato  possum  non  miser  esse  deo.'  40 

Hac  prece  adoravi  superos  ego  :  pluribus  uxor, 

Singultu  medios  impediente  sonos. 
Ilia  etiam,  ante  Lares  passis  prostrata  capillis, 

Contigit  exstinctos  ore  tremente  focos, 
Multaque  in  adversos  effudit  verba  Penates  45 

Pro  deplorato  non  valitura  viro. 
Jamque  morae  spatium  nox  praecipitata  negabat, 

Versaque  ab  axe  suo  Parrhasis  arctos  erat. 
Quid  facerem?  blando  patriae  retinebar  amore ; 

Ultima  sed  jussae  nox  erat  ilia  fugae.  50 

Ah  !  quotiens  aliquo  dixi  properante  *  Quid  urgues  ? 

Vel  quo  festines  ire,  vel  unde,  vide  ! ' 
Ah  !  quotiens  certam  me  sum  mentitus  habere 

Horam,  propositae  quae  foret  apta  viae. 
Ter  limen  tetigi,  ter  sum  revocatus,  et  ipse  55 

Indulgens  animo  pes  mihi  tardus  erat ; 
Saepe   Vrale  dicto  rursus  sum  multa  locutus, 

Et  quasi  discedens  oscula  summa  dedi ; 


I.  3, 92.]  Banished  from  Rome,  173 

Saepe  eadem  mandata  dedi,  meque  ipse  fefelli, 

Respiciens  oculis  pignora  cara  meis.  60 

Denique  'Quid  propero?  Scythia  est,  quo  mittimur,' 
inquam  ; 
*  Roma  relinquenda  est :  utraque  justa  mora  est. 

Uxor  in  aeternum  vivo  mihi  viva  negatur, 
Et  domus  et  fidae  dulcia  membra  domus, 

Quosque  ego  fraterno  dilexi  more  sodales,  65 

0  mihi  Thesea  pectora  juncta  fide  ! 

Dum  licet,  amplectar :  numquam  fortasse  licebit 

Amplius :  in  lucro  est  quae  datur  hora  mihi.' 
Nee  mora,  sermonis  verba  inperfecta  relinquo, 

Complectens  animo  proxima  quaeque  meo.  70 

Dum  loquor  et  flemus,  caelo  nitidissimus  alto, 

Stella  gravis  nobis,  Lucifer  ortus  erat : 
Dividor  haud  aliter,  quam  si  mea  membra  relinquam, 

Et  pars  abrumpi  corpore  visa  suo  est. 
Sic  doluit  Mettus  tunc,  cum  in  contraria  versos  75 

Ultores  habuit  proditionis  equos. 
Turn  vero  exoritur  clamor  gemitusque  meorum, 

Et  feriunt  maestae  pectora  nuda  manus. 
Turn  vero  conjunx,  humeris  abeuntis  inhaerens, 

Miscuit  haec  lacrimis  tristia  dicta  suis  :  80 

1  Non  potes  avelli :  simul,  ah  !  simul  ibimus'  inquit ; 

1  Te  sequar  et  conjunx  exsulis  exsul  ero. 

Et  mihi  facta  via  est,  et  me  capit  ultima  tellus : 

Accedam  profugae  sarcina  parva  rati. 
Te  jubet  a  patria  discedere  Caesaris  ira,  85 

Me  pietas  :  pietas  haec  mihi  Caesar  erit.' 
Talia  temptabat,  sicut  temptaverat  ante, 

Vixque  dedit  victas  utilitate  manus. 
Egredior,  —  sive  illud  erat  sine  funere  ferri, 

Squalidus  inmissis  hirta  per  ora  comis.  90 

Ilia  dolore  amens  tenebris  narratur  obortis 

Semianimis  media  procubuisse  domo ;  , 


174  Shorter  Poems,  [Tristia 

Utque  resurrexit,  foedatis  pulvere  turpi 

Crinibus,  et  gelida  membra  levavit  humo, 
Se  modo,  desertos  modo  complorasse  Penates,  95 

Nomen  et  erepti  saepe  vocasse  viri ; 
Nee  gemuisse  minus,  quam  si  nataeve  meumve 

Vidisset  structos  corpus  habere  rogos, 
Et  voluisse  mori,  moriendo  ponere  sensus  — 

Respectuque  tamen  non  voluisse  mei.  100 

Vivat !  et  absentem  —  quoniam  sic  fata  tulerunt  — 

Vivat  ut  auxilio  sublevet  usque  suo. 


2.    The  Exile *s  Sick  Chamber  (iii.  3). 

TTAEC  mea,  si  casu  miraris,  epistola  quare 
-1-  ■*■  Alterius  digitis  scripta  sit,  aeger  eram. 
Aeger  in  extremis  ignoti  partibus  orbis, 

Incertusque  meae  paene  salutis  eram. 
Quid  mihi  nunc  animi  dira  regione  jacenti  5 

Inter  Sauromatas  esse  Getasque  putes? 
Nee  caelum  patior,  nee  aquis  adsuevimus  istis, 

Terraque  nescio  quo  non  placet  ipsa  modo. 
Non  domus  apta  satis,  non  hie  cibus  utilis  aegro ; 

Nullus,  Apollinea  qui  levet  arte  malum ;  10 

Non  qui  soletur,  non  qui  labentia  tarde 

Tempora  narrando  fallat,  amicus  adest. 
Lassus  in  extremis  jaceo  populisque  locisque, 

Et  subit  adfecto  nunc  mihi,  quicquid  abest. 
Omnia  cum  subeant,  vincis  tamen  omnia,  conjunx,    15 

Et  plus  in  nostro  pectore  parte  tenes. 
Te  loquor  absentem,  te  vox  mea  nominat  unam ; 

Nulla  venit  sine  te  nox  mihi,  nulla  dies. 
Quin  etiam  sic  me  dicunt  aliena  locutum, 

Ut  foret  amenti  nomen  in  ore  tuum.  20 


Ill-  3»  54-]         T%e  Exiles  Sick   Chamber,  175 

Si  jam  deficiam,  subpressaque  lingua  palato 

Vix  instillato  restituenda  mero, 
Nuntiet  hue  aliquis  dominam  venisse,  resurgam, 

Spesque  tui  nobis  causa  vigoris  erit. 
Ergo  ego  sum  dubius  vitae,  tu  forsitan  istic  25 

Jucundum  nostri  nescia  tempus  agis? 
Non  agis,  adfirmo :  liquet  hoc,  carissima,  nobis, 

Tempus  agi  sine  me  non  nisi  triste  tibi. 
Si  tamen  implevit  mea  sors,  quos  debuit,  annos, 

Et  mihi  vivendi  tarn  cito  finis  adest :  30 

Quantum  erat,  O  magni,  morituro  parcere,  Divi, 

Ut  saltern  patria  contumularer  humo? 
Vel  poena  in  tempus  mortis  dilata  fuisset, 

Vel  praecepisset  mors  properata  fugam. 
Integer  hanc  potui  nuper  bene  reddere  lucem :  35 

Exsul  ut  occiderem,  nunc  mihi  vita  data  est. 
Tarn  procul  ignotis  igitur  moriemur  in  oris, 

Et  fient  ipso  tristia  fata  loco  ? 
Nee  mea  consueto  languescent  corpora  lecto? 

Depositum  nee  me  qui  fleat,  ullus  erit?  40 

Nee  dominae  lacrimis  in  nostra  cadentibus  ora 

Accedent  animae  tempora  parva  meae  ? 
Nee  mandata  dabo,  nee  cum  clamore  supremo 

Labentes  oculos  condet  arnica  manus? 
Sed  sine  funeribus  caput  hoc,  sine  honore  sepulcri    45 

Indeploratum  barbara  terra  teget? 
Ecquid,  ut  audieris,  tota  turbabere  mente, 

Et  feries  pavida  pectora  fida  manu? 
Ecquid,  in  has  frustra  tendens  tua  bracchia  partes, 

Clamabis  miseri  nomen  inane  viri?  50 

Parce  tamen  lacerare  genas,  nee  scinde  capillos : 

Non  tibi  nunc  primum,  lux  mea,  raptus  ero. 
Cum  patriam  amisi,  tunc  me  periisse  putato ; 

Et  prior  et  gravior  mors  fuit  ilia  mihi. 


176  Shorter  Poems.  [Tristia 

Nunc,  si  forte  potes  (sed  non  potes,  optima  conjunx) , 

Finitis  gaude  tot  mihi  morte  malis. 
Quod  potes,  extenua  forti  mala  corde  ferendo, 

Ad  quae  jampridem  non  rude  pectus  habes. 
Atque  utinam  pereant  animae  cum  corpore  nostrae, 

Effugiatque  avidos  pars  mihi  nulla  rogos  !  60 

Nam  si  morte  carens  vacua  volat  altus  in  aura 

Spiritus,  et  Samii  sunt  rata  dicta  senis, 
Inter  Sarmaticas  Romana  vagabitur  umbras, 

Perque  feros  manes  hospita  semper  erit. 
Ossa  tamen  facito  parva  referantur  in  urna  s  65 

Sic  ego  non  etiam  mortuus  exsul  ero. 
Non  vetat  hoc  quisquam  :  fratrem  Thebana  peremptum 

Subposuit  tumuio  rege  vetante  soror. 
Atque  ea  cum  foliis  et  amomi  pulvere  misce, 

Inque  suburbano  condita  pone  solo.  70 

Quosque  legat  versus  oculo  properante  viator, 

Grandibus  in  tituli  marmore  caede  notis : 

HIC   EGO    qui  JACEO    TENERORUM   LUSOR   AMORUM 

INGENIO    PERU   NASO    POETA    MEO  : 
AT   TIBI   QUI  TRANSIS    NE    SIT    GRAVE   QUISQUIS  AMASTI 

DICERE    NASQNIS    MOLLITER    OSSA   CUBENT. 

Hoc  satis  in  titulo  est ;  etenim  majora  libelli 

Et  diuturna  magis  sunt  monimenta  mihi, 
Quos  ego  confido,  quamvis  nocuere,  daturos 

Nomen  et  auctori  tempora  longa  suo.  80 

Tu  tamen  exstincto  feralia  munera  semper 

Deque  tuis  lacrimis  humida  serta  dato : 
Quamvis  in  cineres  corpus  mutaverit  ignis, 

Sentiet  officium  maesta  favilla  pium. 
Scribere  plura  libet,  sed  vox  mihi  fessa  loquendo       85 

Dictandi  vires  siccaque  lingua  negat. 
Accipe  supremo  dictum  mihi  forsitan  ore, 

Quod,  tibi  qui  mittit,  non  habet  ipse,  vale  ! 


III.  10, 32.]         Winter  Scenes  in   Thrace,  177 

3.    Winter  Scenes  in   Thrace  (iii.  10). 

OIQpiS  adhuc  istic  meminit  Nasonis  adempti, 
h^  Et  superest  sine  me  nomen  in  Urbe  meum, 
Suppositum  stellis  numquam  tangentibus  aequor 

Me  sciat  in  media  vivere  barbaric 
Sauromatae  cingunt,  fera  gens,  Bessique  Getaeque,    5 

Quam  non  ingenio  nomina  digna  meo  ! 
Dum  tamen  aura  tepet,  medio  defendimur  Histro  : 

Ille  suis  liquidus  bella  repellit  aquis. 
At  cum  tristis  hiemps  squalentia  protulit  ora, 

Terraque  marmoreo  Candida  facta  gelu  est,  10 

Dum  vetat  et  Boreas  et  nix  habitare  sub  Arcto, 

Turn  liquet,  has  gentes  axe  tremente  premi. 
Nix  jacet,  et  glaciem  nee  sol  pluviaeve  resolvunt, 

Indurat  Boreas  perpetuamque  facit ; 
Ergo  ubi  delicuit  nondum  prior,  altera  venit,  15 

Et  solet  in  multis  bima  manere  locis. 
Tantaque  commoti  vis  est  Aquilonis,  ut  altas 

Aequet  humo  turres  tectaque  rapta  ferat. 
Pellibus  et  sutis  arcent  mala  frigora  braccis, 

Oraque  de  toto  corpore  sola  patent.  20 

Saepe  sonant  moti  glacie  pendente  capilli, 

Et  nitet  inducto  Candida  barba  gelu. 
Nudaque  consistunt,  formarri  servanda  testae, 

Vina,  nee  hausta  meri,  sed  data  frusta  bibunt. 
Quid  loquar,  ut  vincti  concrescant  frigore  rivi,  25 

Deque  lacu  fragiles  effodiantur  aquae? 
Ipse,  papyrifero  qui  non  angustior  amne 

Miscetur  vasto  multa  per  ora  freto, 
Caeruleos  ventis  latices  durantibus,  Hister 

Congelat,  et  tectis  in  mare  serpit  aquis.  30 

Quaque  rates  ierant,  pedibus  nunc  itur,  et  undas 

Frigore  concretas  ungula  pulsat  equi ; 


ij8  Shorter  Poems,  [Tristia. 

Perque  novos  pontes  subter  labentibus  undis 

Ducunt  Sarmatici  barbara  plaustra  boves. 
Vix  equidem  credar  :  sed  cum  sint  praemia  falsi        35 

Nulla,  ratam  debet  testis  habere  fidem. 
Vidimus  ingentem  glacie  consistere  pontum, 

Lubricaque  inmotas  testa  premebat  aquas. 
Nee  vidisse  sat  est :  durum  calcavimus  aequor, 

Undaque  non  udo  sub  pede  summa  fuit.  40 

Si  tibi  tale  fretum  quondam,  Leandre,  fuisset, 

Non  foret  angustae  mors  tua  crimen  aquae. 
Turn  neque  se  pandi  possunt  delphines  in  auras 

Tollere  :  conantes  dura  coercet  hiems. 
Et  quamvis  Boreas  jactatis  insonet  alis,  45 

Fluctus   in  obsesso  gurgite  nullus  erit ; 
Inclusaeque  gelu  stabunt,  ut  marmore,  puppes, 

Nee  poterit  rigidas  findere  remus  aquas. 
Vidimus  in  glacie  pisces  haerere  ligatos, 

Sed  pars  ex  illis  tunc  quoque  viva  fuit.  50 

Sive  igitur  nimii  Boreae  vis  saeva  marinas, 

Sive  redundatas  flumine  cogit  aquas, 
Protinus,  aequato  siccis  aquilonibus  Histro, 

Invehitur  celeri  barbarus  hostis  equo : 
Hostis  equo  pollens  longeque  volante  sagitta  55 

Vicinam  late  depopulatur  humum. 
Diffugiunt  alii,  nullisque  tuentibus  agros 

Incustoditae  diripiuntur  opes ; 
Ruris  opes  parvae,  pecus  et  stridentia  plaustra, 

Et  quas  divitias  incola  pauper  habet.  60 

Pars  agitur  vinctis  post  tergum  capta  lacertis, 

Respiciens  frustra  rura  laremque  suum  ; 
Pars  cadit  hamatis  misere  confixa  sagittis ; 

Nam  volucri  ferro  tinctile  virus  inest. 
Quae  nequeunt  secum  ferre  aut  abducere,  perdunt,   6$ 

Et  cremat  insontes  hostica  flamma  casas. 


IV.  io,  1 8.]  The  Poet's  Autobiography.  179 

Tunc  quoque,  cum  pax  est,  trepidant  formidine  belli, 

Nee  quisquam  presso  vomere  sulcat  humum. 
Aut  videt,  aut  metuit  locus  hie,  quern  non  videt,  hostem  , 

Cessat  iners  rigido  terra  relicta  situ.  70 

Non  hie  pampinea  dulcis  latet  uva  sub  umbra, 

Nee  cumulant  altos  fervida  musta  lacus. 
Poma  negat  regio  ;  nee  haberet  Acontius,  in  quo 

Scriberet  hie  dominae  verba  legenda  suae. 
Aspiceres  nudos  sine  fronde,  sine  arbore,  campos :    y$ 

Heu  loca  felici  non  adeunda  viro  ! 
Ergo  tarn  late  pateat  cum  maximus  orbis, 

Haec  est  in  poenam  terra  reperta  meam? 


4.    The  Poet's  Autobiography  (iv.   10). 

TLLE  ego  qui  fuerim,  tenerorum  lusor  amorum, 
*■     Quern  legis,  ut  noris,  accipe  posteritas. 
Sulmo  mihi  patria  est,  gelidis  uberrimus  undis, 

Milia  qui  novies  distat  ab  Urbe  decern. 
Editus  hinc  ego  sum,  nee  non  ut  tempora  noris,  5 

Cum  cecidit  fato  consul  uterque  pari : 
Si  quid  id  est,  usque  a  proavis  vetus  ordinis  heres, 

Non  modo  fortunae  munere  factus  eques. 
Nee  stirps  prima  fui :  genito  sum  fratre  creatus, 

Qui  tribus  ante  quater  mensibus  ortus  erat.  10 

Lucifer  amborum  natalibus  adfuit  idem  : 

Una  celebrata  est  per  duo  liba  dies. 
Haec  est  armiferae  festis  de  quinque  Minervae, 

Quae  fieri  pugna  prima  cruenta  solet. 
Protinus  excolimur  teneri,  curaque  parentis  15 

Imus  ad  insignes  Urbis  ab  arte  viros. 
Frater  ad  eloquium  viridi  tendebat  ab  aevo, 

Fortia  verbosi  natus  ad  arma  fori ; 


180  Shorter  Poems,  [Tristia. 

At  mihi  jam  puero  caelestia  sacra  placebant, 

Inque  suum  furtim  Musa  trahebat  opus.  2o 

Saepe  pater  dixit  *  Studium  quid  inutile  temptas? 

Maeonides  nullas  ipse  reliquit  opes.* 
Motus  eram  dictis,  totoque  Helicone  relicto 

Scribere  conabar  verba  soluta  modis. 
Sponte  sua  carmen  numeros  veniebat  ad  aptos,  25 

Et  quod  temptabam  dicere,  versus  erat. 
Interea  tacito  passu  labentibus  annis 

Liberior  fratri  sumpta  mihique  toga  est, 
Induiturque  humeris  cum  lato  purpura  clavo, 

Et  studium  nobis  quod  fuit  ante,  manet.  30 

Jamque  decern  vitae  frater  geminaverat  annos, 

Cum  perit,  et  coepi  parte  carere  mei. 
Cepimus  et  tenerae  primos  aetatis  honores, 

Deque  viris  quondam  pars  tribus  una  fui. 
Curia  restabat ;  clavi  mensura  coacta  est :  35 

Majus  erat  nostris  viribus  illud  onus. 
Nee  patiens  corpus,  nee  mens  fuit  apta  labori, 

Sollicitaeque  fugax  ambitionis  eram. 
Et  petere  Aoniae  suadebant  tuta  sorores 

Otia,  judicio  semper  amata  meo.  40 

Temporis  illius  colui  fovique  poetas, 

Quotque  aderant  vates,  rebar  adesse  deos. 
Saepe  suas  Volucreslegit  mihi  grandior  aevo, 

Quaeque  necet  serpens,  quae  juvet  herba,  Macer. 
Saepe  suos  solitus  recitare  Propertius  ignes,  45 

Jure  sodalicio  qui  mihi  junctus  erat. 
Ponticus  heroo,  Bassus  quoque  clarus  iambis 

Dulcia  convictus  membra  fuere  mei. 
Et  tenuit  nostras  numerosus  Horatius  aures, 

Dum  ferit  Ausonia  carmina  culta  lyra.  50 

Vergilium  vidi  tantum  ;  nee  amara  Tibullo 

Tempus  amicitiae  fata  dedere  meae. 


IV.  io,  86.]  The  Pocfs  Autobiography.  181 

Successor  fuit  hie  tibi,  Galle ;  Propertius  illi ; 

Quartus  ab  his  serie  temporis  ipse  fui. 
Utque  ego  majores,  sic  me  coluere  minores,  55 

Notaque  non  tarde  facta  Thalia  mea  est. 
Carmina  cum  primum  populo  juvenilia  legi, 

Barba  resecta  mihi  bisve  semelve  fuit. 
Moverat  ingenium  totam  cantata  per  Urbem 

Nomine  non  vero  dicta  Corinna  mihi.  60 

Multa  quidem  scripsi ;  sed  quae  vitiosa  putavi, 

Emendaturis  ignibus  ipse  dedi.  [cremavi, 

Tunc    quoque,     cum    fugerem,    quaedam     placitura 

Iratus  studio  carminibusque  meis. 
Molle  Cupidineis  nee  inexpugnabile  telis  65 

Cor  mihi,  quodque  levis  causa  moveret,  erat. 
Cum  tamen  hie  essem,  minimoque  accenderer  igne, 

Nomine  sub  nostro  fabula  nulla  fuit. 
Paene  mihi  puero  nee  digna  nee  utilis  uxor 

Est  data,  quae  tempus  per  breve  nupta  fuit.  70 

Illi  successit,  quamvis  sine  crimine  conjunx, 

Non  tamen  in  nostro  firma  futura  toro. 
Ultima,  quae  mecum  seros  permansit  in  annos, 

Sustinuit  conjunx  exsulis  esse  viri. 
Filia  me  mea  bis  prima  fecunda  juventa,  75 

Sed  non  ex  uno  conjuge,  fecit  avum ; 
Et  jam  complerat  genitor  sua  fata,  novemque 

Addiderat  lustris  altera  lustra  novem. 
Non  aliter  flevi,  quam  me  fleturus  ademptum 

Ille  fuit.     Matri  proxima  justa  tuli.  80 

Felices  ambo  tempestiveque  sepulti, 

Ante  diem  poenae  quod  periere  meae  ! 
Me  quoque  felicem,  quod  non  viventibus  illis 

Sum  miser,  et  de  me  quod  doluere  nihil. 
Si  tamen  exstinctis  aliquid  nisi  nomina  restat,  85 

Et  gracilis  structos  effugit  umbra  rogos ; 


182  Shorter  Poems.  [Tristia. 

Faraa,  parentales,  si  vos  mea  contigit,  umbrae 

Et  sunt  in  Stygio  crimina  nostra  foro, 
Scite,  precor,  causam  —  nee  vos  mihi  fallere  fas  est  — 

Errorem  jussae,  non  scelus,  esse'fugae.  90 

Manibus  hoc  satis  est:  ad  vos,  studiosa,  revertor, 

Pectora,  qui  vitae  quaeritis  acta  meae. 
Jam  mihi  canities  pulsis  melioribus  annis 

Venerat,  antiquas  miscueratque  comas, 
Postque  meos  ortus  Pisaea  vinctus  oliva  95 

Abstulerat  decies  praemia  victor  equus, 
Cum  maris  Euxini  positos  ad  laeva  Tomitas 

Quaerere  me  laesi  principis  ira  jubet. 
Causa  meae  cunctis  nimium  quoque  nota  ruinae 

Indicio  non  est  testiflcanda  meo.  100 

Quid  referam  comitumque  nefas  famulosque  nocentes? 

Ipsa  multa  tuli  non  leviora  fuga. 
Indignata  malis  mens  est  succumbere,  seque 

Praestitit  invictam  viribus  usa  suis. 
Oblitusque  mei  ductaeque  per  otia  vitae,  105 

Insolita  cepi  temporis  arma  manu. 
Totque  tuli  casus  pelagoque  terraque,  quot  inter 

Occultum  stellae  conspicuumque  polum. 
Tacta  mihi  tandem  longis  erroribus  acto 

Juncta  pharetratis  Sarmatis  ora  Getis.  no 

Hie  ego  finitimis  quamvis  circumsoner  armis, 

Tristia,  quo  possum,  carmine  fata  levo. 
Quod  quamvis  nemo  est,  cujus  referatur  ad  aures, 

Sic  tamen  absumo  decipioque  diem. 
Ergo  quod  vivo,  durisque  laboribus  obsto,  115 

Nee  me  sollicitae  taedia  lucis  habent, 
Gratia,  Musa,  tibi ;  nam  tu  solacia  praebes, 

Tu  curae  requies,  tu  medicina  venis  ; 
Tu  dux  et  comes  es ;  tu  nos  abducis  ab  Histro, 

In  medioque  mihi  das  Helicone  locum.  120 


IV.  io,  132.]       The  Poet's  Autobiography,  183 

Tu  mihi,  quod  rarum  est,  vivo  sublime  dedisti 

Nomen,  ab  exsequiis  quod  dare  fama  solet. 
Nee  qui  detrectat  praesentia,  Livor  iniquo 

Ullum  de  nostris  dente  momordit  opus. 
Nam  tulerint  magnos  cum  saecula  nostra  poetas,      125 

Non  fuit  ingenio  fama  maligna  meo. 
Cumque  ego  praeponam  multos  mihi,  non  minor  illis 

Dicor  et  in  toto  plurimus  orbe  legor. 
Si  quid  habent  igitur  vatum  praesagia  veri, 

Protinus  ut  moriar,  non  ero,  terra,  tuus.  130 

Sive  favore  tuli,  sive  hanc  ego  carmine  famam 

Jure,  tibi  grates,  candide  lector,  ago. 


NOTES. 


It  is  supposed  that  most  classes  who  read  Ovid  at  all,  will  read 
Ovid  before  any  other  Latin  poet;  and  as  it  is  desirable  that  a 
poetical  composition  should  always  be  read  as  verse,  —  that  is,  with 
a  knowledge  of  its  rhythmical  structure,  —  a  few  directions  will 
here  be  given  for  scanning  at  sight,  or  by  ear  ;  which,  with  a  little 
practice,  will  be  found  an  easy,  almost  mechanical  process. 

It  is  necessary,  first,  for  the  learner  to  understand  the  nature 
of  the  verse,  as  depending  on  precisely  the  same  principles  as  the 
rhythmical  divisions  of  a  piece  of  music  (§  77) ;  also,  to  be  familiar 
with  the  general  rules  of  Quantity  and  Accent  (§§  3,  4).*  Besides 
this,  the  teacher  should  explain  and  illustrate,  so  far  as  may  be 
necessary,  the  structure  of  the  hexameter  (§  82,  a),  reading  from 
the  text  of  the  poem  itself,  until  its  peculiar  movement  has  become 
familiar  to  the  learner's  ear.     It  will  now  be  observed  — 

1.  That  the  difficulties  in  scanning  lie  almost  entirely  in  the 
first  half  of  the  verse.  With  very  rare  exceptions,  the  last  two 
feet,  and  generally  the  last  three,  are  accented  in  verse  exactly  as 
they  would  be  in  prose :  that  is,  the  Arsis  (first  syllable)  of  the 
foot  corresponds  with  the  natural  or  prose  accent  of  the  word. 

2.  That  in  hexameter  verse  the  third  foot  (rarely  the  fourth 
instead)  regularly  begins  with  the  last  syllable  of  a  word.  Thus, 
while  the  last  half  of  a  verse  is  almost  always  accented  as  in  prose, 
the  first  half  very  seldom  is.  The  slight  pause  interrupting  the 
foot  at  the  end  of  the  word  is  called  a  casural  pause  (§  79,  5)  ; 
and  is  the  most  important  point  that  distinguishes  the  movement 
of  verse  from  that  of  prose.  The  pause  in  the  third  foot  (less 
commonly  the  fourth)  usually  corresponds  with  a  pause  in  the 
sense,  and  is  called  the  principal  caesura. 

3.  That  whenever  a  short  syllable  occurs  in  the  verse,  there 
must  be  a  dactyl.  This  becomes  a  most  convenient  rule,  as  soon 
as  the  pronunciation  of  even  the  commonest  words  is  known,  in 

*  To  these  it  may  be  well  to  add  the  quantity  of  final  syllables  (§  78,  2).  The 
learner  should  also  be  habituated  to  an  accurate  pronunciation  of  words  according  to  their 
prose  accent 


1 86  Notes:   Ovid.  [Met am. 

all  cases  where  there  are  words  of  more  than  two  syllables  ;  for 
thus  a  short  syllable  will  often  serve  as  a  key  to  the  entire  structure 
of  the  verse. 

For  examples,  we  will  take  the  first  four  lines  of  the  poem. 

1.  I?i  novafert  dniinus  mutdtas  die  ere  for  mas. 

Here  the  last  three  words  are  scanned  exactly  as  they  read : 
mu,tatas  |  dlcere  |  fdrmas.  Of  the  others,  dnimus  shows  by  its 
accent  that  the  i  of  the  penult  is  short ;  and,  as  its  last  syllable 
must  belong  to  the  following  foot,  nothing  more  is  needed  to  show 
that  the  verse  will  scan  as  follows  :  — 

In  nova  |  fert  anilmus  ||  mu|tatas  |  dlcere  |  formas ; 
and  the  quantity  of  the  other  syllables  is  shown  at  once  by  their 
position  in  the  verse. 

2.  Corpora  :  Di,  cceptis —  nam  vos  ?nutastis  et  Mas — 

The  first  word  corpora,  being  a  dactyl,  at  once  gives  a  correct  start  to 

the  verse.  The  second  foot,  Di  ccep is  equally  plain,  as  a  spondee  ; 

and  after  this  beginning,  the  rest  of  the  verse  scans  of  itself:  — 
Corpora  :  j  Di,  coepjtis  ||  — nam  |  vos  multastTs  et  |  illas. 

3.  Adspirdte  meisy  ftrimague  ab  origine  mundi. 

The  first  word,  adspirdte,  is  nearly  as  clear,  as,  when  we  remember 
either  the  pronunciatien  of  adspiro  or  the  quantity  of  the  a  of  the 
first  conjugation,  we  see  that  it  contains  three  long  syllables,  a 
spondee  and  the  beginning  of  a  dactyl.  The  last  three  feet  are 
pronounced  exactly  as  in  prose  (observing  the  elision) :  — 
Adspikate  me  I  Is  ;  ||  priimaqu'  ab  6|riglne  |  mundi. 

4.  Ad  mea  perpetuum  deducite  tempora  carmen. 

Here  the  three  last  words  form  a  perfect  metrical  series  ;  and  the 
only  difficulty  in  the  verse  is  caused  by  the  ictus  coming  on  the 
first  syllable  of  perpetuum,  while  the  accent  is  on  the  second. 
Ad  mea  |  perpetulum  ||  delducite  |  tempora  |  carmen. 
These  directions  would  be  sufficient  for  all  or  nearly  all  cases,* 
if  it  were  not  for  the  frequent  elision  of  the  last  syllable  of  words  : 
viz.,  in  general,  whenever  a  word  ending  in  a  vowel  or  in  ni  is 
followed  by  a  word  beginning  with  a  vowel  or  with  h.  This 
makes  the  commonest  and  most  annoying  of  the  obstacles  to  be 
met,  and  requires  the  beginner  to  be  constantly  on  the  watch.  If 
he  will  now  carefully  compare  the  following  lines,  as  metrically 
divided,  with  the  rules  which  have  been  given  above,  it  is  hoped 
that  he  will  have  little  difficulty  hereafter. 

*  It  will  be  observed  that,  of  the  first  twenty  verses  of  the  poem,  only  the  8th  and  13th 
lack  the  caesura  in  the  third  foot ;  while  hi  the  16th,  iSth,  and  19th  the  principal  pause  is 
in  the  fourth  foot  instead  of  the  third. 


I.  1-14.]       1.    The  Creation  and  the  Flood.  1S7 

Ante  ma|r'  et  terlras  ||  et  |  quod  tegit  |  omnia  |  caelum,  p. 

Unus  elrat  tolto  ||  na|turae  |  vultus  in  |  orbe, 

Quern  dixlere  Cha|os  :  ||  rudis  |  indi|gestaque  |  moles, 

Nee  quiclquam  nisi  |  pondus  in|ers,  ||  con|gestaqu'  ejodem 

Non  bene  |  junctakum  ||  dis|cordia  |  semina  |  rerum. 

Nullus  adlhuc  munldo  ||  pras|bebat  J  lumina  |  Titan,  10 

Nee  nova  |  crescenldo  ||  repa|rabat  |  cornua  |  Phoebe, 

Nee  cincumfulso  ||  penidebat  in  |  aere  |  Tellus 

Ponderilbus  lilbrata  sulis,  ||  nee  |  brachia  |  longo 

Margine  |  terralrum  ||  por|rexerat  |  Amphii trite  ; 

Quaque  fulit  telllus,  ||  ill  lie  et  |  pontus  et  |  aer.  15 

Sic  erat  |  instabillis  telilus,  ||  in|nabilis  |  unda, 

Lucis  elgens  aler;  ||  nuljli  sua  |  forma  mainebat, 

Obstalbatqu'  ali,is  alilud,  ||  quia  |  corpor'  in  |  uno 

Frigida  |  pugnalbant  calildis,  ||  hulmentia  |  siccis, 

Mollia  I  cum  dulris,  ||  sine  |  ponder1  ha|bentia  |  pondus.         20 

I.   The  Creation  and  the  Flood. 

v.  1.  In  nova  .  .  .  corpora.  At  first  sight  it  would  seem  that 
it  ought  to  be  corpora  mutata  in  novas  formas.  But  formas  and 
corpora  mean  nearly  the  same  thing  :  the  forms  are  changed  and 
so  the  bodies  are  new.  —  animus,  the  soul;  hence  often  the  inclina- 
tion. —  fert,  impels  [me]  (a  standing  expression).  —  dicere,  depends 
on  fert  animus,  as  an  expression  of  wishing  (§  57,  8,  d;  G.  424). 

2.  cceptis,  efforts:  lit.  things  begun. — et,  too,  belonging  with 
vos  :    You  too  have  changed  (your  forms). 

3.  mundi,  the  universe,  or  system  of  things ;  a  word  having 
the  original  sense  (like  the  Greek  Koo-fxoi)  of  order  or  beauty. 

4.  perpetuum  carmen,  uninterrupted  song,  implying  the  intro- 
duction of  the  later  (Italian)  myths,  along  with  the  Greek. 

6.  orbe,  sphere  of  space  :  more  strictly,  orbis  is  a  flat  disk, 
which  was  the  ancient  poetic  notion  of  the  "  circle  "  of  being. 

7.  chaos :  this  word  is  from  the  same  root  as  the  Greek  gat'ito, 
yawn  =  the  yawning  void.  —  moles,  heap,  as  of  elements,  or 
materials,  chance-piled  together. — nee  quicquam,  and  nothings 
the  negative  and  connective  being  combined  as  usual. 

8.  iners,  i.  e.,  lacking  the  skill  (ars)  to  combine  them.  —  eodem, 
into  the  same  place  (§  41,  \,f,  and  2,  a). 

10-14.  Titan,  Phoebe,  Tellus,  Amphitrite  =  Sun,  Moon,  Earth, 
Sea.  As  the  last  of  the  old  nature-divinities  (Titans),  the  Sun 
sometimes  retains  this  name  in  poetry  : 

Didst  thou  never  see  Titan  kiss  a  dish  of  butter  ? 


1 88  Notes:    Ovid.  [Met am. 

The  variety  of  names  of  the  ancient  divinities  comes  from  the  fact 
that  new  sets  of  gods  springing  up  or  introduced  from  abroad  were 
identified  with  the  old  ones. 

ii.  Phoebe  ((f)olfiri),  the  bright  one,  feminine  form  of  Phoebus 
{Apollo),  later  identified  with  Diana  {Artemis),  goddess  of  the 
chase.  —  crescendo,  in  her  waxing.  —  reparabat :  re-  means  in 
place  of  the  old. 

12.  circumfuso  aere:  later  philosophers  taught  that  the  Earth 
is  a  sphere  or  globe,  surrounded  by  air,  in  which  it  hangs  balanced 
by  its  own  weight  — fionderibus  librata  suis.  —  Tellus,  the  Earth 
as  contrasted  with  the  heavens  :  terra  (connected  with  torreo)  is 
the  "  dry  "  land,  as  contrasted  with  the  sea. 

13.  longo  margine,  about  the  long  outline  (§  55,  4  ;  G.  387). 

14.  Amphitrite  :  Atnphitrite,  "she  that  enfolds,"  the  wife  of 
Neptune,  is  poetically  the  Sea  —  here  confounded  with  the  Ocean, 
which  (in  Homer)  embraces  the  whole  earth  like  a  vast  river. 
Observe  that  this  is  a  spondaic  verse :  Amphitrite. 

16.  sic,  so,  i.  e.  in  this  condition  of  things. — instabilis,  inna- 
bilis  =  "  the  earth  that  could  not  be  trod,  the  wave  that  could  not 
be  swum,"  the  opposite  of  their  most  striking  properties. 

17.  nulli,  sc.  eorum.  —  manebat,  was  fixed. 

1 8 .  obstabat  aliis  aliud  =  every  thing  hindered  every  thing  else. 

19.  calidis,  dat.  (§  51,  2,  g;  G.  344,  R3). 

20.  sine  pondere  (understand  "with  those  ")  =levibus. — 
habentia  pondus  =  gravia,  in  the  same  construction  with  frigida, 
humentia,  mollia. 

21.  hanc  litem,  this  strife,  of  which  a  case  at  court  seemed  the 
most  natural  image  to  a  Roman:  etymologically,  strife =  stlit-(lis). 

23.  spisso  aere,  the  grosser  air. 

24.  quae  relates  to  the  elements  ;  terras,  undas,  caelum,  aer  : 
when  he  had  unfolded  these. 

25.  locis :  each  element  is  supposed  to  have  its  own  place,  or 
natural  level.  — vis,  nature.  —  at  connects  ignem  and  sine  pondere. 

26.  convexi,  bending,  as  if  considering  it  from  the  outside. 
Observe  the  four  elements  in  the  order  of  their  gravity  :  iguca 
vis,  aer,  tellus,  humor.  —  sine  pondere  =  levis,  agreeing  with  cceli. 

27.  emicuit,  leaped  forth,  as  if  its  nature  ;  perhaps  also  as  if  it 
took  the  supremacy  and  occupied  the  citadel.  —  summa  arce,  the 
zenith  (topmost  height). 

29.   grandia,  coarser. 

32.  ubi  secuit,  when  he  had  parted :  the  subject  is  quisquis. 
dispositam,  i.  e.  so  that  it  was  arranged. 


I.  11-64.]     1.   The  Creation  and  the  Flood.  189 

34.  principio,  in  the  beginning,  qualifying  glomeravit 

35.  speciem  .  .  .  in  =  in  speciem.  —  orbis,  see  note  to  v.  6. 

36.  rapidis,  not  merely  swift,  but  (with  active  force)  dragging 
the  waters,  which  swell  under  them. 

39.  obliquis,  sloping;  declivia,  down-flowing  (clivus) . 

40.  ipsa,  sc.  terra  (v.  37).  The  ab  shows  that  the  Earth  is 
here  represented  as  a  living  agent  (§  56,  4  ;  G.  403). 

42.  aquae,  construed  with  campo,  expanse  (the  sea).  —  ripis, 
litora:  notice  the  contrast,  one  word  meaning  banks,  the  other 
shores. 

45.  ut,  as.  —  dextra,  sinistra,  right  and  left  in  reference  to  the 
celestial  equator.  The  division  into  five  zones  was  first  made  by 
Eudoxus,  a  pupil  of  Aristotle. 

46.  quinta  est,  there  is  a  fifth  (in  the  middle). 

47.  onus  inclusum,  i.  e.  the  earth.  —  numero,  sc.  zonarum. 

48.  premuntnr,  lie  below.  This  word  often  loses  its  passive 
force,  and  means  merely  to  lie,  with  the  idea  of  lowness  added.  — 
tellure,  on  earth  (loc.  abl.). 

50.   totidem,  sc.  zonas.  —  locavit:  the  subject  is  cura  dei 
52.   his,  i.  e.  the  terrestrial  zones.  —  quanto,  etc.  =  is  as  much 

heavier  than  flame  as  water  is  lighter  than  earth  (§  54,  6,  e;  G. 

400). 

54.  illic,  here,  in  this.  — nebulas,  vapors  j  nubes,  clouds. 

55.  motura,  destined  to  excite. 

56.  cum  .  .  .  ventos,  winds  which  cause  cold  along  with  light- 
nings. The  ancients  thought  that  lightning  was  caused  by  the 
friction  of  wind  upon  the  clouds  (see  Book  XV.  70). 

57.  his,  i.  e.  the  winds.  —  passim,  at  random  (an  adverbial 
form  from  pando,  spread}.  — fabricator,  framer.  —  quoque,  these 
too,  as  well  as  the  elements,  were  set  each  in  his  place. 

58.  vix  obsistitur  Wis  =  scarce  can  they  be  withstood  (imper- 
sonal, §  51,  i,f;  G.  208).  —  nunc,  as  it  is,  when  they  are  separated, 
giving  the  reason  of  separating  them  by  implying  the  consequence 
of  their  being  together. 

"59.  cum  .  .  .  regant,  while  they  direct  each  his  own  blast 
(subj.  of  characteristic).  — tractu,  region. 

60.  quin,  following  vix  obsistitur,  from  rending,  lit.  so  but 
that,  Or*c. 

61.  Nabataea  regna,  in  Arabia  Petrasa. 

63.  juga,  mountain  ranges.  Notice  how  Ovid  varies  the  de- 
scription in  the  four  cases. 

64.  Scythiam :  this  term  was  applied  to  the  vast  steppes  of 


190  Notes:   Ovid,  [Metam. 

Independent  Tartary  and  south-eastern  Russia.  It  was  therefore 
north-east  rather  than  north.  — septemtrionem,  a  compound  (also 
used  in  the  plural),  separated  by  tmesis  by  the  enclitic  -que. 
The  meaning  of  the  word  is  the  "  seven  ox-team,"  i.  e.  the  constel- 
lation of  the  Bear  (north). 

66.   madescit,  is  moistened. 

68.  nee  quicquam  habentem,  and  having  nought.  —  terrenee 
feeds,  dregs  of  earth. — liquidum,  having  no  consistency. — 
aethera,  identical  with  the  element  of  fire. 

70.   quse,  the  antecedent  is  sidera.  —  pressa,  hidden. 
72.   neu  (neve),  and  /est,  the  regular  connective  with  ne.  —  foret, 
§  58,  10,  h;  G.  519,  R. 

74.   cesserunt,  fell  to  the  lot  of. 

yS-  agitabilis,  beaten  with  the  wing  (compare  v.  16),  poetical 
for  yielding. 

76.  animal,  a  being.  —  mentis,  following  capacius  (§  50,  3,  &  ; 
G.  374). 

77.  deerat,  two  syllables.  —  quod  posset,  which  might :  clause 
of  purpose,  §  64;  G.  544. 

79    origo,  source. 

80.  sive,  sive,  i.  e.  whether  it  was  an  act  of  creation  or  a  manu- 
facture from  materials  already  endowed  with  life. 

82.  quara,  which  (i.e.  earth).  —  satus  Iapeto  (§  54,  2,  a;  G. 
395),  son  of  Iapetus,  Prometheus. 

83.  in  effigiem,  etc. :  compare  "  Let  us  make  man  in  our  image," 
Genesis,  i.  26.  — moderantum  =  qui  moderantur,  which  would  be 
used  in  prose. 

84.  cum,  while,  whereas  (§  62,  2,  e;  G.  587,  r). 

85.  sublime,  erect. 

88.  modo  qua3,  which  but  now. 

89.  aurea :  compare  the  description  of  the  Golden  Age  in 
Virgil,  Eel.  iv.  —  vindice  nullo  (abl.  abs.),  when  there  was  no 
avenger  [of  guilt],  i.  e.  by  no  constraint. 

91.  fixo  Eere,  posted  up  in  brass,  like  the  tablets  of  the  Roman 
law.  — poena  metusque  —fear  of  punishment. 

94.  Ccesa,  agreeing  with  pinus  ;  suis  with  montibus  :  the  pine 
felled  on  its  native  hills,  and  wrought  into  ships. 

95.  norant  (§  30,  6,  a),  knew,  lit.  had  learned  (§  58,  5,  r;  G. 
227,  r2). 

98.  directi,  flexi,  both  agreeing  with  aeris  (gen.  of  material, 
§  50,  1,  ej  G.  367,  r).  The  tuba  was  a  long  straight  brazen  horn  *, 
the  cornu  was  curved. 


I.  66-135.]   1.    The  Creation  and  the  Flood.  191 

100.  securae,  free  from  care.  Notice  the  interlocked  order,  a 
very  common  one  in  Latin. 

101.  immunis  tellus,  the  earth  unburdened.  Strictly,  without 
any  duties  to  perform,  not  called  on  by  man  for  tribute. 

103.  nullo  cogente  =  with  no  co?npulsion,  qualifying  creatis. 

104.  legebant,  [men]  gathered  (§  49,  2,  bj  G.  199,  R3). 

105.  mora,  blackberries. 

106.  Jovis  arbore,  the  oak,  sacred  to  Jupiter. 

108.  mulcebant,  fanned,  caressed, 

109.  mox,  soon  (after  flowering).  —  tellus:  a  feminine  ending, 
see  §  11,  iv.  2,  n.  — fruges,  grain,  not  fruit  in  the  modern  sense. 

1 1  o.   nee  renovatus  =  needing  no  renewal.  — canebat,  whitened. 

112.  mella  :  i.e.  in  the  Golden  Age  honey  dropped  sponta- 
neously from  the  leaves  ;  while  that  gathered  by  bees  is  spurious 
and  inferior. 

113.  postquam  .  .  .  misso,  when,  after  Saturn  was  banished. 
&c.  (the  relative  clause  ends  with  erat).  Saturnus  was  an  old 
Italian  god  of  the  crops  (satus,  sero),  but  was  identified  by  the 
later  Romans  with  the  Greek  /Cronos,  father  of  Zeus,  who  was  de- 
throned and  sent  to  Tartarus  by  his  son. 

1 14.  sub  Jove  :  the  reign  of  stern  law,  under  Jupiter,  follows 
that  of  peace  and  innocence.  —  subiit :  contrary  to  rule,  the  last  i  is 
long,  which  seems  to  be  a  relic  of  an  earlier  usage  (see  §  83,  5  ; 
cf.  JEn.  viii.  362,  x.  67). 

1 16.  contraxit,  shortened  (compare  v.  7) :  the  changing  seasons 
are  the  first  sign  of  nature's  loss. 

117.  inaequales,  changeable;  or,  perhaps,  injurious  from  the 
sickly  autumn  heats. 

118.  exegit,  led  forth . 

122.  cortice,  improperly  used  for  liber,  the  fibrous  inner  bark. 

123.  semina  cerealia,  seeds  of  grain. 
126.   ingeniis,  in  temper. 

128.   venae  .  .  .  aevum,  upon  an  age  of  worse  vein  or  (quality). 

131.  amor  .  .  .  habendi,  the  guilty  love  of  gain. 

132.  vela,  etc.,  notice  that  foreign  commerce,  now  regarded  as  the 
source  of  civilization,  was  anciently  held  in  disesteem  by  the  poets. 

133.  diu  steterant,  see  v.  94. 

134.  ignotis  =  hitherto  unknown.  — insultavere  :  the  meaning 
is  double.  They  danced  upon  the  waves,  and  with  contempt  of  the 
danger. 

135.  communem  humum,  the  soil,  before  common  (free  to  all), 
like  sunlight  and  air. 


192  Notes:   Ovid,  [Metam. 

136.  limite  :  the  limes  was  the  boundary-path  described  by  the 
agrimensor  in  laying  out  the  public  lands. 

137.  segetes  poscebatur  humus  =  crops  were  demanded  of 
the  earth  (§  52,  2,  c,  R ;  G.  333,  R2). 

138.  itum  est  =  men  penetrated  (§  39,  cj  G.  199,  R1). 

139.  recondiderat,  she  [the  earth]  had  hidden.  —  admoverat, 
had  brought  near  to.  —  Stygiis  umbris  (dat),  the  shades  of  Styx  : 
the  realms  of  the  dead,  conceived  to  be  under  the  earth. 

141.  ferrum,  aurum  :  these  were  a  part  of  the  opes. 

142.  prodit,  stalks,  as  a  monster  springing  from  the  bowels  of 
the  earth.  —  utroque,  with  both  (abl.  of  instrument):  gold,  as  well 
as  iron,  is  one  of  the  **  sinews  of  war." 

144.  kospSs  (for  the  quantity,  see  §  78,  2,  h,  e),  friend. 
There  is  here  indicated  a  peculiar  relation  between  persons  of 
different  countries  who  were  bound  to  furnish  hospitality  to  each 
other. 

146.  imminet,  broods  over.  —  conjugis,  mariti,  both  limiting 
exitio. 

147.  novercae,  step-mothers.  The  evil  practice  of  divorce 
among  the  Romans,  and  the  domestic  misery  that  came  from  it, 
made  this  name  a  proverb  of  cruelty.  —  lurida,  dark.  The  asso- 
ciation of  poison  with  dark  mixtures  is  old  and  general.  Blue  and 
poison  are  associated  in  Sanskrit  and  Greek.  —  aconita,  the  plural 
on  account  of  repeated  cases. 

148.  inquirit,  questions  (of  fortune-tellers  ;  he  is  impatient  for 
his  inheritance). 

149.  virgo  Astraea,  the  maid  Astraa,  goddess  of  justice ; 
madentea  terras,  the  earth  reeking. 

153.  struxisse  montes,  piled  the  mountains. 

154.  misso  fulmine,  hurling  the  thunderbolt. 

156.  corpora,  i.e.  of  the  giants. 

157.  natorum,  her  sons. 
160.   ilia,  i.  e.  as  well  as  men. 

162.  scires,  you  might  have  known  (§  60,  2,  a;  G.  252.  For 
tense  see  §  59,  3,  c;  G.  599,  r1). 

163.  quae,  see  §48,  4;  G.  612,  R1. 

164.  facto  recenti  (abl.  abs.),  since  the  deed  was  recent.  — 
vulgata  (belonging  to  convivia),  made  known. 

165.  Lycaonia,  of  Lycaofi,  see  v.  210  and  the  following. — 
referens,  revolving. 

166.  dignas,  deserved. 

167.  concilium,  sc.  deorum. 


I.  136-190.]    1.    The   Creation  and  the  Flood.  193 

169.  Lactea,  nominative  in  form,  as  being  the  simple  name,  a 
mere  word,  in  no  grammatical  relation.  This  word,  however,  is  in 
apposition  with  nomen. 

170.  hac,  hereby  (§  55,  4;  G.  387).  —  superis  (dat.),  for 
the  gods. 

172.  celebrantur,  are  thronged.  The  figure  is  taken  from  the 
custom  of  Roman  nobles,  whose  halls  {atria)  were  visited  every 
morning  by  the  throng  of  their  clients  and  dependants.  —  dextra, 
i.  e.  of  the  street,  with  houses  on  both  sides. 

173.  plebs,  i  e.  the  lower  gods  {Di  minorum  gentium) ;  poten- 
tes  caelicolae,  heavenly  potentates ;  the  twelve  great  gods  of 
Olympus  {Di  majorum  gentium).  Notice  that  the  whole  is 
modelled  on  the  Roman  polity. — diveraa,  i.e.  only  the  great 
live  here.  —  a  fronte,  in  front,  as  one  goes  up  the  street. 

174.  penates  =  households. 

176.  Palatia  :  this  word  had  not  yet  acquired  its  modern  mean- 
ing of  palace,  but  meant  the  dwelling  of  Augustus,  on  the  Palatine 
hill.  Augustus  is  thus,  by  a  daring  flattery  (audacia),  compared 
with  the  king  of  gods. —  durisse,  the  perfect  does  not  differ  from 
the  present  in  sense.  It  seems  to  be  an  imitation,  common  in  the 
poets,  of  the  Greek  aorist. 

177.  recessu,  an  interior  apartment,  for  "  secret  session." 

178.  ipse,  by  a  common  usage  the  king  or  chief^  as  in  ipse  dixit. 

181.  ora  .  .  .  solvit,  opened  his  angry  lips. 

182.  ilia  tempestate,  at  that  crisis. 

184.  inicere,  the  proper  spelling  of  injicere.  The  compounds 
of  jacio,  which  change  a  into  i,  lose  the  j  before  the  i.  —  anguipe- 
dum,  limiting  quisque.  The  Giants  were  represented  with  bodies 
terminating  in  serpents:  they  are  here  confounded  with  the 
"  hundred-handed  "  {centum  brachia)  Cottus,  Briareus,  and  Gyas 
who  were  brothers  of  the  Titans,  but  aided  Jupiter  against  the 
rebellious  deities  (see  Iliad,  i.  399-406).  —  caelo,  dative  following 
inicere  :  to  cast  their  hundred  hands  upon  the  captive  sky. 

185.  ab  uno  corpore,  from  a  single  class  (of  divinities),  con- 
trasted with  the  present  rebellion  of  the  whole  human  race. 

187.  qua,  wherever.  —  Nereus,  an  ancient  sea  divinity,  especi- 
ally associated  with  the  calm  depths  :  here  put  for  the  sea. 

189.  Stygio  luco  Hoc.  abl.),  in  the  grove  of  Styx  (**  Gloom  "), 
the  river  which  bounds  the  entrance  to  the  world  below.  The  oath 
by  the  Styx  was  the  most  awful  and  binding  that  could  be  taken  by 
the  gods. 

190.  cuncta  =  all  other  means. 

13 


194  Notes:  Ovid.  [Metam. 

191.  ne  .  .  .  trahatur,  lest  the  sound  (lit.  clean)  part  be  drawn 
[into  the  same  disease]. 

193.  faunique  :  the  enclitic  -que  is  here  made  long  in  imitation 
of  Homer,  who  makes  the  Greek  re  long.  It  is  probably  made  so 
by  the  pause  at  the  end  of  the  word,  or,  as  it  is  sometimes  called, 
by  ccBsura.  This  occurs  generally  in  the  second  foot  of  the  verse, 
and  only  when  a  second  -que  follows.  The  Fauni  and  Silvani  — 
Italian  nature  divinities  —  are  here  joined  with  the  Greek  Satyrs. 
These  were  fabulous  creatures,  types  of  the  wild  life  of  the  forest. 
They  are  represented  with  horns,  goats'  legs  and  feet,  and  pointed 
hairy  ears.     The  Greek  name  is  an  old  word  for  goat. 

194.  dignamur,  deem  worthy.  —  honore,  governed  by  digna- 
mur, which  like  its  primitive  dignus  takes  the  ablative. 

195.  certe,  at  least.  — sinamus,  hortatory  subjunctive. 

196.  an,  very  commonly  used  in  argumentative  questions,  as 
here,  where  the  thing  asked  is  obviously  absurd. — illos,  opposed 
to  mihi. 

197.  niihi,  against  me,  following  struxerit  (§  51,  2,  gj  G.  344, 
R3).  —  qui  habes,  §  48,  1  ;  G.  616.  — struxerit,  (§  62,  2,  e;  G.  587). 

199.  ausum  .  .  .  deposcunt,  they  demand  (for  vengeance)  him 
who  has  dared  such  things.  A  regular  meaning  of  deposco.  The 
use  of  the  participle  for  a  relative  clause  is  forced  and  poetic. 

200.  seevit,  for  sseviit.  Notice  the  indicative  with  cum, 
denoting  absolute  time,  i.  e.  a  time  independent  of  the  main  clause, 
not  relative  to  it. 

201.  Ceesareo,  §  47,  5;  G.  360,  Rl.  —  exstinguere  means  here 
not  merely  destroy,  but  with  the  figure  of  extinguishing  a  fire  with 
blood. 

202.  attonitum  est,  was  thunderstruck. 

204.  tuorum,  thine  own.  By  a  pleasant  fiction,  the  subjects  of 
Augustus's  empire  are  spoken  of  as  his  kindred  or  friends.  — 
pietas,  filial  affection. 

205.  postquam  compressit,  when  he  had  hushed. 

207.  regentis.  The  use  of  the  participle  in  the  singular  as  a 
noun  is  poetic,  though  the  language  is  very  capricious  in  its  use  of 
participles  as  nouns.  —  quidem  (concessive),  it  is  true,  i.  e.  there  is 
no  need  of  your  being  alarmed  to  be  sure,  but  I  will  tell  the  story 
to  gratify  your  curiosity. 

210.   admissum,  thing  done,  i.  e.  crime. 

2 1  r .    infamia,  evil  report. 

212.  falsam,  predicative. 

213.  deus  (appos.),  /,  a  god.     Notice  how  it  is  purposely  set 


I.  191-233.]    1.    The  Creation  and  the  Flood.  195 

next  to  humana  for  contrast  —  lustro,  survey.  The  word  is 
primarily  used  of  a  priest  who  "lustrates  "  or  purifies  by  ceremo- 
nial the  company  of  worshippers  ;  then  of  an  officer  who  surveys 
or  reviews  the  ranks  of  his  troops. 

214.  est,  would  be  (§  60,  2,  cj  G.  246,  R1). 

215.  vero,  than  the  truth.  — ipsa,  even  (i.  e.  bad  as  it  was). 

216.  Maenala,  a  mountain  in  Southern  Arcadia,  fabled  as  the 
dwelling-place  of  nymphs  and  satyrs. 

218.  ArcadSs,  gen.  agreeing  with  tyranni  (Greek  form  as  shown 
by  the  short  6,  requiring  the  nom.  Areas).  As  Latin  poetry  is 
imitated  and  translated  from  Greek,  such  forms,  especially  of 
proper  names,  are  common. 

222.  deus  ...  an  mortalis,  [whether]  god  or  mortal  (§  71,  2, 
a;  G.  460).  —  discrimine  aperto,  by  a  plain  test. 

225.  haec  illi,  spoken  with  scorn,  as  if  he  said,  "  That's  his  idea 
of  a  test  of  truth." 

227.  unius,  here  simply  a.  The  Latin  not  uncommonly  used 
unus,  as  well  as  guidam,  as  an  indefinite  article,  of  which  the  want 
is  often  felt.  In  the  same  way  the  demonstrative  pronouns  are 
used  for  the  definite  article. 

228.  ita,  i.  e.  just  as  he  was,  with  his  throat  cut.  —  partim,  not 
Partly,  but  a  part  of,  &>c. 

230.  simul  (=  simul  ac),  as  soon  as.  —  vindice  flamma,  avenging 
fame,  i.  e.  the  thunderbolt. 

231.  dignos,  i.  e.  because  they  did  not  prevent  the  crime. 

232.  territus  fugit,  etc. :  this  transformation  to  a  wolf  is  sug- 
gested perhaps  by  the  name  Lycaon  (Greek  \vkos).  It  corresponds 
with  the  wild  superstition  of  the  were-wolf,  which  makes  the  sub- 
ject of  many  old  popular  tales.  The  name  lycanthropy  is  given  to 
a  particular  form  of  madness  connected  with  this  superstition. 
"  In  1600,  multitudes  were  attacked  with  the  disease  in  the  Jura, 
emulated  the  destructive  habits  of  the  wolf,  murdered  and  devoured 
children,  howled,  walked  on  all-fours,  so  that  the  palms  of  the 
hands  became  hard  and  horny  ;  and  admitted  that  they  congregated 
in  the  mountains  for  a  sort  of  cannibal  or  devil's  Sabbath.  Six 
hundred  persons  were  executed  on  their  own  confession."  —  Cham- 
bers^ Encyclopedia.  Many  notices  of  this  superstition  are  found 
in  ancient  writers  of  many  nations,  especially  in  connection  with 
Arcadia,  a  pastoral  and  forest  country,  where  the  inhabitants 
suffered  greatly  from  wolves. 

233.  ab  ipso,  i.  e.  from  his  natural  character,  needing  no  trans- 
formation.    The  allusion  is  to  foam  at  the  mouth. 


196  Notes:    Ovid.  [Metam. 

236.    abeunt,  pass. 

239.  idem  =  iidem. 

240.  perire  :   what  construction  would  be  usual  in  prose  ? 

241.  Erinys,  properly  the  Greek  name  of  the  divinity  that 
inflicts  vengeance  for  violated  law,  but  here  signifying  the  instigator 
of  crime  (Virg.  JEn.  vii.  324). 

242.  putes,  you  might  suppose  (§  60,  2,  a;  G.  252).  —  jurasse, 
sc.  homines.  —  dent  =  let  them  pay  (§  57,  3;  G.  256).  —  ocius, 
§  17,  5,  a. 

243.  stat,  is  fixed. 

244.  frementi,  sc.  ei. 

245.  partes,  their  part,  as  members  of  the  council.  —  adiciunt, 
i.  e.  they  spur  him  already  excited.  —  assensibus,  opposed  to  voce, 
the  first  part  made  speeches,  the  second  only  assented  (assentior), 
as  was  the  custom  in  the  Roman  Senate. 

246.  jactura,  destruction:  the  image  is  from  the  casting  of 
goods  overboard  in  a  storm  at  sea.  —  dolori  (§  51,  5  ;  G.  350),  a 
cause  of  grief  . 

247.  mortalibus  (abl.  of  separation)  orbae,  bereft  of  tnen. 

249.  populandas,  §  72,  5,  cj  G.  431. 

250.  quaerentes,  sc.  eos,  object  of  vetat.  —  enim :  he  forbids 
them  to  tremble,  for  the  rest  [he  says]  shall  be  his  care. — sibi, 
emphatic. 

254.   sacer,  i.e.  as  the  abode  of  the  gods. 

256.  adfore  tempus,  etc.,  subj.  of  esse,  following  reminiscitur. 
—  in  fatis  :  the  Destinies  were  above  the  gods  themselves. 

257.  correpta,  sc.  flammis. 

258.  mundi  moles  operosa,  the  fabric  of  the  world  wrought 
with  toil.  —  laboret,  be  endangered.  The  doctrine,  perhaps 
borrowed  from  the  East,  belongs  to  the  stories  of  periodic  con- 
flagrations of  the  world. 

259.  manibus  with  fabricata. 

262.  JEoliis  antris,  the  caves  of  sEolus  (compare  Virgil,  ALn. 
ii.  52-63).  —  Aquilonem  :  the  north-west  wind,  bringing  (in  Italy) 
cold  and  dry  weather. 

265.   tectus  vultum,  wrapping  his  face  (§  52,  3,  r  ;  G.  332,  R9). 

267.  sinus,  folds,  or  rounded  outline  of  the  clouds,  which 
represent  his  garments. 

268.  nubila,  mists ;  nimbi,  storm-clouds.  —  ut  .  .  .  pressit : 
the  ancients  thought  that  thunder  was  caused  by  the  clashing 
of  the  clouds. 

270.    colores,  §  52,  3,  R  ;  G.  332,  r8. 


I.  236-321.]  1.    The  Creation  and  the  Flood,  197 

271.  alimenta  nubibus  adfert :  as  if  the  rainbow  were  a  path- 
way for  the  waters.     Compare  "  the  sun  drawing  water." 

273.  vota,  i.  e.  the  crops,  object  of  their  vows. 

274.  cselo  suo  :  the  heavens  were  the  especial  realm  of  Jupiter. 

275.  ceeruleus  frater,  Neptune. 

279.  domos,  i.  e.  the  hollows  and  clefts  which  are  the  home  of 
the  waters.  —  mole,  dike. 

281.  ora  relaxant,  i.e.  take  from  their  mouth  the  pressure  of 
the  curb.     The  figure  of  horses  is  kept  through  the  three  lines. 

284.  vias  aquarum  :  compare  the  expression,  "The  fountains 
of  the  great  deep  were  broken  up."  —  iutremuit,  quaked.  — motu, 
i.  e.  motus  terrce,  earthquake. 

286.  satis  (part,  of  sero),  the  crops. 

287.  sacris,  i.  e.  the  altar,  statues,  &c,  belonging  to  the  pene- 
tralia. —  suis,  refers  to  penetralia. 

289.  hujus,  limiting  culmen. 

290.  pressae,  submerged. 

292.  deerant,  dissyllable. 

293.  hie,  alter,  one,  another.  —  cymba,  loc.  ablative. 

294.  illic  ubi,  on  the  very  spot  where. 

295.  villae,  farmhouse. 

303.   agitata,  i.  e.  so  as  to  make  them  shake. 

305.  fulminis :  the  tusks  of  the  wild  boar  are  often  compared 
to  the  thunderbolt  for  speed,  power,  and  gleaming. 

306.  ablato,  swept  away. 

310.  novi,  strange  to  them. 

311.  quibus:  the  antecedent  is  illos. 

312.  inopi  victu,  with  lack  of  food. 

313.  Aonios,  Bosoiian.  Phocis  lay  between  Bceotia  and  the 
mountain  range  of  (Eta,  which  separates  it  from  Thessaly. 

316.  verticibus  duobus :  this  is  not  correct.  Parnassus  has 
only  one  chief  peak  ;  but  there  are  two  spurs  renowned  in  the  wor- 
ship of  Dionysus  (Bacchus),  and  having  the  Castalian  fount  between 
them.     This  has  occasioned  the  error. 

318.  Deucalion,  son  of  Prometheus,  and  father  of  Hellen,  the 
eponym  of  the  Hellenes  (Greeks). — hie  ubi  adhaesit,  while  he 
clung  to  this. 

320.  Corycidas  :  Corycus  was  a  grotto  sacred  to  the  nymphs, 
on  the  slopes  of  Parnassus.     The  numina  montis  are  the  Muses. 

321.  Themin  (§  11.  iv.  4):  Themis,  goddess  of  justice,  was 
daughter  of  Uranus.  She  presided  over  the  oracle  of  Delphi, 
which  afterwards  belonged  to  Apollo. 


198  Notes:   Ovid.  [Metam. 

323.  metuentior  deorum,  more  reverent  to  the  gods. 

324.  ut  videt,  when  he  sees. 

325.  modo,  but  just  now,  qualifying  tot. 

328.   disjecit,  rent  asunder.  —  aquilone,  compare  v.  262. 

330.  tricuspide  telo,  trident. 

331.  supra  profundum,  sc.  mare,  construed  with  eacstantem, 
which  agrees  with  Tritona.     Compare  Virgil,  JEn.  i.  144. 

332.  innato  murice :  Triton  here  appears,  like  Glaucus,  over- 
grown with  shell-fish  and  seaweed.  He  was  a  sea-god,  son  of 
Neptune,  and  is  represented  as  blowing  on  a  conch-shell. 

334.  bucina  tortilis,  "  the  winding  horn?  a  spiral  shell. — illi, 
dat.  of  agency  (§  51,  4,  c;  G.  352,  r). 

336.  crescit,  broadens.  —  turbine,  mouthpiece  (shaped  like  a 
top). 

337.  aera,  his  breath. 

338.  sub  utroque  Fkcebo,  the  rising  and  the  setting  sun. 

339.  dei,  Triton. 

340.  contigit,  sc.  bucina. 

346.    diem  =  moram.  —  nudata,  bared  (of  waves). 

349.    agere,  keep. 

352.  patruelis  origo :  Deucalion  was  son  of  Prometheus; 
Pyrrha,  daughter  of  Epimetheus  and  Pandora.  Prometheus  and 
Epimetheus  were  brothers,  sons  of  Iapetus. 

354.  terrarum  turba,  the  whole  throng  of  earth.  —  occasus  et 
ortus,  the  setting  and  the  rising  sun. 

356.   haec  fiducia,  i.  e.  such  confidence  as  we  have  now. 

359.  aninii,  feelings,  limiting  quid,  above.  —  miseranda,  voca- 
tive. 

360.  quo  consolante  (abl.  abs.)  =  who  would  console  thee  in 
grief? 

362.  paternis  artibus  :  i.  e.  by  the  skill  of  Prometheus,  who 
fashioned  man  of  clay,  and  bestowed  upon  him  fire  stolen  from 
the  sky. 

365.  genus  restat  mortale,  the  human  race  survives. 

366.  exempla,  i.e.  the  only  specimens. — sortes,  lots;  here 
put  for  any  mode  of  consulting  the  divine  will. 

369.  Cephisidas  :  the  Cephisus  was  a  river  of  Bceotia.  It 
means  they  went  to  Delphi  by  crossing  the  Cephisus. 

370.  ut  .  .  .  sic,  though  .  .  .  yet.  The  deluge  had  not  so  far 
subsided  as  to  let  them  flow  quietly  as  a  stream,  but  yet  enough 
for  them  to  recognize  their  old  channels.  —  nondum  liquidas,  not 
yet  clear. 


I.  323-414.]  1.    The  Creation  and  the  Flood.  199 

371.  inde,  from  this,  i.  e.  the  river.  —  libatoa,  tasted,  and  so 
taken  up.  It  was  necessary  for  them  to  purify  themselves  with 
water  before  consulting  the  oracle.  —  inroravere,  had  sprinkled. 

373.  turpi,  ill-looking. 

374.  pallebant :  describing  the  dulness  of  mould  and  moss, 
rather  than  their  color. 

377.    precibus  justis,  at  the  prayers  of  the  just. 

380.  mersia  rebus  =  our  ?nisf or  tunes  from  the  flood. 

381.  aortem,  strictly  an  Italian  oracle  written  on  a  wooden 
tablet,  but  put  for  any  response. 

383.    magnae  parentis,  of  your  great  mother. 

387.  leedere,  to  offend. 

388.  repetunt  secum,  they  revolve  apart. 

389.  inter  se  volutant,  discuss  together. 

390.  Promethiades  :  this  patronymic  recalls  the  prophetic  gift 
of  his  father  Prometheus  (-ades  and  -is  are  the  masculine  and 
feminine  patronymic  forms). 

391.  fallax,  etc.  =  my  skill  fails  me. 

392.  pia  agrees  with  oracula. 

394.  ossa  reor  dici,  /  think  that  stones,  &*c,  are  meant  by 
bones. 

395.  augurio,  i.  e.  interpretation.  —  Titania  :  Epimetheus  and 
his  brother  were  Titans  ;  i.  e.  of  the  elder  race  of  naturc-diviuitics. 

399.  juaaoa,  as  commanded. 

400.  vetuataa,  i.  e.  old  tradition. 

401.  ponere  =  deponere. 

402.  mora,  by  lapse  of  time. 

404.  quasdam  forma,  something  {it  is  true)  of  the  form  of  man, 
yet,  &*c. 

405.  ccepto,  sc.  fingL 

406.  rudibua  aignia,  statues  in  the  rough. 

412.  traxere,  put  on. 

413.  femina,  womankind. 

414.  experiena,  doomed  to  endure. 


200  Notes:   Ovid.  [Metam. 


II.  The  Adventure  of  Phaethon. 

1 .  Regia,  sc.  domus,  palace. 

2.  pyropo,  "  fire-face,"  a  mixture  of  gold  and  copper. 

3.  cujus  limits  fastigia. 

4.  valvae,  double  doors,  opening  to  each  side. 

5.  Mulciber,  a  name  of  Vulcan,  from  the  softening  by  fire 
(mulcendo)  of  the  metal  which  he  wrought. 

6.  medias  cingentia,  embracing. 

8.  caeruleos :  the  sea-gods  are  dark  blue,  the  color  of  the 
waters.  —  canoruni:  the  horn  of  Triton,  representing  the  roaring 
of  the  blast. 

9.  ambiguum  :  Proteus  had  the  power  of  changing  his  form  at 
will.     See  Virg.  G.  iv.  441,  2  :  — 

Omnia  transformat  sese  in  miracula  rerum, 
Ignemque  horribilemque  feram  fluviumque  liquentem. 

10.  lacertis :  ./Egaeon  (Briareus)  was  represented  with  a  hun- 
dred arms.  The  notion  was  possibly  derived  from  the  monster 
cuttle-fish  described  by  sailors  in  hot  latitudes. 

11.  Dorida:  Doris  is  the  wife  of  Nereus  and  mother  of  the 
Nereids,  or  ocean-nymphs. 

12.  in  mole,  upon  a  massy  rock. 

14.  qualem,  sc.  sed  talis. 

15.  terra,  i.  e.  as  carved  in  relief  on  the  palace-walls. 

18.  signa,  the  signs  of  the  Zodiac. 

19.  quo,  whither.  —  acclivo  limite,  up  the  steep  pathway. 

20.  dubitati,  because  his  descent  from  the  sun-god  had  been 
denied  by  Epaphus  (see  Introd.). 

22.  neque  ferebat,  could  not  bear. 

24.  Phoebus  (see  i.  1 1),  a  name  of  Apollo,  here  used  for  the 
Sun. 

26.  Horae,  usually  in  mythology  the  Seasons,  but  here  in  the 
usual  prose  sense  of  Hours. 

28.  mida,  because  the  flowers  have  withered. 

29.  calcatis,  trampled 'in  the  wine-vat. 

30.  capillos,  Greek  accusative  (§  52,  3,  c;  G.  332). 

31.  paventem:  this  word  refers  to  the  outward  signs  of  fear, — 
paleness,  trembling,  &c. 

33.  -que  connects  ait  with  the  preceding. 

34.  progenies,  voc.  —  haud  infitianda  =  worthy  to  be  acknowl- 
edged. 


II.  1-73  ]     n-    The  Adventure  of  Phaethon.  201 

35.  publica,  common  to  all. 

36.  usurn,  enjoyment. 

39.   credar  ;  negari  (v.  42),  see  §  70,  2,  b;  G.  528,  R. 

42.  nee,  on  the  one  hand  not. 

43.  dignus  es,  used  in  Latin  both  of  good  and  bad  things  ; 
here,  deserve.  —  ortus,  the  plural  is  constantly  used  in  poetry  for 
the  singular. 

44.  quo  .  .  .  dubites,  §  64,  1,  a;  G.  545,  2. 

45.  promissi,  of  my  promise  (lit.  of  the  thing  promised'). 

46.  palus,  the  Styx,  by  which  the  gods  swore  their  most  awful 
oaths.  Being  beneath  the  earth,  it  could  never  be  beheld  by  the 
sun.     It  is  called  palus  from  its  sluggish  flow. 

47.  desierat  (desino),  had  ceased.  — rogat,  sc.  eum. 

48.  in  diem,  for  a  day.  —  alipedum  agrees  with  equorum 
(obj.  gen.). 

49.  jurasse,  subject  of  poenituit  (§  57,  8,  b  ;  G.  535). 

50.  illustre,  alluding  to  his  brightness. 

51.  tua,  sc.  voce. 

53.  tuta,  predicate. 

54.  istis,  those  (of  yours). 

55.  quae  nee  conveniant,  such  as  befit  not  (§  65,  2  ;  G.  633). 

56.  mortale  =  suited  to  a  mortal. 

57.  superis,  those  on  high,  i.  e.  the  heavenly  gods.  —  fas,  what 
is  permitted  by  divine  law. 

58.  placeat,  sc.  ut  (§  70,  3,  c,  R ;  G.  608)  :  i.  e.  though  each 
of  the  gods  may  have  his  will,  &c. 

59.  consistere,  to  keep  his  foothold. 

60.  axe,  i.e.  chariot:  the  part  for  the  whole,  by  the  figure 
called  synecdoche. 

62.  non  agat,  may  not  drive  (potential  subjunctive  :  §  60,  2, 
a;  G.  602). 

63.  prima  via,  §  47,  8  ;  G.  287,  R.  —  qua,  §  55,  4  ;  G.  387. 
65.   videre,  subj.  of  fit 

67.  moderamine  certo,  a  steady  check. 

68.  quae,  referring  to  Tethys. 

69.  Tethys  :  wife  of  Oceanus,  and  mother  of  Clymene. 

70.  assidua  vertigine,  in  a  constant  whirl  (the  daily  apparent 
revolution  of  the  heavens). 

71.  torquet,  spins. 

72,.  rapido  .  .  .  orbi:  i.e.  as  the  sun's  apparent  path  among 
the  stars  is  towards  the  east,  he  is  supposed  in  his  daily  course  to 
make  headway  against  the  revolution  of  the  celestial  sphere. 


202  Notes:   Ovid.  [Metam. 

75.   obvius  ire  polis,  same  idea  as  in  v.  73. 

78.  insidias,  i.e.  concealed  perils. — formas  ferarum,  shapes 
of  beasts,  i.  e.  the  Lion,  Bull,  &c,  the  signs  of  the  Zodiac. 

79.  Tit,  though  (concessive,  §  57,  5  ;  G.  610). 

80.  adversi,  turned  towards  you,  i.  e.  right  in  your  face.  — Tauri, 
etc.,  see  the  sun's  path  as  traced  on  a  celestial  map  or  globe. 

81.  Haemonios,  Thessalian  :  the  Archer  (Sagittarius)  is  repre- 
sented as  a  Centaur,  of  which  fabulous  monster  the  home  is  Thessaly 
(see  the  story  of  the  Centaurs  and  Lapithae,  Metam.  xii.  146-535). 

83.  aliter,  the  other  way. 

84.  ignibus,  qualifying  animosos. 

86.   in  promptu,  an  easy  thing  (lit.  ready  to  your  hand) . 

90.  sanguine,  abl.  of  source  ( §  54,  2,  a;  G.  295). 

91.  timendo,  by  my  fear  [for  you]. 

92.  probor,  I  prove  myself  Notice  the  collocation  of  patrio 
and  pater,  a  favorite  order. 

97.  bonis,  governed  by  e. 

98.  vero,  agreeing  with  nomine. 

101.  ne  dubita,  §  57,  7,  bj  G.  267.  —  undas,  apparently  direct 
object  of  juravimus  by  a  Greek  construction ;  in  Latin  it  would 
regularly  take  per. 

103.  ille,  the  other,  a  very  common  use  of  the  pronoun. 

104.  premit,  urges. 

105.  qua  licuit  =  while  he  could. 

106.  Vulcania,  §  47,  5  ;  G.  360,  R. 

107.  summae  rotas,  of  the  wheel's  rim. 

109.  chrysolithi,  topaz,  a  nearly  transparent  precious  stone, 
often  of  a  bright  golden  color  :  the  word  is  Greek,  and  signifies 
gold-stone.  —  gemmae,  i.  e.  the  other  gems,  subj.  of  reddebant. 

in.    magnanimus,  exulting  (lit.  high-spirited) . 

1 14.  agmina  cogit,  brings  up  the  rear  (lit.  gathers  in  the  troops'). 

115.  caeli  statione,  his  post  in  the  sky.  —  novissimus,  last: 
the  morning  star  is  often  seen  just  before  and  after  sunrise. 

1 16.  quae  ...  vidit,  when  he  saw  them  [the  stars]_/&v  to  earth. 
Their  disappearance  is  imagined  as  a  sudden  setting. 

117.  extremae,  i.e.  near  the  end  of  her  monthly  course. — 
velut  evanescere,  as  she  seems  to  sink  and  disappear  in  the  sky. 

120.    ambrosias,  lit.  immortal  food,  i.  e.  food  of  the  immortals. 

123.  patientia,  a&le  to  endure  (agreeing  with  ora). — rapidae, 
=  devouring,  cf.  rapax  from  same  root. 

124.  comae,  dat.,  upon  his  head.  —  luctus,  obj.  gen. 

129.    directos  .  .  .  arcus,  the  road  right  across  the  five  zones. 


II.  j$-\'j2.']    ii.    The  Adventure  of  Phaethon.  203 

130.  sectus  limes,  the  Ecliptic,  "  bounded  by  the  limit  of  three 
zones  "  (see  next  line),  i.  e.  the  torrid  and  the  two  temperate,  as 
represented  on  a  celestial  globe. 

135.  preme,  bear  down.  —  molire,  ply  :  this  verb  implies  the 
effort  made  in  climbing  the  celestial  heights.  (Construe  summum 
with  aethera.) 

136.  egressus,  i.  e.  if  you  quit  the  way  (§  60,  1,  a;  G.  594). 
13S.    dexterior,  sc.  rota. 

139.  pressam,  lying  low :  the  Altar  lies  south  of  the  Sun's 
winter  path,  barely  appearing  in  Greece  ;  the  Serpent  fAQphiuchui 
is  on  the  equator,  just  north  of  the  Ecliptic. 

141.  quae  juvet  opto,  who  I  wish  may  aid  you  (see  note,  v.  58). 

142.  Hesperio,  western.  Hesperus  is  the  Greek  form  of  the 
word  which  in  Latin  is  Vesper.  The  name  Hesperia,  "Land  of  the 
West,"  was  by  the  Greeks  poetically  applied  to  Italy,  and  by  the 
Romans  to  Spain  (Virg.  Mn.  i.  530  ;  Hor.  Od.  iii.  6). 

143.  noz,  i.  e.  the  Night  advances  towards  the  west  like  the 
Day. 

144.  poscimur,  we  are  wanted :  it  is  getting  late. 

146.   nostris,  agrees  with  consiliis  as  well  as  curribus. 
149.   quae,  referring  to  lumina.  —  dare,  depending  on  sine  (from 
sino).  —  spectes,  subj.  of  purpose. 

151.  contingere  .  poetic,  as  depending  upon  gaudet.  —  super, 
erect. 

152.  grates  agit,  renders  thanks. 

153.  Pyrois,  etc. :  the  names  of  the  steeds  signify  fiery,  of  the 
dawn,  blazing,  fla?ning. 

155.  repagula,  barriers  (of  a  race-course). 

156.  nepotis,  see  note,  v.  69.  — quae,  i.  e.  repugula. 

157.  copia  =  access  to. 

161.    quod  possent,  such  as,  &*c.  (subj.  of  characteristic). 
163.   pondere,  ballast. — justo,  regular  (a  common  meaning). — 
levitate,  abl.  of  cause. 

165.  onere,  following  vacuus  (§  54,  1 ;  G.  389). 

166.  inani,  an  empty  one. 
168.    or  dine,  direction. 

170.  si  sciat  (§  59,  4,  b ;  G.  598)  ;  the  present  subj.  of  future 
condition,  where  our  idiom  seems  to  require  the  imperfect  contrary 
to  fact. 

171.  triones,  the  North  (see  note,  i.  64). 

172.  vetito  aequore  :  the  Northern  Bear  in  these  latitudes 
never  goes  below  the  horizon. 


204  Notes:   Ovid,  [Metam. 

173.  Serpens,  the  constellation  called  Draco  {the  Dragon),  near 
the  north  pole,  at  the  feet  of  Hercules. 

176.  Boote  :  Bootes  is  represented  as  a  wagoner  :  the  constella- 
tion includes  the  bright  star  Arcturus. 

179.   penitus  penitusque,  far,  far  below. 

181.  tenebrae,  i.  e.  from  dizziness. 

182.  mallet,  i.  e.  if  it  were  possible  ;  hence  the  imperfect. 

183.  valuisse,  to  have  prevailed. 

184.  Meropis  :  Merops  was  the  husband  of  Clymene.  —  ut,  as. 

185.  pinus,  ship.  —  remisit  frena,  cast  loose  the  rein,  i.  e.  let  go 
the  helm. 

196.  flexis  utrumque,  bending  both  ways  (agreeing  with  both 
Cauda  and  lacertis). 

197.  signorum  duorum:  the  Scorpion  is  represented  as  at  first 
occupying  the  space  of  two  "  signs  "  of  the  Zodiac,  until  Libra  was 
inserted  where  the  claws  had  been. 

198.  madidum :  moist,  as  the  venom  oozes  out  on  account 
of  the  heat.  —  ut,  when. 

199.  curvata  cuspide,  the  curved  sting  ("  spear-head")  of  the 
scorpion's  tail. 

202.   exspatiantur,  wander  fro?n  the  track  (ex-spatium) . 
204.   hac,  correl.  to  qua,  sc.  via. 

206.  summa,  the  height. 

207.  terrae,  dative. 

208.  inferius  suis  (abl.),  lower  than  her  own.  —  Luna,  sister 
of  the  sun  :  poetically,  Diana,  sister  of  Apollo. 

210.  ut  quaeque  altissima,  each  in  the  order  of  its  height,  as 
he  comes  nearer  and  nearer. 

213.  materiam,  fuel. 

214.  parva,  small  calamities. 

217-225.  Athos,  etc.  This  catalogue  of  mountains,  ranging 
the  whole  field  of  mythical  geography,  may  be  verified  in  any  good 
dictionary  or  Atlas. 

230.    ore  trahit,  breathes  in. 

235.   summa,  the  surface. 

238.  passis  (pando),  dishevelled,  as  in  mourning. 

239.  deflevere,  wept  as  lost. 

240.  Ephyre,  the  old  name  of  Corinth. 

241.  sortita,  having  obtained  by  lot,  here  simply  possessing;  it 
governs  ripas.  —  loco  distantes,  remote  hi  space. 

243.  senex  :  the  river  gods  are  represented  as  old  men  (see 
note  on  mountains). 


II.  173-313]  n-    T%e  Adventure  of  Pha'cihon.  20j 

245.  arsunis  iterum,  i.  e.  when  set  on  fire  by  Vulcan,  to  stay 
the  attack  of  Achilles  (see  Iliad,  Book  xxi.  342-389). 

253.  volucres :  the  melodious  swans  of  the  Cayster  in  Lydia 
(Maeonia)  are  famous  in  ancient  poetry. 

255.  quod  adhuc  latet :  the  problem  of  the  source  of  the  Nile 
was  not  solved  until  our  own  day. 

260.  Tartara,  Tartarus,  the  ancient  Hell.  The  king  and  queen 
are  Pluto  and  Proserpine.  —  dissilit,  yawns  apart. 

263.  quos  relates  to  montes. 

264.  Cycladas,  a  Greek  ending,  as  Delphines,  v.  266. — 
augent,  i.  e.  by  rising  above  the  water  and  so  becoming  islands. 
The  Cyclades  are  the  islands  grouped  about  Delos  in  the  iEgean 
Sea. 

267.   lesnpina.,  floating  on  the  back. 

273.  fontes  (in  appos.  with  aquas),  mere  water  springs. 

274.  matris,  mother  earth. 

277.  infra  quam  solet,  lower  than  her  wont,  i.  e.  crouching 
in  distress. 

279.  quid,  why  t 

280.  periturae,  sc.  mini,  i.  e.  if  I  must  perish. 

281.  auctore  levare :  it  would  be  a  relief  to  perish  by  the 
thunderbolt  of  Jupiter. 

283.  tostos,  scorched.  —  crines  :  i.  e.  the  withered  foliage  of  the 
forest. 

285.  fructus,  etc.,  objective  genitive. 

288.  alimenta,  in  apposition  to  fruges. 

289.  vobis,  i.  e.  to  the  gods. 

290.  fa.c,  grant,  suppose. 

291.  frater  tuus,  i.e.  Neptune. 

293.  fratris,  obj.  gen.  limiting  gratia.  —  mea  gratia,  regard 
for  me. 

300.  rerum  summae,  for  the  universe  itself  The  regular  ex- 
pression for  the  fate  of  the  state  or  the  army,  or  whatever  highest 
interest  is  staked  on  an  engagement. 

301.  neque  enim,  [she  spoke  no  more]  for,  Ssr'c. 

303.  Manibus,  the  shades,  spirits  of  the  dead:  the  infernal 
regions. 

304.  ipsum,  Apollo. 

311.  ab  aure,  the  picture  is  of  one  throwing  a  javelin. 

312.  anima  .  .  .  expulit,  i.  e.  deprived  (privavit  would  here  be 
the  right  word)  of  breath  and  cast  from  the  chariot. 

313.  expulit,  sc.  euro. 


206  Notes:   Ovid,  [Metam. 

323.  diverso  orbe,  a  remote  region  of  earth,  i.  e.  towards  the  west. 

324.  Eridanus,  a  mythical  river,  the  source  of  amber.  It  was 
often  identified  with  the  Po,  sometimes  with  the  Rhone  (v.  372). 

325.  Hesperiee,  see  v.  142  and  note.  —  trifida,  thrice-cleft,  an 
epithet  of  the  "jagged  lightning,"  supposed  to  be  most  fatal. 

327.  currus  limits  auriga,  which  is  in  appos.  with  Phaethon ; 
quern  relates  to  currus. 

329.  nam,  i.e.  it  would  be  the  father's  place  naturally,  but  he 
had  withdrawn.  —  pater,  the  Sun. 

331.    isse  ferunt,  they  say  that  one  day  passed. 

333.   quaecumque  diceuda,  the  conventional  words  of  mourning. 

335.  lauiata  sinus,  tearing  her  breast. 

336.  mox,  when  the  limbs  had  decayed  from  lapse  of  time. 

337.  tamen,  i.  e.  though  she  sought  long,  yet  she  did  at  last 
find  them. 

340.  Heliades,  daughters  of  the  Sun,  sisters  of  Phaethon.  — 
morti  =  to  the  dead. 

343.  adsternuntur,  prostrate  themselves. 

344.  junctis  cornibus,  filing  out  her  horns. 

346.  Fhaethusa,  bright;  Lampetie  (below),  flaming* 

347.  maxima,  eldest. 

349.   subita,  i.  e.  suddenly  growing. 

352.   fieri,  are  turning  into. 

356.   quid  faciat,  §  57,  6  ;  G.  258.  —  impetus,  excitement. 

364.  sole,  abl.  of  cause,  with  rigescunt. 

365.  electra,  a?nber ;  in  truth  a  fossil  exudation  from  trees. 

366.  gestanda :  amber  was  a  favorite  material  for  ornaments 
among  the  Roman  ladies,  who  carried  balls  of  it  in  their  hands  for 
coolness.  —  nuribus  Latinis,  daughters-in-law  of  Roman  nobles  ; 
a  term  used  for  young  matrons. 

367.  monstro,  prodigy.  —  Stheneleia  proles,  son  of  Sthenelus. 
—  Cycnus  :  compare  the  story  in  XII.  65-145. 

369.  propior,  still  nearer. 

370.  Ligurum,  of  the  coast  region  near  Genoa,  Piedtnont. 

371.  querellis,  laments. 

372.  sororibus,  sisters  (of  Phaethon),  now  added  to  the  forest. 

373.  viro,  dat.  of  reference.  —  canaeque  .  .  .  collumque,  an 
infrequent  form  of  the  correlative. 

375.   junctura,  a  joining-7ne7>ibrane. 

377.  caeloque  Jovique  =  to  the  sky  of  fove. 

378.  ut  memor,  as  rememberi?ig  (the  motive  for  not  trusting 
the  sky).  —  ignis,  thunderbolt. 


II.  323-843]  n«    The  Adventure  of  Pha'ethon.  207 

380.  quae,  the  antecedent  is  flumina. 

381.  expers  (ex-pars),  devoid.  —  squalidus,  in  mourning. 

382.  cum  deficit  orbem,  when  he  unmakes  his  disc,  i.  c.  in  an 
eclipse. 

385.    aevi  limits  principiis. 

387.  actorum  mini,  things  done  by  me. 

388.  quilibet,  whoever  will. 

390.  ipse,  Jupiter. 

391.  ponat,  lay  aside. 

392.  expertus,  when  he  has  tried. 

393.  meruisse,  sc.  eum,  antecedent  of  qui. 
397.  excusat,  alleges  the  cause. 

400.  objectat,  throws  at  them  as  a  reproach  ;  imputat,  bears 
resentment  against  them  as  offenders.  —  natum  =  his  son's  death. 

This  interesting  myth  requires  no  explanation  beyond  the 
simplest  and  most  obvious  analogies  of  natural  phenomena,  —  an 
intensely  hot  summer,  trees  bearing  a  vague  resemblance  to  slender 
maidens  (Lombardy  poplars),  drops  of  amber  shaped  like  tears,  — 
all  combined  with  the  familiar  lesson  of  M  vaulting  ambition  that 
o'erleaps  itself."  It  is  probably  the  best  told  and  most  popular  of 
all  the  stories  in  the  Metamorphoses. 


III.  The  Rape  of  Europa. 

833.  has,  referring  to  the  punishment  of  Aglauros  (see  heading). 

834.  ce^it  =  had  inflicted:  the  pa>na  is,  in  its  original  sense,  a 
fine  or  forfeit.  —  Atlantiades  :  the  mother  of  Mercury  was  Maia, 
daughter  of  Atlas.  —  dictas  a  Pallade  :  Pallas,  "  the  brandisher," 
is  an  epithet  of  Athena  {Minerva),  tutelary  divinity  of  Athens. 

835.  pennis :  Mercury  is  represented  with  a  winged  cap 
(petasus),  and  winged  sandals  (talaria). 

836.  genitor  :  Jupiter.  —  causam  amoris  =  love  as  his  motive. 

838.  solito  cursu,  i.e.  the  air,  his  accustomed  path. 

839.  tuam  matrem  suspicit,  looks  up  to  thy  mother.  Maia  is 
one  of  the  stars  in  the  group  of  Pleiades.  —  a  parte  sinistra:  on 
the  left,  &*c,  i.  e.  towards  the  East.  Jupiter  is  looking  from  Mt. 
Olympus. 

840.  Sidonida,  i.  e.  Phoenicia,  "the  land  of  Sidon." 

843.  jamdudum :  expresses  the  promptness  of  Mercury's 
obedience.  So,  among  some  very  courteous  populations,  if  you 
ask  for  any  favor,  the  answer  will  be,  "  It  is  done  already." 


208  Notes:    Ovid.  [Metam. 

844.  filia  :  Europa,  "  the  broad  brow,"  daughter  of  the  Eastern 
king,  is  one  of  the  numerous  names  given  to  the  Dawn  in  the 
Greek  mythology.  The  "dawn"  of  civilization  rises  upon  the 
western  world  from  Asia.  For  the  signification  of  this  fable,  see 
introductory  note  to  the  next  section. 

846.  non  bene  conveniunt,  are  not  very  consistent.  —  moran- 
tur,  reside. 

848.  cui,  dat.  of  reference  (§  51,  7,  a;  G.  343,  r2). 

849.  nutu :  so  Zeus  "  nodded  with  his  black  brows  and  shook 
great  Olympus"  (II.  i.  528-30). 

854.  toris,  with  the  swell  of  muscles. 

855.  contendere  possis,  you  might  maintain* 

858.  Agenore  :  see  heading. 

859.  formosus,  sc.  sit. 
871.   falsa,  i.  e.  not  his  own. 

874.  dextra  tenet :  the  picture  as  here  given  was  familiar  to 
the  poet  on  gems,  &c. 


IV.  The  Search  of  Cadmus. 

2.  Dictsea :  Dicte  is  a  mountain  in  the  eastern  part  of  Crete. 
The  Phoenicians,  in  very  ancient  times,  were  colonists  and  traders 
among  the  Grecian  islands.  Several  of  the  divinities  worshipped 
by  the  Greeks  were  probably  introduced  by  them.  The  fable  of 
Europa  may  perhaps  point  to  such  a  settlement  in  Crete,  with  the 
introduction  of  cattle  from  Asia.  The  heifer  which  guides  Cadmus 
would  thus  have  the  same  signification  in  the  story  with  the  bull 
which  bears  away  Europa. 

3.  perquirere,  to  search  everywhere. 

5.  pius  et  sceleratus,  "tender"  towards  his  daughter,  and 
"  guilty  "  towards  his  son. 

7.  furta,  deceptions. 

8.  Phcebi  oracula,  i.  e.  at  Delphi,  near  Bceotia. 

10.  solis  in  arvis,  in  solitary  pastures. 

11.  passa:  cows  as  well  as  oxen  were  trained  to  the  yoke,  as 
on  the  continent  of  Europe  now. 

12.  herba,  on  the  grass. 

13.  fac  condas,  §  70,  $,f,  R  ;  G.  546,  R3.  —  Boeotia,  connected 
with  ftovs,  Lat.  bos. 

14.  Castalio :  the  oracle  of  Apollo  was  in  a  cave  of  Mt.  Par- 
nassus, whence  flowed  the  Castalian  fount. 


II.  844-  —  HI.  98.]  iv.    The  Search  of  Cadmus,  209 

15.   videt,  sc.  cum. 

17.  presso,  sustained.  —  legit,  traces  :  lit.  picks  up,  apparently 
the  original  meaning  of  the  word. 

19.   Panopes,  an  old  town  on  the  Cephisus. 

27.  libandas  =for  the  libation,  which  consisted  in  pouring 
water  or  wine  upon  the  earth  in  honor  of  some  divinity. 

30.    humilem  arcum,  a  low  arch. 

32.    Martius,  sacred  to  Mars. 

35.  quern  .  .  .  gradu,  when  the  men  descended  from  Tyrian 
race  had  reached  this  grove  with  hapless  step.  Tyre  was  a  colony 
of  Sidon,  but  became  far  more  famous  and  powerful  than  its 
mother  city. 

38.    cseruleus,  livid. 

41.   nexibus,  folds  /  orbes,  coils. 

43.   media  plus  parte,  more  than  half  his  length. 

45.  geminas  .  .  .  Arctos  :  the  great  constellation  of  the  Dragon. 

46.  nee  mora  =  without  delay. 
48.    hos,  sc.  necat. 

50.   sol  altissimus,  the  sun  at  noon. 
54.    praestantior,  more  prompt. 

56.   supra,  adverb.  —  spatiosi  corporis,  descriptive  genitive. 
59.   molarem,  sc.  lapidem,  a  stone  as  big  as  a  millstone. 
62.   mota  forent,  might  have  been  shaken. 
64.   loricae  modo,  like  a  coat-of-mail. 

66.  lentse,  pliant.  —  medio  curvamine,  in  the  middle  of 
the  coil. 

70.  id,  the  shaft. 

72.   accessit,  was  added. 

76.  Stygio,  i.  e.  fearful  as  the  Styx. 

77.  modo  .  .  .  interdum,  now  .  .  .  now. 

78.  cingitur,  knots  hi?nself;  exstat,  erects  himself 

79.  impete,  an  old  form  of  the  ablative  (3d  declension) :  the 
regular  form  would  be  impetu  (4th  declension).  —  concitus  im- 
bribus,  swollen  by  rains. 

83.  praetenta,  held  before  him. 

84.  ferro,  dative. 

88.    plagam  .  .  .  arcebat,  kept  the  blonu  from  striking  deep. 
91.   usque  aecpiens,  following  up.  —  eunti,  sc.  serpenti. 

94.  gemuit,  etc.,  groaned  (like  a  living  thing)  that  its  trunk  was 
lashed  by  the  e?id  of  his  tail. 

95.  spatium,  the  bulk. 

98.   tu  spectabere  serpens,  see  Book  iv.  563-614  (argument). 


210  Notes:   Ovid.  [Metam. 

ioi.  fautrix  :  Pallas  is  regularly  represented  as  the  protectress 
and  guide  of  heroes  in  their  exploits.  She  was  the  goddess  of 
invention  and  mental  energy. 

102.   motas  terrae  (dat.),  beneath  the  broken  earth. 

106.  fide  majus,  an  incredible  thing  ! 

1 08.   pic  to,  decorated. 

in.   festis,  on  a  holiday. 

112.  signa,  figures,  painted  on  the  curtain.  The  closing  of  the 
curtain  is  referred  to,  which  was  done  from  the  bottom,  not  from 
the  top  as  with  us. 

113.  placido  tenore,  with  quiet  (or  easy)  motion. 

119.  eminus  (construe  with  jaculo),  thrown  from  a  distance. 

122.  suo  marte,  in  mutual  strife. 

1 24.  sortita,  having  enjoyed, 

125.  matrem,  i.  e.  the  Earth. 

127.  Tritonis  :  Tritonis  is  an  epithet  of  Minerva,  probably 
from  a  brook  in  Bceotia. 

128.  fraternae  pacis,  peace  among  the  (surviving)  brothers. 

131.  jam,  at  length. 

132.  soceri  :  Hermione  (or  Harmonia),  daughter  of  Mars  and 
Venus,  was  wife  of  Cadmus. 

135.  sed  .  .  ,  debet :  "  Call  no  man  happy  till  he  dies,"  a 
favorite  maxim  of  ancient  wisdom.  —  juvenes,  youths,  i.e.  grown 
up,  not  pueri. 

In  the  myth  of  Cadmus  we  may  recognize  a  genuine  tradition 
of  the  trading  settlements  and  factories  established  by  Phoeni- 
cians in  very  early  times,  along  the  coast  of  Greece.  From  them 
the  rude  Greeks  received  the  first  beginnings  of  civilization, 
especially  the  knowledge  of  the  alphabet.  Many  religious  rites 
were  likewise  borrowed  from  them,  especially  the  worship  of 
Herakles  {Hercules,  the  Phoenician  Melkarf)  and  Aphrodite 
{Astarte)  or  Venus. 


V.   Pyramus  and  Thisbe. 

The  reader  will  remember  this   story  as  presented  in  "Mid- 
summer-Night's Dream." 

v.   56.   piselata.,  preferred  before  :  most  excellent  among. 

58.  Semiramis,  wife  of  Ninus,  and  founder  of  Babylon.  —  coc- 
tilibus,  of  burnt  brick. 

59.  nctitiam  .  .  .  gxaaxia  =  lhe  first  steps  of  intimacy. 


III.  ioi.  —  IV.  158.]  Pyramus  and  Thisbe.  211 

60.  taedae,  gen.  with  jure  =  in  lawful  marriage.  A  torchlight 
procession  was  a  regular  part  of  the  nuptial  ceremony. 

61.  quod  relates  to  v.  62. 

62.  ex  aequo  captis,  equally  enslaved. 

63.  conscius,  witness. 

65.  fissus  erat  paries,  the  party -wall  was  cloven.  —  duxerat, 
had  got,  i.  e.  the  chink  had  been  left  in  it. 

67.   id  vitium,  this  defect.  —  nulli  notatum,  remarked  by  no  one. 
69.   fecistis  iter,  made  it  a  passage. 

74.  erat  =  esset  (§  60,  2  cj  G.  246,  r2).  —  toto  corpore,  in 
bodily  presence. 

75.  pateres,  open  far  enough. 

77.  quod,  etc.,  obj.  of  debere.  —  arnicas,  beloved. 

78.  diversa  sede,  i.  e.  parted  as  they  were. 

79.  parti  suae,  his  own  side. 

80.  contra,  to  the  other. 

87.  neve  sit  errandum,  and  that  there  be  no  mistake. 

88.  lateant,  conceal  themselves. 
91.   lux,  the  daylight. 

96.  recenti  .  .  .  rictus,  a  lioness,  whose  foaming  jaw  is  smeared 
(obllta)  with  fresh  blood  of  cattle  (rictus,  ace.  of  specification). 

105.   serius,  too  late  for  his  appointment. 

no.   nocens,  the  guilty  one. 

in.  jussi  venires,  bade  you  come.  The  prose  construction 
would  be  infinitive. 

113.   scelerata  viscera,  guilty  flesh. 

117.   notae,  agreeing  with  vesti. 

119.   quo:  the  antecedent  is  ferrum. 

121.  resupinus,  fallen  back.  —  humo,  loc.  abl.  for  the  more 
usual  locative  form  humi. 

122.  fistula,  a  water-pipe.  —  vitiato  plumbo,  i.  e.  from  a  flaw 
in  the  lead. 

128.   fallat,  disappoint.  130.   gestit,  is  eager. 

132.  facit  incertam,  makes  her  doubtful.—  pomi,  fruit. 

133.  tremebunda,  quivering.  135.   exhorruit,  shivered. 
136.   summum,  its  surface. 

142.  mihi,from  me  (§  51,  2,  e;  G.  346). 

146.  visa  ilia,  having  looked  upon  her. 

148.  ebur,  ivory  scabbard. 

151.  persequar,  sc.  te.  153.   nee,  not  even. 

154.  hoc,  secondary  object:  §  52,  2,  R  ;  G.  333,  R*. 

158.  componi  invideatis,  forbid  to  be  laid. 


212  Notes:   Ovid.  [Metam. 


VI.   Perseus  and  Andromeda. 

Acrisius,  king  of  Argos,  had  been  warned  that  he  should  be 
dethroned  and  slain  by  the  child  of  his  daughter  Danae,  whom 
therefore,  to  elude  the  oracle,  he  confined  in  a  dungeon  with  brazen 
walls.  But  Jupiter  gained  admission  in  the  form  of  a  shower  of 
gold,  and  Danae  became  the  mother  of  Perseus.  Being  shut  with 
the  child  —  then  four  years  of  age  —  in  a  chest,  or  coffer,  and  cast 
into  the  sea,  she  drifted  to  the  island  of  Seriphus,  where  the  boy 
grew  up,  and  was  sent  craftily  by  the  tyrant  of  the  island  for  the 
head  of  the  Gorgon  Medusa.  In  this  enterprise  he  was  helped 
and  delivered  by  the  friendly  care  of  the  divinities  Mercury  and 
Minerva,  who  armed  him  for  his  task,  gave  him  the  power  of  flight, 
and  made  him  invulnerable  and  invincible.  (See,  for  an  admirable 
narrative  of  the  adventure,  Kingsley's  "Heroes,"  and  "Andro- 
meda.") 

IV.  615.  viperei  monstri,  the  Gorgon  Medusa,  whose  beautiful 
locks  of  hair  had  been  changed  to  serpents  by  the  wrath  of  Minerva 
(yv.  801-803). 

616.  stridentibus  alis :  Perseus  had  been  equipped  for  his 
aerial  journey  by  the  aegis  of  Minerva,  the  winged  cap  and  sandals 
furnished  by  the  Graiae,  the  cap  of  Pluto  making  its  wearer  invisi- 
ble, and  the  curved  sword  {harpe)  of  Mercury,  with  its  two  points, 
one  straight  and  the  other  curved.  (See  the  interpretation  of  the 
fable  of  the  Gorgons  in  "  Modern  Painters,"  vol.  v.  p.  150.) 

617.  Libycas,  African  :  Libya  was  the  earlier  general  name  of 
Africa,  the  home  of  the  Gorgons. 

622.  exemplo,  in  the  manner. 

623.  longe,  from  afar,  qualifying  despectat 

625.  Cancri:  used  for  the  tropical  region,  as  Arctos  for  the 
polar. 

628.  Hesperio  =  far  western.  The  gardens  of  the  Hesperides, 
daughters  of  Atlas,  were  placed  somewhere  in  the  west  of  Africa. 

630.   Auroras,  sc.  currus.  —  diurnos,  of  the  day. 

632.  Atlas,  "the  unwearied,"  one  of  the  Titans,  condemned 
after  their  rebellion  to  bear  the  weight  of  heaven  upon  his 
shoulders. 

634.   subdit,  see  ii.  68. 

637.  arboreae  frondes,  etc.,  a  description  of  the  garden  of  the 
Hesperides.  Some  report  of  oranges  —  a  fruit  unknown  to  the 
ancients  —  may  have  helped  in  shaping  the  story  of  the  golden 
apples. 


IV.  615-685]    vi.  Perseus  and  Andromeda.  213 

639.   seu,  if  on  the  one  hand;  sive,  or  if. 

641.    rerum,  heroic  deeds. 

643.   Themis,  see  note,  i.  321. 

645.  Jove  natus  :  the  son  of  Jupiter,  who  stole  the  golden 
apples  of  the  Hesperides,  was  Hercules,  himself  a  remote  descend- 
ant of  Perseus. 

649.  ne  longe  .  .  ,  absit,  lest  the  glory,  &>c,  be  far  from  help- 
ing thee. 

650.  mentiris,  falsely  boast. 

654.  parvi,  of  little  worth. 

655.  Medusae  ora:  the  horror  of  the  countenance  of  Medusa, 
with  its  snaky  locks,  chilled  the  beholder  into  stone.  Perseus 
himself  had  approached  the  monster  averted  —  ipse  retroversus  — 
gazing  at  her  reflection  in  the  polished  shield  ;  and  had  borne  the 
bleeding  head  in  an  enchanted  sack,  given  him  by  the  sea-nymphs. 

657.  quantus  erat,  sc.  tantus  — ■  of  just  his  size. 

658.  abeunt,  pass,  or  are  converted. 
661.   di,  vocative. 

663.  Hippotades,  i^olus,  son  of  Hippotas,  god  of  the  winds. 

664.  admonitor  operum,  summoner  to  toil. 

665.  ille,  Perseus. 

669.  Cephea  (adj.),  of  Cepheus,  king  of  Ethiopia,  brother  of 
^gyptus  and  Danaus. 

670.  maternae  linguae  :   Cassiopeia,  mother  of  Andromeda,  was 

"  That  starred  Ethiop  queen  that  strove 
To  set  her  beauty's  praise  above 
The  sea-nymphs,  and  their  powers  offended." 
Cepheus,   Cassiopeia,  Andromeda,  and   Perseus   are  among    the 
most  striking  constellations  in  the  northern  heavens. 

671.  Ammon  :  the  chief  divinity  of  Egypt,  identified  with  the 
Greek  Zeus  (Jupiter)  ;  represented  with  the  head  of  a  ram.  He 
had  an  oracle  in  the  Libyan  desert. 

672.  bracchia,  ace.  of  specification. 

673.  Abantiades:  Abas,  king  of  Argos,  descended  from 
Danaus,  was  father  of  Acrisius. 

675.    ignes,  the  flames  of  love. 

679.    quibus,  sc.  eis  catenis.  680.    requirenti,  sc.  mini. 

683.  religata,  i.  e.  her  hands  bound  behind. 

684.  quod  potuit,  i.  e.  the  only  thing  she  could  :  its  antecedent 
is  the  sentence  lumina,  etc. 

685.  instanti,  to  him  urgent. — sua,  emphatic:  she  would  not 
seem  to  confess  guilt. 


214  Notes:    Ovid,  [Met am. 

688.   nondum  .  .  .  omnibus,  before  all  was  told. 
692.   ilia :  the  mother  had  more  reason  for  grief,  by  reason  of 
her  offence,  which  incurred  this  penalty. 

695.   lacrimarum  limits  tempora ;  manere  governs  vo9. 
697.   peterem,  seek  in  marriage.  — Perseus,  in  appos.  with  ego. 

702.  meritum  :  i.  e.  that  the  boon  should  be  my  own  earning.  — 
dotibus,  endowments. 

703.  mea,  predicate. 

704.  legem,  condition. 

705.  super  =  insuper.  —  do  tale,  a  bridal  gift.  In  Ovid's  time 
the  wife  brought  a  dowry  to  the  husband.  This  usage  he  has 
transferred  to  the  heroic  times,  when  the  husband  purchased  the 
wife  from  her  parents. 

706.  rostro,  construe  with  sulcat. 

709.  Balearica :  the  people  of  these  islands  were  famous 
slingers. 

710.  caeli,  space  :  partitive  genitive  with  quantum.  —  plumbo, 
i.  e.  the  leaden  slug  thrown  by  the  sling. 

714.  Jovis  praepes,  the  eagle. 

715.  praebentem  Phcebo,  turning  to  the  Sun. 
718.   inane,  the  void  (i.  e.  air). 

720.  Inachides  :  Inachos,  son  of  Oceanus,  was  the  first  king 
of  Argos. 

720.  hamo,  see  note,  v.  616. 

725.   qua  patent,  where  they  are  exposed. 

729.  graves,  ?nade  heavy. 

730.  bibulis,  soaked  whh  blood. 
732.    stantibus,  ouiet. 

734.  exegit,  thrust  through;  repetita,  attacked  repeatedly \ 

735.  implevere:  the  plural  subject  is  cum  plausu  clamor 
(§  49,  1;  G.  281,  R2). 

742.    mollit,  carpels. 

744.  bibula  medulla,  with  porous  pith. 

745.  rapuit,  caught. 

749.  iterant  j  aetata,  toss  repeatedly. 

750.  curaliis,  coral. 

751.  duritiam  capiant :  as  if  the  coral  were  a  sea-plant,  which 
turns  to  stone  by  contact  with  the  air.  —  tacto  ab  aere,  from  con- 
tact with  the  air. 

756.  alipedi,  Mercury. 

757.  praemia  indotata,  i.  e.  herself  the  price  of  the  exploit, 
without  other  dowry. 


IV.  688-79I-]    vl-  Perseus  and  Andromeda,  215 

758.  Hymenaeus,  the  god  of  marriage. 

759.  praecutiunt,  brandish  in  front  in  the  bridal  procession. 

762.  reseratis,  thrown  back. 

763.  instructa,  prepared. 

764.  Cepheni,  people  of  Cepheus. 

765.  functi,  etc.,  having  discharged  the  service  of  high-born 
Bacchus. 

766.  diffudere,  relaxed, 

767.  Lyncides  :  Lynceus  was  a  fabled  ancestor  of  Perseus. 
769.   qui  relates  to  Cepheus. 

771.  crinita  draconibus  =  with  snaky  locks. 

772.  Agenorides,  Perseus,  descended  from  a  brother  of  Agenor. 

773.  unius  luminis  usum :  the  sisters  Graiae,  daughters  of 
Phorcys,  had  but  one  eye  between  them,  which  Perseus — made 
invisible  by  the  cap  of  Pluto  —  caught  as  it  was  passing  from  one 
to  the  other.  Thus  made  helpless,  they  were  constrained  to  tell 
him  the  secrets  on  which  the  fate  of  the  Gorgon  depended. 

775.   partitas,  sharing. 

780.  ferarumque :  observe  that  the  syllable  -que  is  elided 
before  the  vowel  at  the  beginning  of  the  next  verse  {synapheid). 

781.  ex  ipsis  —from  their  proper  shape. 

783.  sere  repercusso,  i.  e.  by  the  image  reflected  from  the 
polished  brass  ;  limited  by  clipei,  above  (see  note,  v.  655). 

785.  pennis  fugacem  Pegason :  the  winged  horse  Pegasus, 
sacred  to  the  Muses,  and  the  giant  Chrysaor,  wielding  a  golden 
sword,  sprang  from  the  blood  of  the  slain  Gorgon. 

791.  sola  sororum,  Medusa  was  the  only  one  of  the  three 
sisters  who  was  mortal.  All,  however,  had  the  power  of  convert- 
ing the  beholder  into  stone.  —  798.   vitiasse,  dishonored. 

The  tale  of  Perseus  (like  that  of  Hercules  and  many  other 
heroes)  represents  the  daily  course  of  the  sun,  in  conflict  with  the 
powers  of  darkness  and  storm.  The  harpe  is  his  gleaming  ray ; 
the  Graiae  are  the  twilight ;  the  Gorgons  are  the  storm-cloud, 
which  rests  upon  the  bosom  of  the  sea- wave,  and  is  cloven  by  the 
"golden  sword  "  of  the  lightning.  The  jagged  edges  of  the  cloud, 
and  the  crimson  stream  which  pours  from  it  in  the  glow  of  sunset, 
help  out  the  features  qf  the  image. 


216  Notes:    Ovid.  [Met am. 


VII.   The  Wandering  of  Ceres. 

Ceres,  in  the  Greek  myth,  is  the  Earth-Mother  (A^rr/p),  type 
of  the  productive  power  of  the  soil,  who  seeks  her  child  Proser- 
pina (Persephone,  called  also  Koprj,  the  maiden),  stolen  from  her 
sight  by  the  king  of  the  lower  world,  and  only  restored  to  her  by 
Jupiter  for  six  months  of  each  year.  By  this  parable  the  ancients 
understood  the  annual  sowing  of  the  grain-harvest,  by  which  the 
corn  is  hidden  in  the  ground  through  the  winter  months,  but  re- 
stored in  spring  to  sunlight,  and  ripening  to  the  harvest,  in  which 
the  yearly  festival  of  Ceres  is  celebrated  with  religious  rites. 

V.  341.  unco  aratro :  the  ancient  plough,  still  sometimes  seen 
in  Italy,  was  a  rude  wooden  instrument  which  broke  the  soil  with 
its  hooked  extremity. 

343.  dedit  leges :  because  agriculture  first  led  men  to  an 
orderly  life,  she  was  called  Ceres  legifera  (A^r^p  Qea-pocpopos). 

346.  membris  (dat.  after  ingesta),  heaped  on  the  giant  limbs 
(Typhoeus,  see  Introd.).  Typhoeus  was  not  reckoned  one  of  the 
giants,  but  represented  the  violent  powers  of  nature,  especially  in 
the  earthquake :  hence  he  is  placed  for  punishment  under  the 
volcano  Etna. 

347.  Trinacris,  "  the  three  headlands,"  is  the  ancient  name 
describing  the  triangular  form  of  Sicily,  which,  on  a  rude  map, 
might  suggest  the  notion  of  a  buried  giant.  —  subjectum  and 
ausuni  agree  with  Typhoea ;  molibus  depends  on  subjectum, 
and  sperare  on  ausum  ;  sedes  is  object  of  sperare. 

350.  Feloro,  etc.,  Pelorus  is  the  headland  nearest  Italy ; 
Pachynus,  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  the  island ;  Libybatum,  the 
western.  —  Ausonio,  Italian  (an  old  name  of  Southern  Italy). 

352.   resupinus,^:/  on  his  back. 

354.   remoliri,  to  cast  off  (with  effort). 

356.   rex  silentum,  king  of  the  silent  realms,  Pluto. 

361.   ambibat,  surveyed,  going  his  rounds,  like  a  watchman. 

363.  Erycina,  Venus,  who  had  a  famous  temple  on  Mt.  Eryx, 
in  the  western  part  of  Sicily,  apparently  of  Phoenician  origin. 
Eryx  was  fabled  to  be  her  son,  killed  by  Hercules  in  a  boxing- 
match,  and  buried  on  this  mountain  (see  Virgil,  JEn.  v.  392-420). 

364.  natum  volucrem,  her  winged  son,  Cupido  ( ="Epcos )  or 
Desire,  son  of  Venus  :  the  modern  Cupid,  whose  attributes  of  bow 
and  arrows,  with  wings,  have  come  down  from  ancient  works 
of  art. 


V.  34 1-407 •]  vn*    The  Wandering  of  Ceres.  217 

365.  arma,  etc.,  vocative. 

366.  ilia  tela,  those  shafts,  pointed  with  gold  or  lead,  according 
as  they  were  to  stir  love  or  hate. 

368.  triplicis  .  .  .  regni,  the  last  lot  fell  of  the  threefold  realm  : 
Jupiter  having  taken  by  lot  the  empire  of  the  heavens  and  Neptune 
that  of  the  waters. 

370.  regit  qui  =  qui  regit — ipsum,  Neptune. 

371.  Tar  tar  a,  etc.,  why  does  Tartarus  hold  aloof  t 
yj2..   agitur,  is  at  stake. 

373-   quae  .  .  .  est,  such  is  our  endurance. 

375.  Pallada,  etc. :  Pallas  (Minerva)  and  Artemis  (Diana)  were 
virgins,  and  patrons  of  chastity. 

376.  filia,  Proserpine.  —  virgo,  predicate. 

378.  pro  socio  regno,  for  a  united  realm. 

379.  patruo  :  the  patruus  is  the  father's  brother  ;  the  avunculus 
the  mother's.     Proserpine  was  daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Ceres. 

382.  magis  audiat,  is  more  obedient. 

383.  opposito  genu  (abl.  abs.),  bracing  his  knee  against  it. 

384.  hamata,  barbed.  —  arundine,  reed,  of  which  the  arrow  was 
made. 

385.  altae  aquae,  of  deep  water. 

386.  illo,  than  he  [does]  ;  a  construction  rare  in  Latin,  but 
common  in  Greek.  —  Caystros,  see  ii.  258.  The  Cayster  was 
famous  for  its  swans,  which  the  ancients  made  a  melodious  bird. 

389.  ut  velo,  as  by  a  veil  (referring  to  the  awning  which 
sheltered  the  Roman  amphitheatre  from  the  sun). 

390.  Tyrios,  purple. 

391.  quo  luco  (loc.  abl.),  in  this  grove.  Proserpina  (pro-serpo) 
was  the  name  of  a  native  Italian  goddess  who  presided  over  the 
growth  of  plants,  identified  with  the  Greek  Ilepo-ecpovT). 

394.  sequales,  comrades. 

395.  simul,  at  one  moment. 

396.  usque  adeo,  to  such  a  degree. 
398.  summa  ab  ora,  at  its  upper  edge. 

406.  ferventia,  agreeing  with  stagna :  boiling  up  through  the 
broken  earth.  Palicorura  :  these  were  two  brothers,  who  presided 
over  some  bubbling  sulphurous  springs  near  Palike,  in  Sicily. 

407.  qua  .  .  .  portus,  i.  e.  the  site  of  Syracuse,  between  the 
outer  (lesser)  and  inner  (greater)  harbors.  —  bimari,  a  common 
epithet  of  Corinth,  on  the  isthmus  "between  two  seas."  —  Bacchia- 
dae,  the  leading  family  of  Corinth,  claiming  descent  from  Hercules. 
Syracuse  was  a  Corinthian  colony. 


218  Notes:   Ovid,  [Metam. 

409.  medium  .  .  .  aequor,  a  sea  between  Cyane  and  Arethusa. 
The  fountain  Arethusa,  on  the  peninsula  (Ortygia)  which  made  the 
old  city  of  Syracuse,  offered  the  strange  phenomenon  of  fresh 
water  springing  up,  apparently,  from  the  midst  of  salt.  Hence  the 
fable  related  below  (vv.  577-641).  Cyane  was  a  spring  whose 
waters  flowed  into  the  Great  Harbor. 

410.  angustis  cornibus,  narrow  points  of  land.  The  "sea" 
(aequor)  is  the  Great  Harbor. 

413.   summa  tenus  alvo  =  as  far  as  the  waist. 
420.    Saturnius,  son  of  Saturn. 

425.   fontis    jura  :    fountains    were    held    to    have    a    sacred 
character,  on  which  Cyane  had  presumed  too  far. 
428.    modo,  but  now. 

43 1 .   tenuissima  quasque,  all  the  slenderest  parts. 
436.   vitiatas,  impaired. 

438.  matri,  dat.  of  agent,  with  quaesita  est 

439.  profimdo,  deep  =  sea. 
443.   inrequieta,  never  resting. 

450.  dulce,  a  sweet  drink  which  she  had  first  strewn  with 
Parched  barley.     The  plural  dulcia  is  often  used  for  sweetmeats. 

453.   neque  :  the  negative  qualifies  epota. 

458.  parva  lacerta :  the  stellio,  or  spotted  lizard,  is  one  of  the 
smallest  species. 

463.  defuit  orbis,  the  world  did  not  suffice  (no  part  of  it  was 
left  unsearched). 

464.  Sicaniam,  Sicily. 
467.    quo,  with  which. 

471.  simul  [atque],  as  soon  as.  —  raptam,  sc.  earn  esse. 

473.  repetita,  again  struck. 

474.  sit,  i.e.  Proserpine. 

475.  nec  =  et  non. 

477.  saeva  manu,  with  cruel  hand. 

478.  parili  agrees  with  leto. 

480.  depositum,  sc.  semen. 

481.  vulgato,  famed:  Sicily  was  in  old  times  "the  granary  of 
Rome." 

482.  falsa,  disappointed.  — primis  in  herbis,  in  the  young  blade. 
484.   sideraque :  the  -que  is  made  long  by  caesura.  —  que  .  .  . 

que,  both  .  .  .  and:  the  constellations  were  thought  to  have  an 
influence  upon  the  crops. 

487.  Eleis,  daughter  of  Elis  (a  district  of  Greece)  ;  Alpheias, 
loved  by  Alpheus. 


V.  4°£-552-]  VII«    The  Wandering  of  Ceres,  219 

493.  nee  sum,  etc.,  i.  e.  it  is  not  affection  for  my  native  land,  &c. 

495.  penates,  household gods  =  home. 

500.  curaque  .  .  .  et  vultus  melioris,  relieved  from  care,  and 
of  more  cheerful  aspect. 

502.  cavernas,  i.  e.  of  the  sea. 

503.  desueta,  i.  e.  from  the  long  dark  journey. 

504.  labor,  I  glide. 

509.  ceu  saxea,  as  if  turned  to  marble. 

510.  ut  .  .  .  amentia,  when  her  grievous  frenzy  was  dispelled 
by  grievous  pain. 

511.  pulsa,  banished. 

513.  invidiosa  =full  of  bitter  thoughts. 

515.  matris,  objective  gen. 

516.  cura  vilior,  a  less  precious  charge. 

517.  illius,  i.  e.  Proserpine. 

519.  scire  .  .  .  vocas,  if  you  call  it  finding,  to  know  where 
she  is. 

520.  quod  rapta  [est],  that  she  is  stolen. 

525.  injuria,  amor,  predicate. 

526.  pudori,  dat  of  service. 

527.  tu  modo  velis,  if  only  thou  consent. — ut  desint  (con- 
cessive), though,  Qr'c.  ;  §  61,  2  ;  G.  606. 

528.  quid,  quod,  etc.,  what  [do  you  say  to  this]  that,  &*c.  — 
cetera,  other  grounds. 

529.  nisi  sorte,  except  by  lot. 

531.  lege,  condition. 

532.  cautum  est,  it  was  provided. 

533.  certum  est,  her  mind  is  made  up. 

537.  de  cortice  :  the  seeds  of  the  pomegranate  are  wrapped 
each  in  its  separate  pulpy  sheath.  This  fruit  is  often  used  as  a 
symbol  of  the  lower  world. 

540.  Avernales  :  the  name  Avernus  was  applied  to  the  sul- 
phurous waters  whose  fumes  were  thought  to  kill  the  birds  that 
flew  over. 

541.  buo,  her  kindred. 

543.   profanam,  of  evil  omen. 

546.  sibi  ablatus,  deprived  of  himself  (his  own  identity). 

547.  in  caput  crescit  =  his  head  enlarges.  —  ungues,  bends 
back  long  claws,  i.  e.  receives  long  hooked  claws. 

548.  natas,  which  had  grown. 

552.  Acheloide3,  daughters  of  Achelous  (a  river  of  central 
Greece).  —  unde,  sc.  sunt. 


220  Notes:   Ovid.  [Metam. 

555.  doctee,  skilled  (in  singing).  The  Sirens  had  the  faces  of 
maidens  and  bodies  of  birds,  and  were  endowed  with  the  gift 
of  song. 

557.  ut,  etc.,  that  the  waters  as  well  as  the  land  might  experi- 
ence, &c. 

559.   faciles,  good-natured. 

564.   medius,  Between. 

571.   victis,  i.  e.  after  conquering  them. 

576.   fluminis  Elei,  i.  e.  the  Alpheus. 

578.  saltus  legit,  scoured  the  glades  (in  the  chase).  —  Achaide, 
Greece. 

583.   rustica,  choosing  the  field. 

585.    Stymphalide  :  Stymphalus  was  a  district  of  Arcadia. 

587.   sine  vertice,  without  an  eddy. 

590.   nutrita  unda,  fed  by  the  wave. 

607.  Cyllenenque  :  a  spondaic  verse.  Orchomenos  and  Psophis 
are  cities,  Cyllene,  Maenalus,  and  Erymanthus  are  mountains,  of 
Arcadia.  The  course  here  described  is  an  almost  impossible  one  ; 
nor,  for  the  matter  of  that,  does  the  Alpheus  flow  near  Stymphalos. 

609.   me,  ablative. 

615.    umbram,  i  e.  of  Alpheus. 

619.   Dictynna,  a  name  of  Diana,  from  a  mountain  in  Crete. 

622.   tectam,  sc.  me. 

625.   Io  :  the  final  vowel  of  interjections  is  not  elided. 

633.  caeruleae,  i.  e.  the  color  proper  to  water  deities  :  she  was 
already  turning  to  a  fountain. 

634.  lacus,  pool. 

636.  sed  enim:  the  ellipsis  is  something  as  follows,  —  but  [I 
was  not  yet  safe]/<?r,  &*c. 

637.  posito,  laying  aside.  —  ore,  countenance. 

639.  Delia,  an  epithet  of  Diana  from  the  island  of  Delos,  which 
was  sacred  to  her. 

640.  cognomine  meae,  welcome  by  the  name  of  ?ny  protecting 
divinity  :  Ortygia  (named  from  oprvg,  a  quail)  was  sacred  to  Diana, 
and  is  one  of  her  titles. 

642.  angues,  dragons,  or  winged  serpents.  —  fertilis  —  of 
fertility.     The  chariot  of  Ceres  was  drawn  by  serpents. 

645.  Tritonida  in  urbem,  into  the  city  of  Pallas  (Athens). 

646.  rudi  humo,  virgin  soil.  —  Triptolemo  :  Triptolemus  was 
a  son  of  Celeus,  king  of  Eleusis,  with  whom  Ceres  had  found 
shelter  during  her  wanderings.  She  undertook  to  make  the  boy 
immortal  by  laying  him  in  the  hot  ashes  ;  and  when  this  was  pre- 


V.  555  — VI.  i87-]  vm-  Pride  and  Grief  of  Niobe.   2  21 

vented  by  the  fears  of  his  mother,  taught  him  the  arts  of  husbandry. 
Triptolemus  was  a  principal  figure  in  the  Eleusinian  worship  of 
Demeter,  being  regarded  as  the  medium  through  whom  agriculture 
was  taught  to  mankind. 

647.   post  .  .  .  recultae  =  which  had  long  lam  fallow  (agreeing 
with  humo). 

650.  subit  penates,  arrives  at  the  dwelling. 

651.  qua   veniat,  indir.   question  with   rogatus  ;  in    the  same 
construction  with  the  accusatives  nomen  and  patriam. 

661.   sacros  jugales,  the  sacred  yoke-beasts :  i.  e.  dragons. — 
Mopsonium:an  ancient  name  of  Attica  was  Mopsonia. 


VIII.  The  Pride  and  the  Grief  of  Niobe. 

VI.   165.    turba,  ablative. 

168.  inmissos, flowing. 

170.  auditos,  i.e.  who  have  been  only  heard  of,  not  seen. — 
visis,  sc.  caelestibus. 

172.  Tantalus  :  a  king  of  Phrygia,  honored  with  the  society  of 
the  gods.  He  is  said  to  have  desired,  as  a  boon  from  them,  that  he 
might  be  immersed  to  the  lips  in  sensual  delights  ;  and  was  pun- 
ished for  his  crimes  by  the  torment  of  eternal  hunger  and  thirst, 
standing  in  a  lake  whose  waters  would  never  rise  above  his  lips, 
while  branches  laden  with  rich  fruit  swung  back  whenever  he  tried 
to  touch  them,  —  a  penalty  which  has  made  his  name  immortal  in 
the  word  tantalize. 

174.  Pleiadum  soror  :  Dione,  mother  of  Niobe,  and  daughter 
of  Atlas. 

176.  Jupiter  :  father  of  Tantalus ,  as  well  as  of  Niobe's  husband, 
Amphion. 

177.  regia  Cadmi  :  i.  e.  Thebes,  over  which  Amphion  ruled. — 
me,  ablative,  in  appos.  with  domina. 

178.  fidibus,  strings.  The  huge  blocks  of  stone,  of  which  the 
walls  of  Thebes  were  built,  moved  of  themselves  to  their  place,  at 
the  sound  of  Amphion's  lyre. 

180.    accedit  eodem  =  add  to  this. 

185.  nescio  quo,  i.  e.  nobody  knows  who.  —  Cceo  satam,  child 
of  Cosos,  father  of  Latona,  and  a  Titan. 

187.  negavit :  the  jealousy  of  Juno  prevented  Latona  from 
finding  rest  upon  any  spot  of  earth  ;  but  at  last  she  found  a  refuge 


222  Notes:   Ovid.  [Met am. 

in  the  island  of  Delos,  where  her  children,  Apollo  and  Artemis, 
were  born.  This  island  had  before  floated  upon  the  sea,  but  was 
now  fixed  in  its  place. 

189.  miserata  (agreeing  with  Delos),  having  compassion. 

190.  hospita,  a  stranger  without  a  home. 

195.  possit,  §  65,  2,  cj  G.  313. 

196.  ut,  although. 

197.  fingite,  suppose. 

198.  huic  populo  (§  51,  2,  e;  G.  346):  her  children  almost 
made  a  nation  by  themselves.  The  children  of  Latona  are 
derisively  called  a  moo,  turba. 

201.  sacri,  vocative,  addressed  to  her  children.  Haupt's  read- 
ing is  perhaps  better : 

Ite  sacris,  propere  He  sacris,  laurum,  etc. 

202.  deponunt,  i.  e.  the  people  lay  aside  their  wreaths  in  honor 
of  Latona,  and  worship  her  only  in  silence.     . 

204.   Cynthi,  a  mountain  of  Delos. 

206.   animosa,  proud. 

208.   cultis,  worshipped  (agreeing  with  aris). 

210.  facto,  i.  e.  the  exclusion  from  the  altars.  She  adds  insult 
to  injury. 

212.  recidat:  the  first  syllable  is  made  long  by  the  require- 
ments of  metre. 

215.  poenae  limits  mora;  querella,  ground  of  cotnpiaint. 

216.  Phoebe  =  Diana  :  if  it  were  the  vocative  of  Phoebus,  the 
e  would  be  short. 

217.  Cadmeida  =  of  Thebes. 

220.  -mollierat,  beaten  into  dust. 

221.  Amphione,  §  54,  2,  a;  G.  395. 

222.  Tyrio  suco,  the  famous  purple  dye  obtained  from  a  species 
of  shell-fish. 

229.  in  latus,  sideways. 

230.  inane,  void. 

231.  frena  dabat,  i.e.  in  order  to  flee.  —  imbris,  objective 
genitive  with  preescius. 

233«  Qua»  sc.  parte.  —  effhiat,  escape. 

2.yj.  admissa,  at  full  speed. 

241.  nitidae :  because  the  wrestlers  anointed  their  bodies 
with  oil. 

245.  incurvata,  writhing. 

246.  suprema.yfrr  the  last  time. 
249.  allevet,free,  untwine. 


VI.  189—  VII.  3]  IX»    The  Enchantments  of  Medea.    223 

254.   non   belongs   with   simplex.  —  intonaum  :    the   Grecian 
boys  did  not  cut  their  hair  until  they  arrived  at  manhood. 
261.    profectura  (from  proficio),  fated  to  avail. 

264.  motus,  affected.  —  jam  non,  no  longer. 

265.  Arcitenens,  the  archer,  Apollo. 

269.    potuisse,  sc.  superos  hoc  (see  below)  following  mirantem. 
271.   nam  :  this  explains  why  only  Niobe  is  mentioned. 

275.  resupina,  with  head  erect,  i.  e.  tossed  so  far  back  as 
almost  to  have  the  face  turned  upwards. 

276.  invidiosa,  an  object  of  envy. 

280.  pascere,  imperative  passive  in  reflexive  sense  =glut  thy 
wrath. 

283.  efferor :  the  term  regularly  used  for  carrying  the  body 
forth  to  burial. 

286.   contento,  tight-strung. 

289.   toros,  biers. 

291.  imposito,  sc.  toro  (dat.),  laid  on  his  bier  {or  abl.  with  ore). 

293.   duplicata  est,  befit  double. 

296.   trepidare,  rush  about  (to  find  shelter). 

304.   color,  complexion. 

310.  circumdata,  wrapped. 

311.  in  patriam,  i.e.  Phrygia  ;  these  events  had  taken  place  in 
Thebes.  There  was  in  ancient  times  a  colossal  statue  of  a  weeping 
woman  on  Mt.  Sipylus,  in  Lydia  (originally  a  part  of  Phrygia)  : 
this  was  identified  with  Niobe,  and  was  probably  a  freak  of  nature 
with  some  touches  of  the  human  hand.  Some  modern  explorers 
have  thought  that  they  have  discovered  this. 


IX.  The  Enchantments  of  Medea. 

VII.  1.  Minyae :  a  mythical  race  of  Greece  with  whom  the 
Argonauts  appear  to  have  been  connected,  and  whose  name  they 
often  bear. — Pagasaea  :  the  ship  Argo,  in  which  Jason  and  his 
companions  sailed,  was  built  in  Pagasae,  a  city  of  Thessaly. 

3.  Phineus,  a  blind  king  of  Thrace;  he  had  been  tormented  by 
the  harpies,  —  filthy  birds  with  faces  of  maidens,  —  but  was  freed 
from  them  by  Zethus  and  Calais  (two  of  the  Argonauts),  sons  of 
Boreas  (Aouilo),  who  drove  them  away  and  pursued  them  through 
the  air  as  far  as  the  islands  of  the  Strophades,  where  they  were 
afterwards  found  by  ^neas. 


224  Notes:   Ovid.  [Metam. 

7.  regem  :  ^Eetes,  king  of  Colchis,  in  whose  possession  was 
found  the  golden  fleece.  This  had  been  carried  by  Phryxos  to 
Colchis,  and  there  offered  to  Zeus  (Jupiter),  and  placed  in  his 
temple. 

8.  vox,  answer  j  numeris  is  abl.  of  cause  with  horrenda  = 
dreadful  on  account  of  the  number  of  toils  imposed.  In  reality 
there  were  but  three  of  these,  —  to  plough  with  the  fire-breathing 
oxen  ;  to  sow  the  dragon's  teeth,  and  fight  with  the  armed  men 
who  sprang  from  the  soil ;  after  which  he  was  to  get  the  fleece, 
guarded  by  a  sleepless  dragon. 

9.  2Eetias,  a  feminine  patronymic  :  the  daughter  of  iEetes  was 
the  famous  enchantress  Medea. 

13.  quod  relates  to  hoc  and  huic. 

14.  jussa,  i.  e.  the  tasks  imposed  upon  Jason. 

15.  modo  denique,  only  ju st  now, 
20.  mens,  reason. 

22.  alieni  orbis  (poss.  gen.),  in  another  world. 

23.  quod  ames  (§  64;  G.  544),  something  to  love, — vivat 
ille,  whether  he  live,  &*c. 

24.  in  dis  est,  depends  upon  the  gods, 
26.   tangat,  §  57,  6  ;  G.  258. 

28.   ore,  beauty  of  countenance. 

30.  suae  segetis,  of  his  own  planting,  limiting  hostibus  (dat.). 

31.  praeda,  predicate. 

37.  precanda,  facienda,  emphatic. 

38.  prodani  :  it  had  been  foretold  that  the  power  of  >Eetes 
should  last  as  long  as  he  kept  the  golden  fleece  in  his  possession. 

39.  nescio  quis  advena  :  Jason  might  be  a  mere  worthless 
adventurer.  —  ope  nostra,  by  my  aid. 

40.  per  me,  construed  with  sospes. 

43.  non  in  sense  qualifies  timeam  :  such  are  his  features,  &v., 
that  I  have  no  cause  to  fear. 

46.  ante,  beforehand. 

47.  quin,  why  not?  she  is  deriding  her  own  fears. 

49.  Pelasgas,  Grecian. 

50.  servatrix,  i.  e.  of  Jason.  —  matrum,  i.  e.  of  the  Argonauts  : 
it  limits  turba. 

56.  magna,  explained  by  the  following  words.  —  servatee  pubis, 
of  having  saved  the  youth. 

58.  cultus :  Colchis  appears  then,  as  now,  to  have  been  an 
uncivilized  region. 

60.   JSEteoniden,  Jason,  son  of  uEson  :  this  is  in  sense  the  ante- 


VII.  7-i i6.]  ix.    The  Enchantments  of  Medea.         225 

cedent  of  quem,  attracted  into  the  relative  clause.  Observe  the 
different  idiom  of  English  .  we  should  say  ; '  for  whom  I  would 
exchange,15  &c. 

62.  nescio  qui  montes,  the  Symplcgades,  the  cliffs  between 
which  vessels  must  pass,  but  which  closed  upon  and  crushed  them. 
The  Argo,  by  watching  its  opportunity,  had  passed  through  with 
only  the  loss  of  its  rudder,  after  which  the  rocks  had  become 
immovable.  —  incurrere,  run  against  the  voyager. 

63.  Char'ybdis,  Scylla :  these  were  placed  between  Sicily  and 
Italy.  There  is  even  now  a  cliff  {Scylla)  on  the  Italian  side,  and 
a  succession  of  eddies  within  the  opposite  point,  which  may  have 
been  more  formidable  in  ancient  times.  Jason  passed  between 
them  on  his  long  and  circuitous  homeward  voyage. 

72.  pietas,f  Hal  love. 

7 3.  dabat,  was  on  the  point  of  turning. 

74.  Hecates :  Hecate,  daughter  of  Perse,  was  the  goddess  of 
magic,  and  was  identified  with  Artemis  as  goddess  of  the  under 
world. 

76.   fortis,  i.  e.  against  her  passion. 

79.  solet  agrees  with  scintilla;  -que  connects  assumere  and 
crescere  :  the  quantity  of  the  final  a  in  pai va  and  inducta  shows 
their  agreement. 

83.  specie,  beauty. 

84.  solito  follows  formosior. 
86.   turn  denique,  not  until  then. 
91     torum,  marriage. 

94.  promissa  dato  =  keep  your  promises.  —  triformis  :  Hecate 
was  represented  as  composed  of  three  bodies,  standing  back  to 
back. 

95.  quod,  whatever. 

96.  patrem  soceri :  the  father  of  ^Eetes  was  Helios,  the 
sun-god. 

97.  eventus,  fate. 

98.  cantatas,  enchanted  (having  been  the  subject  of  magic 
incantations). 

99.   tesca,  waste  places. 

10 1.  Mavortis,  Mayors,  an  ancient  form  of  Mars. 

102.  jugis,  on  the  lines  of  hills. 
104.   adamanteis,  unsubdued. 

107.   silices,  limestone.  —  soluti,  crumbled. 

1 1 1.   vertere,  perfect. 

116.   medicamiua,  the  herbs  given  him  by  Medea. 

15 


226  Notes:  Ovid.  [Metam. 

118.  subpositos,  sc.  tauros. 

123.  preetincta  agrees  with  semina. 

132.  Haemonii,  Thessalian. 

138.  auxiliare,  in  aid  of  her  former  incantations. 

140.  a  se  depulsum,  tnrned  away  from  himself. 

142.  Achivi,  another  ancient  name  for  the  Greeks. 

144.  barbara,  i.  e.  Medea. 

147.  adfectu,  transport. 

148.  horum,  i.  e.  the  incantations. 

152.  Lethaei,  possessing  the  property  of  the  water  of  Lethe, — 
to  cause  forgetfulness. 

154.  concita,  raging. 

155.  sibi   relates    to   somnus  =  (j'w  that  were  unacquainted 
with  it. 

157.  spolia,  in  apposition  with  auctorem  (Medea). 

158.  Iolciacos :  Iolcos  was  a  sea-coast  upon  the  Pagasa^an 
Gulf,  from  which  the  Argo  had  sailed. 

161.  cornibus,  dat.  following  iuducta  =  with  gilded  horns. — 
aurum,  §  52,  3,  R  ;  G.  332,  r2. 

162.  JEIson,  father  of  Jason. 

168.   deme,  sc.  annos. —  meis,  fated  to  me. 

170.  dissimilem  [her  mind],  unlike  his.  —  iEeta  •  relictus,  the 
image  of  the  deserted  AZeta  [yEetes]  ;  see  §  72,  aj  G.  687,  R2. 

171.  affectus,  emotions. 

173.  transcribere,  a  term  used  by  money-dealers,  to  describe 
the  written  bill  or  draft  by  which  money  was  transferred. 

174.  aequa,  a  reasonable  request. — isto  (sc.  munere)  follows 
ma  jus. 

177.   annis  tuis,  abl.  of  means. 

179.   ut,  i.e.  until  the  time  that:  it  was  three  nights  from  full 
moon,  when  magic  rites  could  be  best  practised.  —  tota,  wholly. 
183.   nudos,  tmbound. 
191.   solvit,  opened. 
193.   aurea,  predicate,  agreeing  with  astra. 

195.  magorum :  the  magi  were  a  priestly  class  among  the 
Medes,  whose  religion  consisted  in  the  worship  of  the  evil 
principle,  embodied  in  the  serpent  Afrasiab  ;  it  is  represented  by 
that  of  the  Devil-worshippers  of  the  present  day.  As  was  natural, 
their  worship  was  associated  with  necromantic  arts,  and  the  word 
7nagic  is  derived  from  their  name.  —  cantusque  artesque  (ace), 
governed  by  instruis  :  another  object  (of  the  person)  is  magos. 

196.  herbis,  ablative  of  means. 


VII.  118-261.]  ix.    The  Enchantments  of  Medea,       227 

200.  concussa  agrees  with  freta,  being  contrasted  with  stantia; 
sisto  and  concutio  are  also  contrasted  :  she  checks  them  when  in 
motion,  and  excites  them  when  at  rest. 

204.  sua  convulsa  terra,  torn  up  from  the  earth  in  which  they 
grew. 

207.  traho  :  it  was  believed  that  eclipses  were  caused  by  magic 
arts.  —  Temessea,  an  epithet  probably  derived  from  Tamassus,  in 
Cyprus,  where  were  copper  mines.  On  the  occasion  of  an  eclipse 
of  the  moon,  they  beat  brazen  vessels,  in  order  to  dispel  the  magic 
by  the  noise.  —  labores,  eclipse. 

209.  avi,  i.  e.  the  Sun-god,  father  of  jEetes. 

210.  vos  refers  to  the  objects  addressed,  vv.  192-196. 

213.  rudem,  unacquainted  witht  construed  with  somni. — 
aurum,  i.  e.  the  golden  fleece. 

214.  vindice,  its  guardian,  the  dragon. 

219.   aderat,  i.  e.  sent  by  her  grandfather,  the  Sun. 

223.  Threces :  under  this  name  was  comprised,  in  early  times, 
Macedonia,  lying  north  of  Thessaly. 

226.  placitas,  sc.  herbas,  those  that  she  selects.  The  mountains 
and  rivers  here  mentioned  are  all  in  Thessaly. 

231.  Boebea  :  Bcebe  and  Anthedon  were  cities  of  Bceotia ;  the 
latter  lying  on  the  Euripus,  opposite  Euboea. 

233.  Glauci:  Glaucus  was  a  fisherman  who,  by  tasting  these 
herbs,  was  impelled  to  leap  into  the  water,  where  he  was  changed 
into  a  sea-god  (see  xiii.  917). 

237.  posuere :  that  the  serpents,  from  the  mere  odor  of  the 
herbs  had  sloughed  their  skins  and  become  young,  was  an  indica- 
tion of  their  magic  power. 

242.  verbenia,  sprigs  of  various  plants,  used  in  sacred  rites. 

243.  scrobibus,  sc.  e,  construed  with  egesta. 

244.  velleris  atri  =  a  black-fleeced  sheep. 
2.46.   bacchi,  wine. 

249.  conjuge,  i.  e.  Proserpine. 

250.  ne  properent,  i.  e.  during  the  performance  of  the  magic 
rites. 

253.   plenos,  sound. 

258.  bacchantum  :  in  the  rites  of  Bacchus  {Dionysus'),  cele- 
brated by  women,  the  votaries  unbound  their  hair  and  were 
possessed  for  a  time  with  a  religious  frenzy. 

259.  multifidas  faces,  light-wood split  fine. 

261.  lustrat :  this  word  here  describes  the  circling  about  the 
old  man,  as  well  as  the  purifying  rites. 


228  Notes:   Ovid,  [Metam. 

265.    acres,  rank. 

267.  refluura  describes  the  motion  of  the  tides,  which  did  not 
occur  in  the  Mediterranean  =  the  tides  of  the  Ocean. 

268.  pemocte,  full,  when  it  shines  through  the  night. 

269.  strigis  :  the  strix  is  a  bird  often  mentioned  in  magic,  but, 
says  Pliny,  quce  sit  avium  constare  non  arbitror.  It  is  usually 
identified  with  the  screech-owl. 

271.  prosecta,  the  parts  set  off  for  an  offering. — lupi :  the 
vuere-wolf,  here  described,  was  rather  a  man  who  could  assume  the 
form  of  a  wolf,  than  a  wolf  who  could  turn  into  a  man. 

272.  Ciny phii  =  Libyan . 

273.  vivacis,  long-lived:  the  stag,  as  well  as  the  crow,  was 
believed  to  live  to  a  great  age. 

274.  passae,  that  had  passed  or  lived. 

276.  munus  (the  magic  gift)  is  subject,  and  Tartara  {death) 
object  of  remorari. 

277.  jampridem  qualifies  arenti.  —  mitis,  the  quality  of  the 
fruit  transferred  to  the  tree. 

290.  situs,  long  tarrying  in  one  place,  and  so  the  rust  and  dirt 
resulting  from  such  tarrying  ;  here,  the  decay  of  age. 

293.   hunc,  sc.  fuisse,  of  this  aspect. 

In  the  story  of  Jason,  a  national  hero  of  Thessaly,  and  Medea, 
"  the  wise  one,"  we  have  the  simple  creation  of  the  Grecian  mind 
complicated  with  the  unholy  magical  rites  of  the  East.  This  is  a 
myth,  therefore,  which  records  not  only  the  early  converse  with  far 
Asia,  but  the  far  more  important  mental  intercourse  which  helped 
burden  the  Greek  theology  with  superstition  and  fanaticism. 


X.   The  Flight. of  Daedalus. 

VIII.  152.  vota,  votive  offerings,  i.  e.  for  his  victory  over  Athens 
and  Megara  :  it  is  in  apposition  with  corpora. 

153.  ut,  as  soon  as.  —  Curetida  :  the  Curetes  were  priests  of 
Zeus  in  Crete  ;  they  celebrated  his  worship  with  strange,  wild  rites, 
dancing,  and  beating  their  spears  upon  their  shields. 

155.  opprobrium:  the  Minotaur,  half  man  and  half  bull,  the 
offspring  of  Pasiphae,  daughter  of  the  Sun,  and  wife  of  Minos. 

138.    multiplici  domo,  the  labyrinth. 

159.   ingenio  fabrse  artis,  talent  in  the  art  of  building. 


VIII.  2o8.]  The  Flight  of  Dcedalus.  229 

160.  opus,  i.e.  multiplex  domus. — n6tas,  marks,  by  which 
the  passages  could  be  remembered.  —  lumina,  eyes.  —  flexum 
agrees  with  errorem. 

162.  Maeandros  :  this  river  was  famed  for  its  winding  course, 
and  its  name  has  passed  into  the  English  language  with  this 
signification  —  meander. 

166.   incertas,  undecided. 

169.  quo  =  in  quem. 

170.  A.ctseo==  Attic:  the  Athenians  were  obliged,  by  the  con- 
ditions of  peace,  to  send  every  nine  years  seven  boys  and  seven 
girls  to  be  devoured  by  the  Minotaur  :  these  were  selected  by  lot. 

171.  sora,  i.  e.  those  who  composed  the  third  lot,  and  especially 
its  voluntary  leader,  Theseus,  son  of  king  ./Egeus. 

172.  iterata,  reached  again. — nullis  (dat.),  by  none  of  those 
before. 

173.  filo,  thread.  Ariadne,  daughter  of  Minos,  gave  Theseus 
a  clew  of  thread,  by  the  aid  of  which  he  traced  his  way  back 
through  the  labyrinth. 

174.  Diam,  an  ancient  name  of  the  island  Naxos.  This  island 
was  sacred  to  Dionysus  {Bacchus),  who  found  Ariadne  here  after 
her  abandonment  by  Theseus ;  henceforth  she  is  associated  with 
his  worship. 

177.  amplexus,  ace.  plural.  —  Liber,  a  Roman  god,  identified 
with  the  Greek  Dionysus. 

178.  de  fironte,  i.  e.  Ariadne's. 

179.  ilia,  i.  e.  corona. 

182.  niari  (nitor)  genu,  the  kneeler ;  Anguem  tenentia,  the 
snake-holder ;  two  constellations.  See,  on  a  celestial  map  or 
globe,  the  position  of  this  beautiful  constellation,  "  the  Northern 
Crown." 

184.    loci  natalis,  Athens. 

186.   obstruat,  i.e.  Minos. 

189.   novat,  sc.  sibi,  makes  for  himself  a  new  nature. 

191.  clivo,  i.  e.  the  tops  of  trees  growing  on  a  slope  overlap 
one  another. 

192.  fistula,  an  instrument  consisting  of  a  row  of  pipes,  like  a 
child's  harmonicon  :  these  pipes  were  of  different  lengths,  so  as  to 
give  different  tones. 

205.  ignis,  sc.  so  lis. 

206.  Booten,  the  constellation  Arctophylax,  near  Helice  (the 
Great  Bear). 

208.   pariter,  at  the  same  time. 


230  Notes:   Ovid.  [Metam. 

212.   non  repetenda,  destined  never  to  be  repeated. 
217.   arundiue,  fishing-rod. 

219.  -que  connects  obstupuit  and  credidit. 

220.  Junonia  :  Samos  was  sacred  to  Hera  (Juno). 

221.  relictse  :  they  had  flown  north,  over  the  Cyclades  (Delos, 
etc.),  and  then  easterly,  leaving  Samos  upon  the  north. 

225.  rapidi  (rapio),  burning. 

226.  odoratas,  i.  e.  from  the  melting. 

230.  nomen  :  the  waters  west  and  south  of  Samos  were  called 
the  Icarian  sea. 

231.  nee  jam,  ?io  longer. —  237.  elice  trench. 
235.  tellus,  the  island  Icaria,  west  of  Samos. 
239.    unica,  only  one  of  its  kind. 

242.  germana,  i.  e.  of  Daedalus. 

243.  bis  senis,  §  18,  2,  c. — puerum,  in  appos.  with  proge- 
niem.  —  animi,  genitive  of  quality. 

245.  traxit  in  exemplum,  took  as  a  model. 

246.  perpetuos,  a  row  of. 

248.  aequali  spatio,  at  an  equal  distance.  —  illis,  abl.  absolute. 

249.  duceret  orbem,  drew  a  circle. 

250.  arce  Minervae,  the  Acropolis  of  Athens. 

251.  lapsum,  sc.  esse  eum. 
253.  reddidit,  turned  him  into. 
259.  antiqui,  agrees  with  casus. 


XI.  The  Calydonian  Hunt. 

VIII.  260.  tellus  .ffitnaea :  Sicily,  where  Daedalus  found  a 
refuge  with  king  Cocalus  ;  his  native  land,  Athens,  not  being  safe 
for  him. 

265.   sanguine,  i.  e.  of  victims. 

267.  Argolicas,  Achaia  :  both  names  are  used  as  equivalent  to 
the  whole  land  of  Greece. 

268.  Thesebs,  genitive.  272.   infestae,  offended. 

274.  Lyaeo,  an  epithet  of  Bacchus. 

275.  Palladios  latices,  olive  oil,  sacred  to    Pallas  (Minerva). 
278.   Latoidos,  the  daughter  of  Lato  (Latona). 

280.  quaeque,  etc.=  et  nos,  guce  inhonoratcs  dicimur,  non,  etc. : 
the  person  speaking  is  Latona,  who  speaks  of  herself  in  the  plural 
by  a  common  license. 


VII.2I2  — VIII.  33o-]  XI*    The   Calydonian  Hunt,        231 

281.  CEneos,  adj.  ;  the  genitive  form  is  CEn£6s. 

282.  quanto,  sc.  tantum. 

2S3.  Epiros  :  both  Epirus  and  Sicily  were  famed  for  cattle,  but 
it  seems  that  those  of  Epirus  were  the  finest. 

285.   horrent,  stand  erect. 

287.    dentibus  Indis,  elephants'  tusks. 

292.   Cererem,  corn,  as  Bacchus  is  put  for  wine. 

294.   fetus, produce  (of  the  vine). 

297.  non  armenta,  not  even,  &>c.  ;  armenta  are  herds  of  large 
cattle,  as  distinguished  from  the  pecudes,  sheep  and  goats,  which 
were  gathered  in  flocks,  pecora. 

299.  una,  with  him. 

300.  lecta,  chosen,  not  from  that  country  alone,  but  from  all 
Greece.  The  hunt  of  the  Calydonian  boar  is  represented  as  about 
a  generation  earlier  than  the  Trojan  war,  several  of  whose  heroes 
were  sons  of  those  who  took  part  in  this  ;  as  Achilles  (son  of 
Peleus)  and  Ajax  (son  of  Telamon). 

301.  Tyndaridae :  these  were  the  Dioscuri,  or  twin  brothers, 
Castor  and  Pollux,  children  of  Leda,  wife  of  Tyndarus.  Castor 
was  famed  for  horsemanship  and  Pollux  for  skill  in  boxing. 

302.  Iason  :  see  the  story  of  the  Argonautic  expedition,  which 
is  represented  as  the  beginning  of  seafaring. 

303.  concordia,  in  apposition  with  Theseus  cum  Pirithoo  : 
their  friendship  was  proverbial,  like  that  of  Damon  and  Pythias. 

304.  Thestiadae  :  Toxeus  and  Plexippus,  sons  of  king  Thestius 
of  ^tolia,  and  brother  of  Althaea,  mother  of  Meleager.  Lynceus 
and  Idas  were  sons  of  Aphareus,  king  of  Messenia. 

305.  Caeneus  :  he  had  been  a  woman,  but  was  changed  to  a  man. 
Most  of  the  names  that  follow  are  nothing  but  names  ;  all  of  any 
importance  will  be  found  in  the  Index  of  Proper  Names. 

315.  socer  :  Penelope  was  wife  of  Ulysses,  whose  father  (her 
father  in  law)  was  Laertes. 

316.  Amphycides :  this  was  Mopsus,  a  soothsayer  of  the 
Lapithae. 

317.  CEclides,  Amphiaraus,  an  Argive  soothsayer.  —  Tegeaea, 
Atalanta  of  Tegea,  famed  for  her  skill  in  hunting  and  her  speed  in 
running. 

318.  mordebat,  hooked.  321.   telorum  custos  =  pharetra. 
325.   renuente  deo,  without  the  approbation  0/  the  gods;  an 

ill-omened  love. 

330.  devexaque,  etc. :  i.  e.  it  rose  from  the  plain,  so  as  to  look 
down  upon  the  cultivated  fields. 


232  Notes:   Ovid,  [Metam. 

333.  pedum,  i.  e.  apri. 

335.   ima,  bottom  (ace). 

343.   lit  quisque,  whichever  of  them. 

346.   mittentis  :  i.  e.  if  the  sender  had  not,  &c. 

350.  Phoebe  (voc.) :  the  soothsayer  Mopsus  calls  upon  Phoebus, 
the  god  of  prophecy. 

352.   qua,  as  far  as. 

357.  moles,  the  block  of  stone  hurled  by  a  balista  or  catapult 
against  a  wall  or  a  wooden  tower.  These  were  constructed  on  the 
principle  of  a  bow,  with  cords  (nervi). 

361.  cornua,  wings,  as  in  an  army  ;  the  hunters  moved  upon  the 
boar  in  a  crescent-shaped  line. 

365.  citra,  before  :  Nestor  of  Pylos  was  one  of  the  chief  leaders 
against  Troy. 

366.  sumpto  conamine,  giving  himself  a  start.  —  posita  ab 
hasta,  by  bracing  his  spear. 

369.  dentibus  tritis,  whetting  his  tusks. 

370.  recentibus  armis,  these  fresh  weapons. 

371.  hausit  =  tore. 

372.  nondum :  Castor  and  Pollux  became  the  constellation 
Gemini;  they  were  always  represented  as  mounted  on  white 
horses. 

376.  ssetiger,  the  bristle-bearer,  i.  e.  boar. 

377.  jaculis,  equo,  dative  after  pervia  ;  loca,  in  apposition  with 
silvas. 

380.   Tegeaea,  Atalanta. 

390.  jactis,  sc.  telis.  —  ictus,  the  hits. 

391.  Areas,  an  Arcadian;  his  name,  Ancaeus,  is  given  in 
v.  401. 

392.  quid  prsestent,  how  far  they  excel. 

393.  concedite,  make  way. 

395.   invita  Diana,  in  spite  of  Diana. 

398.  institerat  digitis,  rose  upon  his  toes.  —  primos,  etc., 
resting  upon  the  extreme  of  the  limb. 

405.  iEgides  :  Theseus,  son  of  ^Egeus. 

406.  licet,  sc.  nobis,  §  57,  8,  e,  R1  ;  G.  535,  R3. 

409.   voti  limits  potente.  —  futuro,  upon  the  point  of  accom- 
plishing his  wish  (potente  is  an  old  dat. ;  some  eds.  have  quo). 
411.   .ffisonides,  Jason,  son  of  ^son.  412.    latrantis,  a  dog. 

413.  tellure,  etc.,  pinned  to  the  earth. 

414.  CEnidae,  Meleager,  son  of  QEneus.  —  variat,  varies  in  its 
work. 


VIII.  333-478.]  xi.    The  Calydonian  Hunt.  233 

416.   in  orbem,  around. 

420.  secundo,  of  applause. 

421.  victricem,  of  the  conqueror. 

422.  multa  tellure,  over  a  great  space. 

423.  neque  cruentat :  so  the  Greeks  at  once  dread  and  mangle 
the  slain  body  of  Hector  (II.  xxii.  368-371). 

426.  Nonacria,  Atalanta,  who  was  from  the  mountain  Nonacris. 
—  mei  juris,  which  belongs  to  me. 

427.  in  partem  veniat  tecum,  be  shared  with  thee. 

430.  illi,  Atalanta.  —  laetitiae,  a  source  of  pleasure.  —  cum 
munere,  as  well  as  the  gift. 

433.  titulos,  honors. 

434.  Thestiadae,  the  uncle  of  Meleager  ;  see  v.  304. 

435.  sit  longe,  i.  e.  from  helping  thee.  —  captus  amore,  lovesick. 

436.  auctor,  sc.  muneris=  Meleager.  — huic,  Atalanta.  —  jus, 
rigl it  of  disposing. 

437.  Mavortius  :  Meleager  was  thought  to  be  a  son  of  Mars. 
439.    facta,  deeds. 

441.    dubium  agrees  with  Toxea — pariter,  at  the  same  time. 
445.   nato  victore,  on  account  of  her  son's  victory. 
450.    poenae  amorem,  thirst  for  vengeance. 

452.  Thestias:  Althaea,  daughter  of  Thestius. — triplices 
sorores,  the  three  Fates. 

453.  stamina,  the  thread  of  Meleager's  life;  object  of  nentes. 
The  Fates  were  Clotho,  who  span  the  thread  of  each  man's  life  ; 
Lachesis,  who  drew  it  forth  ;  and  Atropos,  who  cut  it  off. 

455.   modo  nate  (voc),  new-born. 

462.  conata  :  it  cost  her  so  much  effort,  because  maternal  and 
sisterly  love  were  in  conflict.  "  According  to  the  rules  of  vengeance 
which  then  prevailed,  she  holds  herself  in  duty  bound  to  offer  the 
murderer  as  an  expiation  for  her  murdered  brothers.  Without 
such  vengeance  they  believed  that  the  soul  of  the  murdered  man 
would  not  obtain  rest."  —  Siebelis. 

467.  nescio  quid  crudele,  obj.  of  minanti,  which  is  dative 
after  similis. 

471.   vento,  dat.  after  contrarius. 

475.    germana,  as  a  sister. 

477.  impietate,  towards  her  son  ;  pia,  towards  her  brothers. 

478.  rogus  :  the  fire  before  which  she  stood  was  likened  to  a 
funeral  pile  ;  also  {v.  480)  to  the  altar  erected  by  a  tomb  {sepulcrales 
aroj)  to  receive  offerings  to  the  deceased.  —  mea  viscera,  my 
own  flesh,  i.  e.  child. 


234  Notes:  Ovid,  [Metam. 

481.  pcenarum  dese,  the  furies.  —  furialibus  sacris  (dat.),  the 
vengeance-offering. 

483.  nefas  is  object  to  both  ulciscor  and  facio. 

489.  magno,  at  great  price. 

491.  ei  mini  !  here  her  determination  fails  her. 

493.  auctor,  i.  e.  as  his  mother. 

496.  cinis  exiguus,  a  handful  of  dust. 

510.  solacia,  i.  e.  her  son. 

525.  paulatim,  etc.,  as  little  by  little  the  white  ash  covered  the 
brand. 

526.  jacet,  is  overwhelmed. 

528.  Eueninae :  the  Euenus  was  the  chief  river  of  >Etolia. 

529.  fusus,  stretched,  in  grief.  —  spatiosum,  weary,  from  its 
length. 

530.  manus,  i.  e.  her  own. 

533.  Helicona :  Mt.  Helicon,  between  Bceotia  and  Phocis,  the 
home  of  the  Muses. 

535.   liventia,  i.  e.  ita  ut  liveant,  a  proleptic  use. 
538.   haustos,  collected. 

541.  quas  (the  sisters),  obj.  of  allevat.  —  Parthaoniae :  Par- 
thaon  was  father  of  (Eneus  and  grandfather  of  Meleager. 

542.  nurum  Alcmenae  :  Dejanira,  who  married  Hercules,  son 
of  Alcmene  ;  all  but  these  two  were  metamorphosed  into  guinea- 
hens. 

The  wild  boar,  according  to  the  mythologists,  is  a  type  of  winter, 
and  Meleager  a  hero  of  the  forces  of  spring  (somewhat  like  Perseus 
and  Hercules),  himself  carrying  with  him,  in  the  fatal  torch,  the 
seeds  of  his  own  death. 


XII.   Philemon  and  Baucis. 

VIII.  626.   specie  mortali,  iti  mortal  form. 
627.   Atlantiades  :  Hermes,  whose  mother  Maia  was  daughter 
of  Atlas  ;  his  herald's  staff  was  called  caduceus. 

632.  ilia,  sc.  casa. 

633.  fatendo  nee  .  .  .  ferendo  :    i.  e.  neither    concealing    nor 
complaining. 

636.   tota,  etc.,  these  two  are  the  whole  household,  —  neither 
masters  nor  slaves. 

640.   quo  =  in  quern.  —  textum  rude,  apiece  of  coarse  cloth. 


VIII.  481-723]  XI1'  Philemon  and  Baucis.  235 

643.  anili,  weak  with  old age. 

644.  tecto,  garret. 

645.  minuit,  cut  up. 

647.  tnincat  foliis,  strips. 

648.  sordida,  nigro,  i.  e.  with  smoke.  —  suis,  from  sus. 
650.    domat,  softens. 

654.   medias  horas,  the  interval. 

656.   salignis  agrees  with  both  nouns  (ablative  absolute). 

660.  accubuere  :  the  Greeks  and  Romans  reclined  upon  couches 
at  their  meals,  and  this  custom  is  here  described  as  if  it  had  existed 
in  the  heroic  times.  It  appears  from  Homer,  however,  that  in 
early  times  they  sat  instead  of  reclining.  —  succincta  :  waiters  at 
table  girded  up  their  garments,  in  order  not  to  be  impeded  by  them. 

661.  tertius,  i.e.  the  table  had  but  three  legs, — a  mark  of 
poverty. 

662.  clivum,  the  sloping  surface. 
664.   baca  Minervse,  the  olive. 

667.  non  acri,  not  glowing. 

668.  fictilibus,  i.  e.  in  common  earthenware.  —  eodem  argento 
(in  joke),  the  same  sort  of  plate. 

670.   qua  cava  sunt,  the  inside. 

672.  nee  longae  senectae,  gen.  of  quality,  of  no  great  age.  — 
referuntur,  are  carried  off. 

673.  seducta  agrees  with  vina. 

674.  rugosis  palmis,  wrinkled  (dried)  dates.  —  carica,  dried 
figs  (from  Caria). 

677.  vultus  boni,  kindly  faces. 

678.  voluntas,  their  good  will,  contrasted  with  their  means. 

683.  nullis  paratibus,  want  of  preparation. 

684.  villae,  farm-house. 

690.  immunibus,  predicate  dative  following  esse  (§  57,  8,  e, 
R';  G.  535,  R2)- 

699.  etiam  qualifies  dominis.  —  vetus  and  parva  agree  with 
casa. 

700.  furcas  subiere,  took  the  place  of  the  crotched poles. 
711.  fides,  fulfilment. 

714.  inciperent,  i.  e.  to  relate. 

721.   non  vani,  trustworthy. 

723.   ponens,  i.  e.  as  was  often  done  by  passers-by. 


236  Notes:   Ovid.  [Metam. 


XIII.   The  Death  of  Hercules. 

IX.  135.  novercae,  Juno.  Hercules  was  the  son  of  Jupiter, 
but  not  of  his  queen,  Juno,  who,  through  jealousy,  imposed  upon 
him  the  famous  Twelve  Labors. 

136.  CEchalia  :  this  was  the  city  of  Eubcea,  of  which  Eurytus 
was  king :  after  capturing  CEchalia  and  putting  Eurytus  to  death, 
Hercules  proceeded  with  Iole,  daughter  of  Eurytus,  to  the  Cenaean 
promontory,  to  offer  sacrifices  to  Jove. 

140.  Amphitryoniaden :  Hercules'  mother,  Alcmene,  was  wife 
of  Amphitryon. 

143.   diffudit,  gave  vent. 

145.    aliquid  novandum  est,  some  new  counsel  must  be  taken. 

147.  Calydona :  Dejanira  was  daughter  of  CEneus,  king  of 
Calydon. 

149.  me  esse,  etc.,  depends  on  memor.  The  reference  is  to 
Meleager  killing  his  uncles. 

150.  injuria,  sense  of  wrong. 
152.   incursus,  suggestions. 

157.  det,  sc.  ut,  following  mandat. 

159.  -primis,  just  kindled. 

163.  -virtute,  fortitude. 

165.  CEten :  after  feeling  the  effects  of  the  poison,  he  crossed 
over  from  Euboea  to  Mt.  (Eta  in  Thessaly. 

173.  ceeruleus,  livid  (steel-blue). 

174.  caeca,  invisible. 

176.    Saturnia,  i.  e.  Juno,  his  old  enemy.  — pascere, glut  thyself. 

1 79 .  hoc  aestu,  on  account  of  this  flame.  —  cruciatibus  qualifies 
aegram. 

180.  laboribus,  dat.  after  natam  (§  51,  6  ;  G.  356). 

182.  peregrino  =  peregrinorum  :  Busiris  (a  king  of  Egypt) 
had  caused  Hercules  to  be  dragged  to  the  altar  for  sacrifice  ;  but 
here  he  burst  his  bonds,  and  slew  the  impious  king,  together  with 
his  son  and  herald.  The  fettered  Hercules  is  said  to  represent  the 
sun  in  winter,  and  his  victory  the  sun's  reviving  power  in  spring. 

184.  Antaeo  :  Antaeus  (a  giant  of  Libya),  whenever  he  touched 
the  earth,  his  mother,  derived  new  strength  from  her.  Hercules 
overcame  him  by  lifting  him  from  the  ground  and  strangling  him.  — 
pastoris  :  Geryon,  a  three-headed  giant,  whose  cattle  Hercules 
drove  away.  With  this  commences  the  commemorating  of  the 
Twelve  Labors. 


IX.  135-235]  xm-    The  Death  of  Hercules.  237 

185.  Cerberus,  the  three-headed  dog  who  guarded  the  lower 
world  :  Hercules  dragged  him  up  upon  the  earth. 

186.  tauri  :  the  Cretan  bull,  which  he  must  bind  and  bring  to 
Eurystheus. 

187.  Elis  :  here  he  cleansed  the  stables  of  king  Augeas  in  one 
day,  by  turning  the  river  Alpheus  through  them.  —  Stymphalides  : 
he  freed  the  Stymphalian  vale  of  numberless  man-eating  birds. 

188.  Parthenium :  a  mountain  between  Arcadia  and  Argolis, 
where  he  wounded  and  captured  the  brazen-footed  hind  of  Artemis. 

189.  balteus  :  the  belt  of  Hippolyte,  queen  of  the  Amazons, 
who  dwelt  on  the  river  Thermodon,  in  Asia  Minor :  he  slew  her 
and  carried  off  her  girdle. 

190.  poma  :  the  apples  of  the  Hesperides,  daughters  of  Atlas  ; 
see  iv.  637. 

191.  Centauri:  the  fight  with  the  Centaurs  was  one  of  his 
exploits,  but  not  one  of  the  Twelve  Labors. 

192.  aper :  the  Erymanthian  boar,  which  ravaged  Arcadia. — 
hydrae,  the  Lernaean  hydra :  whenever  he  cut  off  one  of  its  nine 
heads,  two  sprang  up  in  its  place. 

194.  Thracis  :  king  Diomedes  of  Thrace,  whose  horses  were 
fed  on  human  flesh. 

197.  Nemeaea  moles  :  the  Nemean  lion,  the  first  and  chief  of 
the  labors  ;  he  always  afterwards  wore  its  hide. 

198.  hac  cervice  :  he  took  the  place  of  Atlas,  in  supporting 
the  earth,  while  Atlas  was  gathering  for  him  the  three  golden 
apples  of  the  Hesperides. 

203.   valet,  prospers. 

210.   patrio,  i.e.  as  son  of  Jupiter. 

212.  collegerat,  had  passed  into. 

213.  feralia,  deathly  :  the  feralia  were  a  Roman  festival  to  the 
dead,  celebrated  February  21. 

216.    genibus,  i.e.  of  Hercules. 

218.  tormento  (torqueo),  abl.  of  comparison  :  it  is  an  engine 
for  hurling  weights,  —  catapult  or  balista. 

221.    molle  agrees  with  corpus,  subj.  of  astringi  and  glomerari. 

225.   prior  edidit  setas,  antiquity  gave  out  or  declared. 

229.    tu,  Hercules. 

232.  iterum  :  Hercules  had  captured  Troy,  when  ruled  by  king 
Laomedon  ;  his  bow  and  arrows  were  carried  by  Philoctetes  (the 
son  of  Pceas)  to  the  great  siege  of  Troy. 

235.  vellere  :  this  word  properly  means  the  fleece  of  a  sheep  j 
here  it  is  transferred  to  the  lion's  hide. 


238  Notes:   Ovid.  [Metam. 

236.  clavee  (dat.)  :  a  knotty  club  was  a  regular  attribute  of 
Hercules. 

238.  redimitus  sertis  :  guests  at  a  banquet  wore  garlands. 

239.  in  omne  latus,  over  his  whole  body. 

240.  securos,  indifferent. 

241.  vindice,  i.  e.  because  he  had  freed  the  earth  from  so  many- 
plagues. 

243.   iste,  that  which  you  feel. 

245.   memoris,  grateful.  247.   hoc,  i.  e.  your  favor. 

251.  materna  parte:  his  mother,  Alcmena,  being  a  mortal, 
whatever  he  derived  from  her  was  mortal.  —  vulcanum  =  ignem. 

254.  id,  that  part  of  him.  —  terra,  governed  by  defunctum.  — 
ceelestibus  oris  (from  ora),  within  the  bounds  of  heaven. 

257.  deo,  as  a  god,  in  apposition  with  Hercule.  —  nolet  (fut.), 
he  may  disapprove. 

260.  ultima,  his  last  words. 

261.  notatam,  marked  for  censure. 

268.   Tirynthius  :  Hercules  was  born  at  Tiryns  in  Argolis. 
272.   astris,  dat.  after  intulit. 


XIV.     OltPHEUS    AND    EURYDICE. 

X.  1.   inde,  i.  e.  from  Crete. 

2.  Cicbnum  :  the  Cicones  were  a  people  of  Thrace. 

3.  Orphea,  an  adjective  ;  the  noun  would  be  Orphea.  — nequi- 
quam  :  because  the  marriage  had  an  unfortunate  end. 

4.  quidem,  to  be  sure :  he  was  present,  but  brought  no  luck 
with  him. 

6.  fax :  the  torch  was  the  attribute  of  Hymen. 

7.  motibus,  by  swinging. 

11.  Rhodopeius  :  Rhodope  was  a  mountain  of  Thrace,  the 
home  of  Orpheus.  —  ad  superas  auras  =  towards  the  sky  :  i.  e. 
to  the  gods,  in  order  to  gain  their  favor. 

13.  Taenaria  :  Tasnarum  was  a  promontory  south  of  Greece, 
where  it  was  believed  was  an  entrance  to  the  infernal  regions. 

14.  leves,  i.e.  because  mere  shadows. — functa  sepulcro, 
which  have  passed  the  tomb. 

16.    nervis,  i.  e.  of  his  lyre. 

18.  quicquid  relates  to  the  subject  of  recidimus,  whatever  of 
us.  &*c. 


IX.  236  — X.  73 •]  XIV-    Orfheus  and  Eurydice.  239 

19.   positis,  laid  aside,  —oris  from  os. 

22.  Medusaei :  the  mother  of  Cerberus  was  Echidna,  a  daughter 
of  Medusa. 

25.   pati,  i.  e.  the  loss. 

31.  properata  fata,  premature  death. — retearite,  spin  back- 
ward, referring  to  the  Fates,  who  spin  the  thread  of  life. 

32.  omnia,  all  we  earthly  objects. 

36.  justos,  allotted,  i.  e.  to  which  she  had  a  right  (jus). 

37.  usum  :  the  right  to  the  temporary  enjoyment  of  property 
belonging  to  another  was  called  usus. 

38.  certum  est  mini,  my  mind  is  resolved. 

41.  Tantalus  :  his  punishment  was  to  be  placed  up  to  his  chin 
in  water,  which  retreated  from  him  as  soon  as  he  stooped  to  drink. 

42.  Ixionis  :  he  was  bound  to  a  revolving  fiery  wheel. 

43.  jecur,  the  liver  of  Tityus,  fed  upon  by  vultures,  and  grow- 
ing again  as  fast  as  consumed. 

44.  BelidS3  (a  Greek  plural),  grand-daughters  of  Belus 
(daughters  of  Danaus,  hence  usually  called  Danaides)  :  their 
punishment  was  to  carry  water  in  a  vase  with  holes  in  the  bottom. 
—  Sisyphe  :  the  punishment  of  Sisyphus  is  thus  described  :  — 

"  With  many  a  weary  step,  and  many  a  groan, 
Up  the  high  hill  he  heaves  a  huge  round  stone  ; 
The  huge  round  stone,  resulting  with  a  bound, 
Thunders  impetuous  down,  and  smokes  along  the  ground." 

Pope's  Odyssey,  Book  xi. 
46.   Eumenidum  :  the  Furies,  to  whom  this  name — as  well  as 
that  of  "venerable,"  "revered"  —  was  given,  in  order  to  soothe 
them  and  deprecate  their  anger. 

50.   legem,  in  appos.  with  ne  flectat,  etc. 
55.    afueruut :  e  short  by  systole.  —  summee,  the  surface, 
58.   cap  tans,  eagerly  reaching. 

61.    quid,  as  well  as  se  amatam  [esse],  governed  by  quereretur. 
65.    tria  :  the  story  went,  that  when  Hercules  dragged  the  three- 
headed  Cerberus  from  the  lower  world,  a  person  meeting  them  was 
turned  into  stone  from  fear. 

67.  natura  prior,  his  former  nature,  sc.  reliquit. 

68.  traarit :  the  story  here  referred  to  is  not  known  any  further  : 
it  would  seem  that  Lethaea  drew  upon  herself  the  anger  of  the  gods 
by  pride  in  her  beauty  ;  that  her  husband  Olenos  assumed  the 
blame  to  himself,  and  that  both  were  turned  into  stone.  —  Siebelis. 

71.   pectora,  lapides,  in  apposition  with  Olenos  and  Lethaea. 
73.    portitor,  Charon,  the  ferry-man  over  the  Styx. 


240  Notes:    Ovid.  [Met am. 

74.   squalidus,  in  mourning.  —  Cereris  munere,  food, 
yj.   Rhodopen  :  the  mountain  boundary  of  Thrace  ;  Heemum,  a 
Thracian  river  (See  xi.  50). 


XV.   The  Song  of  Orpheus. 

X.  89.  dis  genitu3 :  Orpheus  was  the  son  of  Apollo  and  the 
muse  Calliope. 

90.  loco,  dat.  by  poetic  use  (§51,  1,  b;  G.  344,  R1).  —  Chaonis 
arbor :  the  oak,  sacred  to  Jove,  whose  chief  sanctuary  was  at 
Dodona,  where  the  Chaonians  had  once  lived. 

91.  nemus  Heiiadum,  poplars  :  see  ii.  340. 

92.  innuba,  because  Daphne  had  been  metamorphosed  into  a 
laurel,  in  order  to  escape  Apollo's  suit. 

95.  genialis  :  the  shadow  of  the  plane  was  a  favorite  resort  for 
pleasure  and  mirth.  —  impar,  varied  (the  autumn  colors  of  the 
maple). 

98.   tinus,  a  plant  similar  to  the  viburnum. 

100.   ulmi  :  the  elms  were  used  for  vines  to  run  upon. 

103.  pinus :  the  stone  pine  of  Italy  spreads  out  at  the  top  to  a 
broad  head,  on  a  very  high  trunk. 

104.  Cybeleius,  loved  by  Cybe/e,  mother  of  the  gods. 

105.  hac,  sc.  pinu  :  abl.  of  means. 

144.   -que  connects  concilio  and  turba. 
147.    modos,  tones. 

151.  Phlegraeis  campis  :  near  Olympus,  where  the  battle  with 
the  giants  took  place. 

155.  Ganymedis,  son  of  Tros,  king  of  Troy. 

156.  aliquid,  i.e.  some  form. 

158.  quae  posset,  etc.,  i.  e.  the  eagle,  the  bird  of  Jove. 

159.  mendacibus,  as  being  not  really  his  own. 

160.  Iliaden  :  this  patronymic  describes  the  country  (f/ium), 
not  the  parentage  of  Ganymede  ;  king  Ilus  was  his  brother. 

162.  Amyclide,  Hyacinthus,  great-grandson  of  Amyclas,  king 
of  Amyclae,  near  Sparta.  —  posuisset  in  aethere  —  received  into 
heaven. 

164.  qua,  so  far  as. 

165.  Aries:  this  is  the  first  constellation  of  Spring,  and  the 
idea  symbolized  by  the  myth  of  Hyacinthus  is  that  of  the  destroy- 


X.  74— XI.  is]  XVI-    The  Death  of  Orpheus.  241 

ing  power  of  the  hot  sun.  The  festival  Hyacinthia  at  Sparta  was 
in  commemoration  of  this  ;  at  first  sad,  afterwards  joyful,  to  rejoice 
in  his  restoration  to  life. 

167.  genitor,  Phoebus  Apollo. 

168.  Delphi,  the  place  of  the  oracle  of  Apollo  ;  this  was  con- 
sidered the  middle  of  the  earth,  and  a  stone  was  preserved  here  in 
the  sanctuary,  called  the  omphalos,  or  navel  of  the  earth. 

169.  Eurotan,  the  river  which  flows  past  Sparta.  —  immumtam, 
Sparta  had  no  walls,  its  citizens  believing  that  its  best  defence  was 
in  the  valor  of  its  citizens.  In  fact,  no  enemy  ever  came  within 
sight  of  the  city  until  the  invasion  of  Epaminondas,  b.  c.  370. 

170.  citharae,  sagittee  :  the  lyre  and  the  bow  were  the  two 
chief  attributes  of  Apollo. 

171.  sui,  i.  e.  of  his  dignity. 

174.    Titan,  the  sun.  —  medius,  half-way  between. 

176.  olivi :  those  who  took  part  in  these  contests  rubbed 
themselves  over  with  oil,  to  render  themselves  supple. 

183.  Taenarides,  from  Tamarum,  a  promontory  of  Laconia  = 
the  Lacedcemonian. 

196.    CEbalide  :  Hyacinthus  was  son  of  CEbalus,  king  of  Sparta. 

203.   reddere,  give  up. —  quod  (§  52,  3,  by  G.  331,  R2),  but. 

206.  scripto,  inscription;  see  v.  215. 

207.  heros,  Ajax,  which  name  in  Greek  was  Aiay.  This  same 
flower  was  supposed  to  have  sprung  from  his  blood,  when  he  killed 
himself  (see  xiii.  398). 

212.  lilia,  sc.  capiunt :  the  flower  here  described  is  supposed  to 
be  the  Turk's  cap  lily  (see  Virgil,  "  Index  of  Plants  "). 

216.   funesta  litera:  the  Greek  cry  of  mourning  was  at  ax. 

218.  praelata  pompa,  with  exhibition  of  festal  parade :  the 
festival  came  in  July. 


XVI.  The  Death  of  Orpheus. 

XI.  3.   minis  (plur.),  often  used  for  ladies  of  rank.  —  Ciconum, 
a  Thracian  tribe. — lymphata,  frenzied. 

5.   percussis  .  .  .  nervis,  accompanying  his  song  with  striking 
the  strings. 

8.   n5tam,  bruise. 
13.   pedes,  i.  e.  of  Orpheus. 
15.   mollita,  i.  e.  like  this  stone. 

16 


242  Notes:   Ovid,  [Metam. 

16.  infracto,  curved.  The  Phrygian  pipe  —  called  Berecyntian, 
from  Berecyntus,  the  chief  seat  of  the  worship  of  Cybele  —  was 
curved  at  the  end  into  the  shape  of  a  horn. 

1 7  plausus,  clapping  of  hands  :  these  various  sounds  were 
connected  with  the  orgiastic  worship  of  Bacchus. 

18.    obstrepuere,  drowned. 

22.  Maeuadgs,  the  name  of  the  female  worshippers  of  Bacchus, 
from  ixaiveaBai,  to  rave.  —  rapuere,  tore  in  pieces. 

24.  luce,  by  day-light. 

25.  structo  utrimque  theatro,  amphitheatre :  the  Greek  term 
was  not  yet  introduced  into  Latin.  The  space  in  the  middle  was 
spread  with  sand,  hence  the  term  arena. 

28.  thyrsos,  a  rod  crowned  with  a  pine-cone  or  with  ivy,  carried 
by  Bacchus  and  his  votaries.  — munera,  service. 

yj.   ferae,  the  wild  women. 

48.  carbasa,  light  garments.  —  obstrusa  pullo,  obscured  with 
black. 

52.   flebile  nescio  quid  queritur,  utters  some  tearful  C07nftlaint. 

54.  populare,  of  their  native  land. 

55.  Methymnaei,  so  called  from  the  city  Methymna.  Lesbos 
was  afterwards  celebrated  for  its  lyric  poets,  particularly  Alcasus 
and  Sappho. 

58.  tandem  :  implying  that  Phoebus  should  have  protected  him 
before. 

62.  arva  piorum,  the  Elysian  fields,  the  abode  of  the  blessed. 
64.   modo,  now,  corresponding  to  nunc  .  .  .  nunc. 

67.  Lyaeus,  an  epithet  of  Bacchus  :  Bacchus  as  well  as  Apollo 
was  a  patron  of  poets. 

68.  sacrorum  suorum:  Orpheus  had  introduced  these  into 
Thrace. 

69.  Edonidas  =  Thracian. 

70.  videre  :  the  infinitive  would  be  vldere :  it  means  here 
participated  in. 

71.  in  quantum  =  on  the  spot  to  which.  —  secuta  est,  sc. 
Orphea. 

72.  traxit,  sc.  in  terram. 

73.  suum  agrees  with  crua. 

75.  astringit,  tightens. 

76.  harum  limits  quaeque. 


XI.  i6-i45-]       xvn-    The  Story  of  Midas,  243 


XVII.   The  Story  of  Midas. 

XI.  86.  Timoli,  Timolus  (or  Tmolus),  a  mountain  in  Lydia, 
from  which  the  river  Pactolus  flows. 

87.  aureus :  this  will  be  explained  by  the  story  now  to  be 
related. 

89.  satyri  :  a  woodland  race,  half  men  and  half  goats,  who 
followed  in  the  train  of  Bacchus.  —  Bacchae  :  the  female  wor- 
shippers of  Bacchus,  also  called  Mcenades. 

90.  Silenus,  the  foster-father  of  Bacchus  :  he  too  was  of  the 
nature  of  the  satyrs. 

91.  coronis  :  the  ancients,  when  carousing,  wore  garlands  of 
flowers. 

92.  Midan,  a  mythical  king  of  Lydia,  a  country  which  possessed 
great  power  in  the  sixth  and  seventh  centuries  B.  C,  its  territory 
comprising  the  whole  western  half  of  Asia  Minor.  It  was  con- 
quered by  the  Persian  Cyrus,  b.  c.  546. 

93.  Eumolpo,  a  Thracian  singer,  who  found  a  home  in  Attica 
(called  Cecropia,  from  a  very  ancient  mythical  king  of  Athens, 
Cecrops) . 

98.  undecimus,  the  tenth  :  the  ancients,  in  counting  a  series, 
reckoned  the  one  from  which  the  series  began,  as  being  the  first 
from  itself. 

106.  Berecyntius  :  Midas  was  son  of  Cybele. 

107.  polliciti,  the  promise. 

108.  non  qualifies  alta,  which  agrees  with  ilice. 

1 1 7.  eludere,  deceive. 

118.  animo  capit,  comprehends  or  realizes.  —  fingens,  fancying. 
120.   tostae  :  in  early  times  the  corn  was  parched  before  being 

ground. 

124.   premebat,  spread  over,  agrees  with  lamina. 

131.  splendida  :  even  his  skin  was  tinged  with  gold. 

132.  Lensee,  an  epithet  of  Bacchus. 

134.  mite,  sc.  est. 

135.  facti  fide,  in  testimony  of  the  act. 

137.  Sardibus  :  Sardes  was  capital  of  Lydia  ;  it  was  north  of 
Tmolus, 

138.  undis  follows  obvius. 

140.  plurimus,  in  full  stream, 

141.  corpus,  obj.  of  elue. 

1 45 .   madidis,  steeped  with . 


244  Notes:   Ovid.  [Metam. 

147.  Pana,  Pan,  a  god  of  nature,  represented  with  the  legs, 
ears,  and  tail  of  a  goat. 

148.  pingue,  dull;  as  shown  by  the  absurdity  of  his  request. 

149.  praecordia  mentis  =  mens. 

152.   Hypaepis,  Hypcepa,  a  little  town,  south  of  Mt.  Tmolus. 

154.  arundine,  the  syrinx,  or  Pan's  pipe,  was  made  of  reeds 
joined  together  with  wax. 

156.  Tmolo,  here  the  god  of  the  mountain  ;  in  apposition  with 
judice. 

158.  liberat  arboribus  :  the  head  of  the  god  is  quaintly  con- 
ceived as  covered  with  trees,  so  as  to  obstruct  his  hearing. — 
quercu,  an  oak-wreath. 

160.  deum  pecoris :  Pan,  the  nature  god,  was  guardian  of 
flocks. 

162.   barbarico,  i.  e.  as  being  in  Phrygian  style. 

164.   sua,  i.  e.  which  crowned  it. 

166.  palla,  a  poetical  form  for  pallium,  the  outer  garment  worn 
by  Greeks  ;  it  was  rectangular,  while  the  Roman  toga  was  rounded 
at  the  ends. 

167.  dentibus  Indis,  ivory. 

168.  plectrum,  the  instrument  with  which  the  strings  of  the 
lyre  were  touched  in  playing. 

169.  artificis,  artist.  —  status,  his  very  posture. 
171.   summittere,  i.  e.  in  token  of  inferiority. 
174.   unius,  alone. 

176.   in  spatium,  lengthwise. 

181.  tiaris  :  a  high  cap,  bound  under  the  chin,  worn  by  oriental 
monarchs.  187.   haustae  =  effosae. 

192.  agricolam  :  so  called  because  he  had,  so  to  speak,  planted 
the  secret  in  the  earth. 


XVIII.  The  Chiefs  at  Troy. 

XII.  2.  nomen  [not  corpus]  :  it  was  called  a  ccenotaph  (empty 
tomb). 

3.  inferias,  offerings  to  the  dead:  they  are  called  inanes, 
because  ^Esacus  was  still  living,  although  they  did  not  know  it. 

4.  Paridis:  Paris  was  absent  on  his  visit  to  Lacedaemon, 
whence  he  brought  back  Helen,  —  the  cause  of  the  Grecian  expe- 
dition against  Troy  (the  conjuratcz  rates). 


XI.  i47  — XII.  89.]  xvm-    T7ie   Chiefs  at   Troy.  245 

7.    commune,  union  or  combined  power.. 

10.  Aulide  :  Aulis,  in  Bceotia,  was  the  rendezvous  of  the  fleet, 
and  here  they  were  detained  for  several  weeks  by  adverse  winds. 

16.    damna,  loss,  i.  e.  her  young. 

19.  Thestorides,  Calchas,  son  of  Thestor,  the  chief  soothsayer 
of  the  Grecian  host. 

21.   digerit,  divide  off,  i.  e.  by  way  of  interpretation. 

23.  superat,  remains. 

24.  Aoniis,  Boeotian. 

25.  bella,  i.  e.  the  host,  by  metonymy. 

28.  virgini.3  deae,  Diana.  Agamemnon  had  killed  a  hind  con- 
secrated to  her,  and  so  his  daughter  Iphigenia  must  be  sacrificed 
by  way  of  atonement. 

29.  pietatem,  fatherly  love. 

32.  victa  est:  according  to  the  original  form  of  the  story,  the 
maiden  was  actually  sacrificed  :  but  it  was  afterwards  modified  in 
this  way,  in  order  to  satisfy  the  popular  sympathies. 

33.  sacri,  the  sacred  rite. 

34.  Mycenida  :   Iphigenia's  home  was  Mycence. 
36.   Phcebes,  as  well  as  maris,  limits  ira. 

40.  triplicis  mundi,  the  three  worlds,  of  heaven,  earth,  and 
hades. 

41.  quamvis  regionibus,  by  however  wide  spaces. 

46.  tota,  sc.  domus. 

47.  fremit,  murmurs.  —  refert,  re-echoes. 

52.  extrema,  the  last  peals. 

53.  leve  vulgus,  i.  e.  milia  rumorum. 
56.    quibus  relates  to  rumorum. 

62     rerum  limits  quid. 

68.  Protesilae:  Protesilaus,  a  Thessalian,  the  first  of  the  Greeks 
who  fell  at  Troy :  this  had  been  foretold  by  an  oracle.  —  magno 
stant,  cost  dear. 

69.  fortis  animae,  genitive  limiting  nece,  by  the  death  of  Protes- 
ilaus, that  valiant  soul. 

72.  Cygnus,  king  of  Colonae,  near  Troy  :  he  was  invulnerable, 
as  being  a  son  of  Neptune. 

74.  Peliacse :  its  shaft  was  taken  from  the  forests  of  Mt. 
Pelion,  in  Thessaly,  near  the  home  of  Achilles  (See  II.  xix.  390). 

77.   Hector,  i.  e.  his  death. 

81.   Haemonio,  Thessalian. 

87.   ille,  Cygnus  ;  Achilles  was  son  of  the  sea-goddess  Thetis. 

89.   parma,  a  small  round  buckler. 


246  Notes:   Ovid,  [Metam. 

90.   decor,  i.  e.  nothing  but  ornament. 

93.   qui,  sc.  eo,  i.  e.  Neptune. 

97.  novena,  used  here  for  the  cardinal  number  :  his  shield  was 
composed  of  ten  thicknesses  of  hide. 

100.   apertum,  exposed. 

102.   circo,  i.  e.  the  arena  of  the  amphitheatre. 

104.  elusa  .  .  .  sensit,  perceived  that  his  blow  had missed;  i.e. 
the  red  cloth,  held  out  to  excite  the  bull,  gave  way  when  he 
plunged  against  it. 

106.   manus,  i.e.  not  the  weapon. 

108.  Lyrnesia,  he  had  captured  the  city  Lyrnesos  in  Mysia. 

109.  Tenedon,  Tenedos,  a  small  island  off  the  coast  of  Troy. 
no.  Thebas,  a  city  of  Mysia,  ruled  by  king  Eetion,  father  of 

Andromache. 

in.  Caycus,  a  river  of  Mysia,  where  he  wounded  Telephus, 
son  of  Hercules,  and  afterwards  healed  him  by  the  application  of 
rust  from  his  spear. 

112.   opus,  efficacy  :  once  in  the  wound,  and  once  in  the  healing. 

115.    ante  actis,  what  he  had  done  before. 

121.   in  hoc,  in  respect  to  this  one,  i.  e.  Cygnus. 

127.   sanguis  :  final  is  in  this  word  was  originally  long. 

130.  cavari,  indented. 

131.  laedi,  blunted. 

132.  retecto, pulling  off,  i.e.  the  shield  of  Cygnus. 

137.  aversos,  turned  away,  i.  e.  from  the  direction  in  which  he 
was  going  =  as  he  went  backwards . 

138.  quern  relates  to  lapis. 

140.  prsecordia  =  pectus. 

141.  vincla,  bands.  —  subdita,  bound  beneath. 


XIX.   Rivalry  of  Ajax  axd  Ulysses. 

XIII.   1.   vulgi  corona,  a  ring  of  the  common  soldiers. 
3.   impatiens,  unable  to  control.  —  Sigeia,  from  Sigeum,  the 
north-western  promontory  of  Asia  Minor,  east  of  which  were  the 
Grecian  camp  and  fleet. 
5.   agimus,  plead. 

7.    Hectoreis  flammis  :  when  Hector  attempted  to  burn  the 
Grecian  fleet,  Ajax  almost  alone  withstood  him. 
10.   promptum,  easy. 


XII.  90  — XIII.  98.]  xix.  Rivalry  of  Aj ax  &  Ulysses.  247 

15.  nox,  i.  e.  such  exploits  as  carrying  off  the  Palladium  from 
the  citadel  of  Troy. 

16.  demit  honorem,  i.  e.  because  of  the  inferiority  of  his  rival. 

17.  superbum,  a  matter  of  boasting  :  however  great  the  prize, 
that  one  like  Ulysses  could  aspire  to  it  lowers  its  value. 

20.   feretur,  he  will  have  the  reputation. 
22.   nobilitate,  high  birth. 

24.  litora  Colcha  :  he  was  one  of  the  Argonauts. 

25.  huic,  Telamon :  ^Eacus,  king  of  ^gina,  was  one  of  the 
judges  of  the  infernal  regions,  with  Minos  and  Rhadamanthus. 

26.  iEoliden  :  Sisyphus  was  son  of  ^olus.  He  is  mentioned 
here  because  many  believed  Ulysses  to  be  his  son.  Like  Ulysses, 
he  was  notorious  for  his  trickery. 

31.   frater,  equivalent  here  to  cousin. 

33.  inserit,  etc. :  foists  upon  the  family  of  i^acus  names  of 
another  race. 

34.  indice  :  this  is  explained  by  what  follows. 
36.   ultima,  i.  e.  at  the  very  last  moment. 

39.  Naupliades :  Palamedes,  son  of  Nauplius,  who  detected 
Ulysses'  pretence  of  insanity,  by  laying  the  latter's  infant  son, 
Telemachus,  in  front  of  the  plough  which  he  was  holding ;  upon 
which  he  turned  the  plough  aside,  thus  confessing  his  sanity. 

45.  Pceantia  proles,  Philoctetes,  who  was  wounded  with  an 
arrow  while  on  the  way  to  Troy,  and  by  advice  of  Ulysses  left 
behind  on  the  island  of  Lemnos. 

48.   precaris,  with  dative,  imprecate  upon. 

50.  nobis,  with  us,  following  eadem  (§  51,  6  ;  G.  356). 

51.  sagittae  Herculis,  see  IX.  233. 

54.  debita,  etc.,  the  oracle  had  declared  that  Troy  could  not  be 
taken  except  with  the  aid  of  the  arrows  of  Hercules. 

58.  male,  unfortunately :  Palamedes  was  put  to  death  by  the 
Greeks  on  a  false  charge  of  treason  brought  by  Ulysses  out  of 
revenge. 

64.  desertum  :  this  was  once  when  the  Greeks  were  fleeing 
before  Hector. 

69.    corripuit,  upbraided. 

79.   late,  from  lateo  (the  adverb  is  late). 

86.   resupinum  fudi,  threw  down  on  his  back. 

91.   Jovemque,  i.  e.  the  favor  of  Jove. 

94.   reditus,  genitive.  —  tot  agrees  with  navibus. 

98.  Rhesum  :  Rhesus  and  Dolon  were  killed  by  Ulysses  and 
Diomedes  upon   the  nightly   expedition    in   which    they   captured 


248  Notes:   Ovid,  [Metam. 

the  soothsayer  Helenus,  and  the  Palladium,  or  ancient  image  of 
Pallas. 

100.  Diomede  :  Diomedes  was  the  bravest  of  the  Greeks  next 
to  Achilles  and  Ajax  ;  he  accompanied  Ulysses  upon  his  nocturnal 
expedition. 

103.   quo  ;  etc.,  to  what  purpose  bestow  these  on  Ulysses  t 

107.  Dulichius  :  the  island  Dulichius  belonged  to  Ulysses.  — 
vertex  =  caput. 

109.  Pelias,  see  note  XII.  74;  the  final  as  shows  that  it  is  a 
feminine  patronymic. 

114.   erit,  sc.  causa.  —  130.  potior  is  here  3d  conj. 

131.  non  gequa,  envious. 

134.  per  quem,  see  v.  162  and  following. 

135.  huic,  Ajax  :  he  was  not  renowned  for  intellect. 
139.  horn.,  good  qualities  or  advantages. 

145.  damnatus :  Telamon,  father  of  Ajax,  had  killed  his 
brother,  and  was  banished  for  the  crime. 

146.  Cyllenius :  an  epithet  of  Mercury,  from  his  birthplace, 
Mt.  Cyllene  ;  it  is  in  apposition  with  nobilitas.  Ulysses'  mother 
Anticlea  was  granddaughter  of  Mercury. 

151.   Peleus  was  father  of  Achilles. 

156.  Phthia  was  the  home  of  Peleus,  Scyros  of  Pyrrhus. 

157.  isto,  i.  e.  Ajax.  159-   nudum,  ?nerely. 

162.  genetrix  Nereia  :  Thetis,  mother  of  Achilles,  was  daugh- 
ter of  Nereus. 

163.  cultu  :  he  wore  female  dress. 

165.   mercibus,  wares;  he  was  disguised  as  a  peddler. 
169.    Pergama:  this  was  the  citadel  of  Troy. 
173.   Lesbon,  etc.,  places  captured  by  Achilles. 

1 79.  illis  armis,  in  recompense  for  those  arms. 

180.  dederam  :  of  course  not  these  special  arms,  =  7"  had 
armed  him  living. 

181.  unius,  i.  e.  Menelaus,  at  the  loss  of  his  wife. 
187.   in  rege,  while  still  a  king. 

190.   tenui  causam,  gained  my  case.  —  iniquo,  prejudiced. 

192.  summa  sceptri  =  summa  imperii. 

193.  matrem  :  Clytaemnestra,  wife  of  Agamemnon  :  she  after- 
wards murdered  him,  in  revenge  for  the  sacrifice  of  her  daughter. 
—  astu  :  Ulysses  pretended  that  Iphigenia  was  to  be  married  to 
Achilles. 

195.  lintea  =  vela,  sails. 

196.  orator,  ambassador. 


XIII.  100-273]  XIX*  -Rivalry  of  Ajax  and  Ulysses,     249 

198.  adhuc,  i.e.  it  was  at  the  beginning  of  the  siege. —  egi, 
pleaded. 

199.  communis  Greecia,  the  Greek  confederacy. 

200.  praedam  :  Paris  had  carried  off  treasures  besides  the 
bride. 

201.  junctum :  he  had  married  a  sister  of  Hecuba,  wife  of 
Priam. 

203.  nefandas  :  because  the  person  of  an  ambassador  was 
sacred  in  antiquity,  as  now. 

204.  prima  lux,  predicate.  —  nostri  tecum,  ours  and  thine  = 
our  common. 

207.  acies  primas,  the  first  engagements. 

217.  rex,  Agamemnon  ;  ille  refers  to  the  same. 

218.  auctore  =  Jove. 

219.  sinat,  ironical  ;  Ajax,  I  suppose,  &c. 

220.  ituros,  i.e.  as  they  start  to  return  to  Greece. 

221.  dat,  i.  e.  some  example  or  command. 

222.  nimium,  i.  e.  to  undertake.  —  magna  loquenti,  a  boaster. 
226.  captam,  i.  e.  as  good  as  captured. 

230.   Atrides,  Agamemnon,  son  of  Atreus. 

233.  Thersites,  a  snarling,  misshapen  fellow  in  the  Grecian 
host,  who  was  fond  of  wrangling  with  the  leaders.  —  etiam,  etc., 
that  it  did  not  go  unpunished  was  due  to  me  likewise. 

lyj.    dantem  terga,  turning  his  back. 

238.   petit,  i.e.  in  friendship. 

242.  sors  :  this  refers  to  the  nocturnal  expedition  of  Ulysses 
and  Diomedes  ;  see  v.  98. 

243.  sic  tamen,  even  under  these  circumstances. 
247.    quod  specularer,  any  object  to  act  the  spy. 

251.  votis,  my  wish;  obj.  of  potitus. 

252.  imitante,  like. — triumphos  :  the  Roman  triumphal  pro- 
cession was  a  type  of  splendid  pomp. 

253«  cujus,  sc.  ejus,  limiting  arma  ;  Dolon  had  demanded  the 
horses  of  Achilles  as  a  reward,  in  case  of  success. 

254.  benignior,  refers  to  the  offer  of  Ajax,  v.  102. 

255.  Sarpedonis :  Sarpedon  had  been  wounded  and  repulsed, 
and  then  Ulysses  slew  his  comrades.  —  257.   -que,  scan  as  long, 

263.   ipso  loco,  i.  e.  the  breast 

267.  sanguinis  limits  nil. 

268.  refert,  not  from  refero. 

271.   meum,  my  way.  —  communia,  the  credit  of  all. 

273.   Actorides,  notice  the  position  ;  it  was  Actorides  that,  &»c. 


250  Notes:    Ovid.  [Metam. 

274.  cum  defensore  :  i.  e.  their  defender  (Ajax)  was  destined 
to  be  burned  with  them. 

275.  marti  =  prcelio. 

277.  nonus,  with  eight  others;  not  after  eight  others,  but 
indicating  that  he  was  but  one  of  the  nine.  —  munere,  favor  :  he 
was  selected  not  for  his  valor,  but  by  lot  (II.  vii.  182). 

288.  caerula:  referring  to  Thetis  being  a  sea-nymph.  She 
brought  to  her  son  arms  wrought  by  Hephaestus  (Vulcan). 

290.  pectore,  taste:  Ajax  was  merely  a  rude  soldier. 

291.  norit,  understand. 

293.   immunem,  who  never  touches. 

298.  Achilli  :  he,  too,  had  stayed  away  from  the  war  until  forced 
to  go. 

307.   digna  pudore  :  i.  e.  that  you  should  be  ashamed  of. 

311.  in  illo,  in  his  case. 

312.  objecta,  sc.  crimina,  laid  to  hi?n.  —  pretio,  abl.  of  means, 
with  patebant. 

313.  Vulcania:  Lemnos  was  a  volcanic  island,  sacred  to 
Vulcan. 

326.  pectore,  ititellect. 

332.   mini,  sc.  fuit :  as  I  have  had  power  over  thee. 

334.  faveat,  sc.  dummodo. 

335.  Dardanio  vate,  i.  e.  Helenus,  see  v.  99. 

336.  responsa,  i.  e.  those  given  by  Helenus. 

337.  signum,  the  Palladium. 

339.   illis,  i.  e.  Helenus  and  the  Palladium. 
341.  hie,  on  such  occasions  as  these. 
348.   Trojae,  over  Troy. 

350.  desine  :  Ajax  has  pointed  to  Diomedes  (son  of  Tydeus), 
to  indicate  that  all  the  credit  of  the  achievement  belongs  to  him. 

351.  est  sua,  delongs  to  him. 

356.  moderatior  =  modestior :  Ajax  the  less  was  son  of 
Oileus. 

357.  Eurypylus  :  he  and  Thoas  (son  of  Andrasmon)  were  two 
Grecian  leaders.  Idomeneus  of  Crete  was  a  famous  chief,  also 
Meriones,  and  Menelaus,  son  of  Atreus. 

368.  nostro,  i.  e.  the  human. 

370.  vigili,  watchman. 

372.  titulum,  mark  of  honor. 

373.  labor,  i.  e.  of  the  siege. 

376.   ademi,  this  again  refers  to  the  Palladium. 
379.   fatis,  dest?'uction. — restare,  still  remains. 


XIII.  274-38o.]  xx.    The   Tale  of  Galatea.  251 


383.  re,  by  the  event. 

384.  qui  solus,  etc.,  see  v.  91. 

391.  turn  demum,  see  v.  266. 

392.  ferrum  =  lorica. 

396.  GEIbalio  de  vulnere,  see  x.  207. 


XX.   The  Tale  of  Galatea. 


XIII.  753.   octonis  iterum,  twice  eight. 

755.  Cyclops  :  a  misshapen  race,  sons  of  Poseidon  ;  they  had 
but  one  eye,  which  was  in  the  middle  of  the  forehead.  This  one 
was  named  Polyphemus.  , 

759.  ille,  the  Cyclops. 

760.  silvis,  dative. 

769.  tutae,  etc.  :  see  the  story  of  the  adventures  of  Ulysses  and 
of  yEneas  with  the  Cyclops,  in  the  third  book  of  Virgil's  /Eneid. 

771.  nulla,  etc.:  he  was  a  soothsayer,  who  interpreted  the 
flight  of  birds. 

775.   altera,  i.  e.  Galatea. 

783.   apta,  i.  e.  as  the  mast  of  a  ship. 

785.  senserunt, /<?//,  i.  e.  trembled  with. 

806.   Claris  latratibus,  at  loud  barking. 

808.   noris,  sc.  me. 

821.  multae,  sc.  oves. 

827.   fetura  minor,  a  younger  generation. 

829.  inde  =  ejus. 

830.  liquefacta  coagula,  steeped  rennet:  the  English  would 
prefer  here  a  passive  construction,  part  is  curdled  with  rennet. 

833.  par-ve :  the  adverb  from  parvus  (if  there  were  one) 
would  be  parve. 

840.   liquidee  aquae,  in  clear  (or  calm)  water. 

844.  nescio  quern  :  Polyphemus  is  represented  as  so  rude  as 
not  even  to  recognize  the  existence  of  the  gods. 

852.   heec  omnia,  all  nature. 

858.   Nerel,  Greek  vocative. 

863.   quod  nollem  relates  to  placeat  tibi  —  copia,  opportunity. 

867.   laesus,  stirred  up. 

875.   veneris,  love.  —  ista  .  .  .  vestrae,  is  object  of  faciam. 

879.    Symaethius  :  the  mother  of  Acis  was  the  nymph  Symaethis. 

880    parentes,  vocative. 


252  Notes:    Ovid.  [Metam. 

883.   extremus,  only  the  extremity. 

885.  per  fata,  with  the  permission  of  the  fates. 

886.  avitas,  of  his  grandsire,  the  river  god  Symaethus. 

894.   cornua  :  horns  were  the  regular  attributes  of  river  gods  : 
they  were  symbols  of  strength. 


XXI.  The  Wisdom  of  King  Numa. 

XV.   3.  veri,  the  truth. 
5.   habet,  holds  =  considers. 

8.  urbem,  i.  e.   Croton,  which  was    named    from   a  certain 
Croton,  a  guest-friend  of  Hercules. 

60.  vir,  Pythagoras,  born  at  Samos,  about  b.  c.  580. 

61.  dominos  :  Samos  was  ruled  by  the  cruel  tyrant  Polycrates  ; 
Pythagoras  therefore  left  his  native  land,  and  passed  the  rest  of  his 
life  in  Magna  Graecia,  principally  at  Croton :  he  died  at  Metapon- 
tum,  about  B.  c.  504. 

66.   in  medium  dabat,  made  public, 
73.   arguit,  censured. 
89.   congesto,  swallowed. 
93.   referre,  repeat. 

95.   morati,  verbal  from  mores,  character. 
99.  movere,  perfect :  the  infinitive  would  be  mSvere. 
104.   invidit,  took  a  distaste  to. 
109.   salva  pietate,  without  violation  of  duty. 
no.   quam  .  .  .  tam  =  ut  .  .  .  sic  {although  .  .  .  yet). 
116.   tuendos,  i.  e.  with  wool  and  milk. 
122.   immemor,  ungrateful,  relates  to  qui,  etc. 
124.   ruricolam,  sc.  bovem.  —  trita  agrees  with  ilia  and  colla. 
128.   inscripsere  :  it  was  customary  on  indictments  to  write  the 
name  of  the  accused  by  the  side  of  the  crime. 

134.  fruges,  subj.  of  imponi ;  it  refers  to  the  mola  salsa, 
parched  barley  meal  mixed  with  salt,  which  was  sprinkled  on  the 
head  of  the  victim. 

135.  in  unda :  the  bucket  of  water,  in  which  the  officiating 
priest  washed  his  hands  to  purify  them,  before  the  sacrifice. 

137.  inspiciunt :  this  inspection  of  the  entrails,  to  learn  the 
wish  of  the  gods,  was  usually  performed  by  the  haruspices. 

142.  colonos,  citizens  [inhabitants,  from  colo] :  this  word  is 
perhaps  chosen  because  the  address  was  delivered  in  the  Greek 


XV.  I-470-]   xxi.   The    Wisdom  of  King  Numa.      253 

colony  of  Croton.     The  assertion  here  made  belongs  to  the  doc- 
trine of  metempsychosis. 

143.  movet,  i.  e.  to  eloquence. 

144.  Delphos,  as  being  the  treasure-house  of  oracles. 
149.   Atlantis  :  because  heaven  rested  upon  his  shoulders. 
155.   materiem  vatum  =  //*<?  material  of  fables,  sung  by  poets. 
157.  posse  has  for  subj.  ea  understood,  referring  to  corpora.  — 

pute tis,  you  should  believe. 

162.  minoris  Atridse,  Menelaus. 

164.  Abanteis  :  Abas  was  one  of  the  mythical  heroes  of  Argos. 

173.  pietas,  i.  e.  because  these  animals  are  of  kin  to  us. 

176.  magno  aequore,  referring  to  the  immensity  of  his  topic. 

191.  Pallantias,  Aurora,  descendant  of  Pallas. 

192.  dei  clipeus,  the  disc  of  the  sun. 
200.  eetatis,  life. 

205.  virtus,  vigor. 

222.  ritu,  after  the  manner  of. 

229.  Milon,  a  celebrated  athlete  of  Croton. 

230.  illos  agrees  with  lacertos. 

233>  Tyndaris,  Helen  :  she  was  carried  away  not  only  by  Paris, 
but  before  that  by  Theseus. 

239.   genitalia,  producing,  i.  e.  elementary. 

245.   resoluta,  when  dissolved. 

258.   summa,  in  their  essence,  or  on  the  whole. 

260.  ad  ferrum,  etc. :  referring  to  the  succession  of  Ages,  — 
Golden,  Silver,  Bronze,  Iron. 

261.  fortuna,  lot  or  condition. 
272.   excaecata,  becoming  unseen. 

[For  the  verses  omitted,  see  Argument  of  this  Book.] 
453.   tendere  depends  on  oblitis. 

459.  corpora,  object  of  sinamus  and  subject  of  esse  (v.  46). 

460.  aliquo  foedere,  construed  with  junctorum. 

461.  certe,  at  any  rate. 

462.  Thyesteis  :  Thyestes  feasted  unwittingly  upon  the  body  of 
his  own  son,  placed  before  him  by  his  brother  Atreus  :  hence  any 
unnatural  and  horrible  feast  was  called  a  Thyestean  banquet. 

463.  male  consuescit,  accustoms  himself  to  ill  =  hardens 
himself. 

467.  edentem,  uttering  (from  edo  ;  gdo,  to  eat  has  short  S) . 

468.  istis,  i.  e.  those  of  the  Golden  Age. 

469.  paratur,  is  brought  about. 

470.  imputet,  charge  against,  i.e.  these  alone. 


254  Notes:    Ovid*  [Met am. 

474.  viscata  virga,  limed  twig:  small  birds  were  caught  by 
smearing  the  twigs  on  which  they  perched  with  a  sort  of  vegetable 
glue  (viscum). 

475.  formidatis  pennis  :  bright  feathers  were  attached  to  cords 
put  about  the  space  in  which  the  deer  were,  and  the  deer  were 
afraid  to  pass  them. 

480.   ultro,  i.  e.  without  presenting  himself  as  a  candidate. 

482.  conjuge  :  his  wife  was  the  nymph  Egeria,  from  whom  he 
was  thought  to  receive  maxims  of  wisdom :  she  was  one  of  the 
Camence,  nymphs  of  prophetic  song,  identified  with  the  Grecian 
Muses. 


XXII.   The  Worship  of  ^Esculapius. 

XV.    622.    praesentia,  helpful. 

624.  Coroniden :  ^Esculapius  was  son  of  Apollo  and  the 
nymph  Coronis. 

625.  insula  :  the  island  of  the  Tiber  was  the  seat  of  the  wor- 
ship of  iEsculapius  (see  v.  739).  —  aacris  asciverit,  enrolled 
among  the  sacred  rites. 

629.  nihil  posse,  have  no  power. 

630.  mediam  orbis  humum  :  the  oracle  at  Delphi  was  held 
to  be  the  middle  point  {omphalos)  of  the  earth. 

634.  et  locus,  etc. :  the  usual  description  of  the  circumstances 
attending  the  utterance  of  oracles. 

637.  propiore  loco :  Epidaurus,  the  chief  seat  of  the  worship 
of  ^Esculapius,  was  nearer  by  sea  to  Rome  than  was  Delphi. 

640.  avibus,  auspices,  because  the  chief  auspices  were  by  the 
flight  or  song  of  birds. 

642.    colat,  inhabits. 

645.  concilium,  etc.,  hendiadys  =  M*  council  of  the  Grecian 
fathers.  —  darent  (sc.  ut)  follows  oravere. 

647.   Ausoniae,  an  ancient  name  of  Italy. 

652.  telluris  limits  orbi. 

654.  sed  qualis,  etc.,  i.  e.  in  contrast  to  his  assumption  of  a 
snake's  form  the  next  day.  ^Esculapius  is  represented  in  art  as 
an  old  man  with  a  staff  about  which  a  serpent  is  twined  (see 
v.  659). 

660.   n5ta,  imperative. 

667.   operosa,  constructed  with  labor  (see  i.  258). 


V.  474-727-]  xxii.    The  Worship  of  ^Esculafius.       255 

669.  cristis  altis  limits  aureus. 

670.  in  serpente  deus,  the  god  incarnate  in  the  serpent. 

677.  animis,  etc.,  a  common  formula  for  commanding  a  reve- 
rential silence. 

681.  referunt  geminata,  repeat. 

682.  iEneadae :  the  two  syllables  ea  are  contracted  into  one 
in  scanning. 

683.  rata,  authenticating. 

691.   suum,  of  his  attendants.      692.   officium,  reverent  service. 
696.   coronatae  :  ships  were  festooned  with  flowers  on  sailing. 

700.  Pallantidos,  Aurora. 

701.  Lacinia:  the  Lacinian  promontory,  where  was  a  temple  of 
Juno  :  Scylaceum  was  a  little  further  south-west. 

703.  Iapygiam ;  this  was  the  south-eastern  promontory  of 
Italy,  which  came  in  due  course  before  Lacinium :  the  three  names 
that  follow  cannot  be  identified. 

705.  Caulona,  a  city  of  Bruttium.  —  Naryciam  :  this  name  was 
given  to  Locri  Epizephyrii,  as  being  a  colony  of  the  Locrian 
Narycus. 

706.  fretum  angustaque  =  fretum  angustum. 

707.  Hippotadce,  /Eolus,  son  of  Hippotes,  king  of  the  Winds  : 
his  home  is  the  ^Eolian  islands.  —  Temeses :  Tempsa,  famed  for 
copper  mines. 

708.  Leucosiam,  a  promontory,  south  of  Paestum,  —  a  place 
now,  as  then,  famed  for  its  roses. 

709.  Minervse,  the  promontory  opposite  the  island  of  Capri ; 
then  come  Surrentum,  Herculaneum,  Stabiae,  Neapolis  (whose 
ancient  name  was  Parthenope),  and  Cumae,  the  abode  of  the  Sibyl. 

713.  calidi  fontes,  Baiae,  a  fashionable  watering-place  in 
Ovid's  time.  Liternum  lay  between  here  and  the  mouth  of  the 
Volturnus.     The  other  names  are  of  well-known  towns. 

716.  graves,  unhealthy,  by  reason  of  the  swamps.  —  quam, 
etc.,  Cajeta,  where  ^Eneas  built  a  sepulchre  to  his  nurse  Cajeta. 

717.  Antiphatae  domus :  Formiae,  where  Antiphates  was  king. 
—  Trachae  was  another  name  for  Tarracina,  situated  near  the 
Pomptine  Marshes. 

718.  tellus  Circaea,  Circeii.  —  spissi,  with  deep  sand. 

721.  per  sinus,  etc.,  i.  e.  making,  &*c. 

722.  parentis,  Apollo. 

725.    moderamine,  the  rudder. 

727.  Castrum,  sc.  Inui,  a  town  midway  between  Antium  and 
the  mouth  of  the  Tiber ;  the  ancient  town  of  Lavinium  was  near  by. 


256  Notes:   Ovid.  [Metam. 

730.  Troica  agrees  with  Vesta  :  the  worship  of  Vesta  and  the 

Penates  was  fabled  to  have  been  brought  by  ^Eneas  from  Troy. 

732.  per  adversas  undas,  up  the  stream. 

734.  sonant,  crackle. 

jtf.  malo,  mast  (malus,  bad,  has  short  a). 

740.  laterura  e  parte  duorum,  on  the  two  sides. 

743.  ceeleste,  a  poetic  form  of  the  ablative. 


XXIII.  The  Apotheosis  of  Caesar. 

XV.  745.   hie,  jEsculapius. 

746.  marte  togaque,  war  and  peace,  the  toga  being  the  distinc- 
tive garb  of  peace. 

747.  magis,  construed  with  quam,  v.  750. 

748.  properata,  speedily  now.  — rerum,  deeds. 

749.  sidus,  see  v.  850. 

750.  progenies,  the  emperor  Augustus,  his  adopted  son. 

752.  domuisse  :  Tacitus,  more  modestly,  says  :  potest  videri 
oslendisse  posteris,  non  tradidisse.  —  Agr.  13. 

753.  septemflua  :  there  were  seven  principal  mouths  of  the  Nile. 

755.  Jubam  :  Juba,  king  of  Numidia,  fought  against  Caesar  at 
Thapsus  (b.  c.  46). 

756.  Pontum :  Caesar  overthrew  Pharnaces,  son  of  king 
Mithridates,  b.  c.  47.  —  Quirini  :  Quirinus,  an  ancient  god  of 
the  Romans,  was  identified  by  them  with  their  eponymous  hero, 
Romulus. 

757.  egisse  :  the  word  regularly  used  for  triumphal  processions. 

758.  quo,  etc.,  in  his  administering  affairs. 

762.  genetrix,  Venus. 

763.  pontifici  :  Caesar  held  the  office  of  pontifex  maximus,  the 
head  of  the  state  religion.  The  word  is  used  here,  in  order  to 
fasten  upon  his  murder  the  character  of  sacrilege. 

767.  Iulo  :  lulus,  son  of  ^Eneas,  was  the  alleged  ancestor  of 
the  Julian  gens. 

768.  justis  curis,  well-grounded  fears. 

769.  Calydonia:  Diomedes,  son  of  Tydeus,  of  Calydon,  had 
wounded  Venus  at  the  siege  of  Troy,  when  she  was  interfering  in 
behalf  of  the  Trojans.  —  vulneret,  and  the  following  subjunctives 
(§  65,  2,  e),  seeing  that,  &*c. :  the  relatives  refer  to  the  subject  of 
ero,  v.  768. 


XV.  73°-S23-]  xxiii.    The  Afotheosts  of  Ccesar.         257 

770.  male  defensae  mcenia,  the  unsuccessful  defence  of  the 
walls.  —  confundant,  overwhelm. 

771.  natum,  ^Eneas  :  his  wanderings,  his  descent  into  the 
infernal  regions,  and  his  war  with  Turnus  (who  was  supported  by 
Juno)  are  enumerated. 

778.  sacerdotis  Vest*  :  the  worship  of  Vesta  was  under  the 
special  oversight  of  the  pontifex  maximus,  who  resided  in  the 
Regia,  adjoining  her  temple. 

781.   veterum  sororum,  the  Fates. 

783.  ferunt,  they  declare.  —  arma,  tubas,  cornua  are  subjects 
of  prasmonuisse,  depending  upon  ferunt.  All  these  signs  are 
said  to  have  preceded  Caesar's  death. 

789.   caerulus,  livid. 

792.  ebur,  the  ivory  images  of  the  gods  :  this  was  a  common 
portent.  —  cantus  and  verba  are  prophetic  voices  and  incanta- 
tions, heard  in  the  air. 

795.  caput,  a  projecting  portion  of  the  liver  :  it  was  a  very  bad 
sign  if  any  portion  of  the  viscera  was  cut  by  the  slaughterer's 
knife. 

800.  praemonitus,  premonitions. 

801.  in  templum  :  the  place  of  the  assassination  was  the  Curia 
(senate-house)  Pompeii,  which  was  a  templum,  in  the  Roman 
sense,  as  being  a  place  formally  consecrated  by  auguries.  This 
was  necessary  for  assemblies  of  the  Senate,  or  of  the  people ; 
while,  on  the  other  hand,  every  cedes,  or  abode  of  a  god,  was  not 
necessarily  a  templum. 

803.   Cytherea,  an  epithet  of  Venus,  from  the  island  Cythera. 
805.   condere,    sc.    Caesarem :    in    this    manner    Venus    had 
rescued  both  Paris  and  /Eneas. 

810.   rerum  tabularia,  the  archives  of  fate. 
812.   metuunt :  Fate  was  even  above  the  gods. 

818.  deus  (pred.),  as  a  god. 

819.  natus  suus,  Augustus,  his  adopted  son. 

821.  nos,  i.  e.  the  Fates.  — suos,  sc.  socios. 

822.  illius  auspiciis :  the  auspices  could  be  taken  only  by  the 
commander,  who  had  been  formally  vested  with  the  imperium.  — 
obsessae  :  Mutina  was  besieged  by  Antony,  b.  c.  43,  and  relieved 
by  Octavius  and  others,  acting  then  in  the  interests  of  the  Senate. 

823.  Pharsalia :  because  Philippi,  where  Octavius  and  Antony 
defeated  Brutus  and  Cassius  (b.  c.  42),  might  be  poetically  regarded 
as  in  the  same  country  as  Pharsalia  in  Thessaly :  Emathia  is  a 
district  of  Macedonia. 

17 


258  Notes:    Ovid.  [Metam. 

825.  Siculis  undis  :  it  was  in  the  neighborhood  of  Messana, 
in  Sicily,  that  Agrippa,  the  admiral  of  Octavius,  defeated  Sex. 
Pompeius,  b.  c.  36. 

826.  conjunx,  Cleopatra,  who  married  Antony. 

827.  non  bene,  unfortunately. 

828.  servitura,  sc.  esse,  etc.,  depends  on  minata  erit. 

833.  jura  :  Octavius,  as  Augustus,  reorganized  the  civil  institu- 
tions of  Rome. 

836.  prolem  :  Tiberius  and  Drusus,  sons  of  Livia  (wife  of 
Augustus)  by  a  former  marriage.  They  were  adopted  by  their 
step-father,  and  Tiberius  succeeded  him  as  Emperor. 

838.   Pylios  annos,  i.  e.  the  years  of  Nestor. 

842.  sede,  the  temple  of  Divus  Julius  fronted  on  the  Forum. 

843.  sede,  i.  e.  the  curia;  this  act  followed  immediately  upon 
"the  murder. 

845.  eripuit  governs  animam. 

853.  obnoxia,  subject  to. 

854.  una  in  parte,  in  this  one  point,  i.  e.  his  superiority  to  his 
father. 

857.   ipsos  eequantibus,  i.  e.  because  they  were  both  divine. 
859.   triformis,  i.  e.  consisting  of  earth,  sea,  and  sky. 

861.  iEneae  comites,  the  Penates,  or  household  gods,  brought 
by  iEneas  —  through  fire  and  sword  —  from  Troy,  and  established 
in  Lavinium. 

862.  di  Indigetes :  these  are  generally  reckoned  as  deified 
heroes  ;  among  them  was  ^Eneas  himself.  Romulus  (Quirinus) 
again  was  son  of  Mars,  one  of  whose  chief  titles  was  Gradivus} 
"  the  strider." 

865.  Phoebe*  :  Apollo  was  the  tutelary  deity  of  Augustus. 

866.  Tarpeias,  the  original  name  of  the  Capitoline  Mount: 
afterwards  confined  to  a  part  of  the  hill. 

869.  Augustum,  an  adjective.  —  quern  relates  to  orbe. 
873.   corporis,  objective  genitive  with  jus. 


Fasti,  IV.]  Shorter  Poems.  259 


SHORTER    POEMS. 


For  the  metre  of  this,  and  all  the  following  extracts  {elegiac), 
see  §  82,  1,  b.  The  Pentameter  is  most  conveniently  scanned  by 
dividing  it  into  two  half-verses  (hemistichs),  consisting  each  of  two 
feet  with  an  added  half-foot 

I.   Fasti. 

1.    The  Festival  of  Pales. 

IV.  721.  Parilia,  §  52,  2,  c,  r.  The  form  Partita  seems  to  have 
been  in  common  use,  by  an  interchange  of  1  and  r  frequent  among 
primitive  nations,  and  also  among  young  children.  —  poscor  :  this 
is  the  word  regularly  used  of  a  person  formally  called  upon  to  sing 
or  speak. 

722.  Pales  :  an  Italian  goddess  of  pasturage  (possibly  of  the 
same  root  as  pa-scor).     It  is  sometimes  masculine. 

725.  certe  :  this  gives  the  reason  why  he  deserves  her  favor.  — 
de  vitulo  cinerem  :  the  ashes  were  preserved  from  the  sacrifice 
of  the  fordicidia  (Apr.  15),  and  used  for  the  lustrating  rites  of  the 
palilia.  They  were  mixed  with  bean-straw  (beans  being  regarded 
by  the  ancients  as  having  a  peculiar  purifying  efficacy),  and  the 
curdled  blood  of  the  October  horse,  sacrificed  October  15   (see 

V.  733). 

726.  februa  :  from  this  is  derived  the  name  of  February,  the 
month  of  purification,  —  the  last  in  the  old  Roman  year. 

727.  transilui :  the  chief  ceremonial  of  the  palilia  was  leaping 
through  heaps  of  blazing  hay  and  stubble  ;  the  herds  also  were 
driven  through  them.     This,  too,  is  a  cleansing  rite. 

728.  uda  laurea :  a  bough  of  laurel  was  used  to  sprinkle  puri- 
fying water. 

731.  virginea:  the  suffimen  (fumigation)  was  prepared  by  the 
Vestal  Virgin,  by  whom  the  blood  of  the  October  horse  had  been 
preserved. 

732.  Vestae  :  she  was  the  special  guardian  of  chastity. 
736.   virga,  a  brush-broom,  usually  of  laurel. 

738.  longa  corona,  festoon. 

739.  vivo,  crude. 


260  Notes:    Ovid,  [Fasti 

741.  mares:  it  is  hard  to  see  why  this  epithet  should  be 
applied  to  the  olive,  except  from  their  tonic  bitterness.  —  taedam, 
pitch-pine.  —  herbaa  Sabinas,  juniper  :  the  name  is  still  preserved 
in  the  word  savin. 

742.  crepet,  crackle  :  this  was  an  especially  favorable  sign. 

745.  suas,  appropriate  to  her :  no  blood  could  be  shed  on  her 
festival.  —  reseotis  :  this  is  explained  as  referring  to  the  cutting 
up  of  the  food  to  be  shared  among  the  worshippers. 

746.  silvicolam  :  the  pastures  were  openings  in  the  forest,  or 
themselves  covered  with  a  light  growth  of  wood. 

749.  sacro,  sc.  loco.  "  The  list  of  innocent  sins  which  follows 
curiously  illustrates  both  the  superstitious  fears  and  the  trifling 
observances  of  a  primitive  pastoral  life.  There  is  moreover  a 
touching  simplicity  throughout  the  whole  petition,  which  affords 
a  strong  contrast  to  the  frightful  depravity  of  civilized  Rome,  as 
described  in  the  pages  of  Juvenal  and  Martial."  — Paley.  As  illus- 
trated, too,  we  may  add,  in  many  of  the  writings  of  Ovid  himself. 

750.  bustis  :  the  bus  turn  was  a  mound  heaped  up  upon  the  spot 
where  the  body  was  burned. 

752.  semicaper  deus  :  the  rural  god  Faunus  was  identified 
with  the  Greek  Pan,  who  was  represented  with  goat's  legs. 

753.  opaco,  shady. 

754.  fiscina  frondia  :  "In  countries  where  grass  is  less  plenti- 
ful than  with  us,  sheep,  goats,  and  cattle  are  still  fed  in  great 
measure  on  the  foliage  and  succulent  twigs  of  trees  :  see  Virg.  G. 
i.  226,  ii.  435  ;  Eel.  x.  30." — Paley. 

759.  fontana  numina,  etc. :  "  Nothing  is  more  pleasing  in 
ancient  mythology  than  the  fanciful  doctrine  which  peopled  all 
earth  and  sea  with  multitudes  of  fair  female  spirits.  Every  hill  and 
dale,  every  grot  and  crystal  spring,  every  lake  and  brook  and  river, 
every  azure  plain  and  coral  cave  of  ocean,  was  animated  and 
hallowed  by  the  presence  and  protection  of  the  Nymphs."  — 
Ramsay. 

761.  labra  Dianse,  referring  to  the  story  of  Actaeon,  who  saw 
Diana  in  her  bath  :  the  goddess,  as  a  punishment,  turned  him  into 
a  stag,  and  he  was  torn  in  pieces  by  his  own  dogs. 

762.  Faunum  :  this  well-meaning  god  (from  faveo)  was  angry 
if  discovered  asleep  on  the  ground. 

765.  redigam,  gather  in,  i.e.  at  night. 

766.  vellera,  i.  e.  the  carcass  having  been  devoured. 

770.  vimina  rara,  ivickerwork,  through  which  the  curd  was 
allowed  to  drain ;  they  were  CdMz&jiscella. 


IV.  74i-8I5-3        The  Founding  of  Rome.  261 

772.  quamlibet  qualifies  teneras. 

775.  ad  annum  =  quotannis. 

777.  ad  ortus  :  the  proper  position  for  the  worshipper. 

780.  sapam,  new  wine  (mustum)  boiled  down  to  a  third. 

781.  per,  etc.,  the  ceremony  alluded  to  in  v.  727. 

784.  tnrba,  i.  e.  of  interpretations  :  it  is  Ovid's  custom,  on 
occasion,  to  introduce  a  multitude  of  these,  as  here. 

786.  duce,  i.  e.  the  shepherd. 

787.  semina  is  predicate  :  that  fire  and  water  are  called  dei, 
illustrates  the  ancient  custom  of  deifying  all  objects  and  powers  of 
nature. 

791.  exsul :  the  formula  of  exile  was  aqud  et  igni  interdicere; 
the  bride  also  was  welcomed  to  her  new  home  with  these  elements. 

793.   Phaethonta,  i.  e.  his  memory  ;  see  Met.  ii.  1  ;  i.  253. 

799.  pietas  JEneia,  i.  e.  in  carrying  his  father  Anchises  through 
the  flames  of  burning  Troy  :  dattt  tela  locum  flammceque  recedunt 
(/En.  ii.  633). 

801.  condita  est :  Rome  was  said  to  have  been  founded  on  the 
day  of  the  Palilia. 

802.  Lares,  the  household  gods  :  in  practice  there  was  very  little 
difference  made  between  the  Lares  and  Penates,  but  in  their  origin 
they  were  quite  different.  The  Lares  were  deified  ancestors,  the 
Penates  were  associated  with  Vesta,  and  worshipped  on  the  hearth, 
the  name  being  connected  with  penus,  penetralia,  and  other  words 
referring  to  something  in  the  interior. 

803.  mutantes  agrees  with  incolas  understood,  subject  of 
supposuisse. 

804.  et  connects  tectis  and  casas. 


2.    The  Founding  of  Rome. 

809.  frater  Numitoris  :  Amulius,  who  had  stolen  the  kingdom 
from  his  brother.  Romulus  and  Remus,  grandsons  of  Numitor, 
restored  his  authority  to  him,  and  put  the  usurper  to  death. 

812.  ponat  uter :  not  to  be  understood  of  the  mere  act  of 
building  the  city,  which  was  to  be  done  in  common,  but  as  to  which 
should  enjoy  the  dignity  of  founder. 

814.  fides,  reliance  on:  the  word  auspice  is  derived  from  avis 
(auis)  and  -specie 

815.  Palati:  this  was  the  original  seat  of  the  city:  the  Aven- 
tine,  south  of  it,  lay  for  a  long  time  outside  the  limits  of  the  city. 


262  Notes:   Ovid.  [Fasti 

819.  aratro :  the  founder  of  the  city  marked  out  the  walls  by 
ploughing  about  the  space,  the  sods  being  turned  inward  :  the  sod 
represented  the  walls,  the  furrow  the  moat. 

821.  fossa :  this  was  not  the  moat,  but  a  pit  dug  in  the  centre 
of  the  city  ;  in  Rome  it  was  in  front  of  the  Temple  of  Apollo,  on 
the  Palatine.  It  was  called  mundus,  and  in  it  were  placed  the  ob- 
jects here  enumerated.  It  bore  thus  a  certain  analogy  to  the 
corner-stone  of  modern  buildings.  —  ad  solidum,  to  fir?n  earth.  — 
fruges,  i.  e.  boni  ominis  causa. 

822.  vicino,  i.  e.  not  the  neighborhood,  but  the  vicus  from 
which  each  of  the  settlers  had  come. 

825.  fungitur,  gets  through  with  or  does  its  duty  by. 

826.  vacca :  the  bull  was  harnessed  outside,  at  the  right  of 
the  cow. 

828.  Mavors,  an  old  form  of  Mars.  —  mater :  this  word  is  not 
here  used  to  imply  relationship  (as  genitor  or  genitrix)  ;  but,  like 
pater ;  is  often  applied  to  the  deities  in  reverence,  as  in  Jupiter, 
Marspiter,  Liber  pater. 

831.  huic  is  to  be  taken  with  dominse  terrae,  —  dominse  being 
used  proleptically,  that  is,  in  the  way  of  anticipation. 

832.  dies  =  soL 

833.  laevo  :  thunder  on  the  left  was  a  favorable  sign  ;  because, 
as  the  person  taking  the  auspices  faced  south,  the  east,  the  place  of 
the  sun's  rising,  was  at  his  left. 

837.  Celer,  a  mythical  companion  of  Romulus,  the  eponym  of  the 
Celeres,  or  Roman  Knights.  —  vocarat,  i.  e.  by  this  name,  Swift. 

843.  Celer :  the  usual  story  was  that  the  blow  was  given  by 
Romulus  himself. 

851.   adplicuit,  sc.  fratri. 

854.  Faustulus  and  Acca,  the  shepherd  and  his  wife,  who  had 
reared  Romulus  and  Remus. 

855.  nondum  facti  Quirites:  this  term  was,  in  historical  times, 
applied  to  all  the  Roman  citizens,  in  their  character  of  citizens.  Its 
origin  is  uncertain,  but  it  was  usually  supposed  to  have  been  the 
name  of  a  Sabine  settlement  upon  the  Quirinal,  which  was  after- 
wards incorporated  with  the  Palatine  Rome. 

856.  ultima,  as  the  last  act. 

857.  hoc,  §  51,  2,  c. 

860.  nominis  hujus  (i.  e.  Caesar),  limits  pluris  (ace.  plural). 
862.  humeris,  i.  e.   by  head  and  shoulders,  implying  a  great 
disparity. 


IV.  8 1 9-933.]         Ritual  to  avert  Blight.  263 


3.    Ritual  to  avert  Blight. 

902.  in  medio  cursu:  a  division  of  the  season  which  is  not  easy 
to  account  for,  and  is  inconsistent  with  other  authors. 

903.  pecudem  Helles,  the  golden-fleeced  ram,  which  carried 
away  Phrixus  and  Helle,  children  of  Athamas,  and  gave  its  name 
to  the  constellation  Aries.  It  really  sets  March  25,  while  Cam's 
does  not  rise,  but  sets  (i.e.  ceases  to  appear  in  the  west  after 
sunset)  in  April. 

904.  signa  dant  imbres.  "  The  showers  give  indications  of  the 
seasons."  —  Ramsay. 

905.  Nomento:  Nomentum  was  a  town  about  twelve  miles 
north-east  of  Rome,  on  the  Via  Salaria;  the  grove  of  Robigo  was 
five  miles  from  Rome  on  the  Via  Clodia,  which  was  westerly  of 
this.  Probably  therefore  Ovid  got  upon  the  Via  Clodia  by  a  cross 
road. 

907.  flamen  :  the  fiamen  was  a  special  sacrificing  priest,  either 
attached  to  the  worship  of  a  special  god,  or  to  a  special  corporation. 
There  were  three  of  chief  rank,  called  flamines  majores,  the  Dialis 
(of  Jupiter),  Afartialis,  and  Quirinalis;  the  other  twelve  were  de- 
voted to  the  worship  of  inferior  deities,  some  of  them  utterly  passed 
into  oblivion.  The  Flamen  of  Quirinus  had  charge  of  the  worship 
of  Robigo  (see  v.  910). 

911.  aspera :  this  word,  as  well  as  scabras  (v.  621),  describes 
the  roughened  surface  of  the  blighted  plant. 

913.  sideribus,  construed  with  nutrita  :  it  is  well  known  how 
strong  is  the  belief  in  most  primitive  communities  of  an  influence  of 
the  stars  upon  the  crops. 

915.  notasti :  perhaps  an  allusion  to  the  nota  censoria,  or  rank 
of  infamy,  stamped  by  the  censors  upon  those  whom  they  degraded 
politically. 

916.  habet,  reckons. 

918.  pallet,  loses  color. 

919.  incalfacit  udos :  this  was  their  explanation  of  blight. 
923.   ferrum  :  robigo  means  rust  as  well  as  blight. 

926.   otia  agit,  is  at  peace  :  in  the  reign  of  Augustus,  the  temple 
of  Janus  was  closed,  for  the  first  time  for  two  hundred  years. 
928.   situs,  see  note,  Met.  vii.  290. 

932.  absenti,  in  gratitude  for  thy  absence. 

933.  villis  solutis,  with  long  nap:  linen,  among  the  ancients, 
was  woven  with  a  nap,  as  wool  is  now :  the  mantele  (maniple), 
patera,  and  acerra  were  regular  implements  of  sacrifice.     "  Acerra 


264  JVotes:   Ovid.  [Heroides. 

ought  to  be  translated  incense-box  [not  censer].  The  frankincense 
in  ancient  sacrifices  was  generally  consumed  on  the  altar,  not  in  a 
vessel  constructed  for  the  purpose,  as  in  the  ceremonies  of  the 
Jewish  religion  and  the  Roman  Catholic  church."  —  Ramsay. 

936.  obscenae  :  "  as  early  as  the  time  of  Homer,  the  dog  was 
taken  as  the  symbol  of  shamelessness  and  impudence."  —  Peter. 

937.  nova,  unusual. 

939.  Icarium  :  the  dog-star,  Canicula,  was  metamorphosed  from 
the  dog  of  Erigone  (the  Virgin),  daughter  of  Icarius.  It  rose  (i.  e. 
reappeared  in  the  east  just  before  sunrise)  July  26. 

940.  prsecipitur,  ripens  too  fast. 


Heroides. 
Penelope  to  Ulysses. 

1.  lento:  after  the  ten  years'  siege  of  Troy,  Ulysses  was  de- 
layed by  ten  years  of  wandering  and  adventures  before  returning  to 
Ithaca,  as  related  in  the  Odyssey. 

2.  vSni,  imperative. 

3.  jacet  certe,  has  doubtless  fallen. 

4.  tanti  fuit,  was  worth  what  it  cost. 
9.    fallere,  to  while  away. 

10.  tela :  she  spent  her  time  in  weaving  an  embroidered  mar- 
riage-veil, what  she  wove  by  day  being  unravelled  at  night,  to  foil 
the  importunity  of  her  suitors  {v.  88). 

17.  Mencetiaden.  Patroclus,  son  of  Menoetius,  dearest  friend 
of  Achilles :  he  was  killed  by  Hector,  while  wearing  Achilles' 
armor. 

28.   suis,  sc.  fatis. 

35.  .ffiacides :  both  Peleus,  father  of  Achilles,  and  Telamon, 
father  of  Ajax,  were  sons  of  ^Eacus.     Here  Achilles  is  meant. 

36.  missos,  let  go  =  at  full  speed. 

38.  gnato  :  the  wanderings  of  Telemachus,  son  of  Ulysses  (see 
Odyssey,  Books  i.-iv.),  were  almost  as  noted  as  those  of  his  father. 

39.  Rhesum,  etc.,  see  Met.  xiii.  98. 
43.    uno,  i.  e.  Diomed. 

46.  Ismariis,  of  Is?narus,  a  mountain  of  Thrace. 

47.  vestris,  of  you  and  your  comrades. 

5 1 .  aliis,  for  other  wives. 

52.  incola,  etc. ;  the  conquerors  often  colonized  a  captured  city, 
the  land,  cattle,  &c,  passing  to  the  new  settlers. 


Amores,  i.]  The  Poet  of  Idleness.  265 

62.  charta  =  epistola. 

63.  Pylon  :  Pylos  was  reigned  over  by  Nestor,  son  of  Neleus. 

67.  moenia  Phoebi  :  the  walls  of  Troy  were  built  by  Apollo  and 
Neptune. 

68.  votis,  i.  e.  for  a  speedy  end  of  the  war. 
80.   revertendi  liber,  free  to  return. 

82.   cogit,  attempts  to  compel. 

87.  Dulichium,  an  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Achelous ;  Samos, 
an  island  off  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor ;  Zacynthos,  now  Zante,  one 
of  the  group  near  Ithaca. 

91.  Pisandrum,  etc.;  names  of  suitors. 

94.  tuo  sanguine  qualifies  partis  (from  pario). 

95.  edendi  limits  ultimus  pudor,  a  most  shameful  eater. 

103.  nine  faciunt,  besides  these  are  counted. 

104.  cura  =  curator. 
108.  ilia,  sc.  aetas. 
116.  ut,  although. 


Amores. 
1.    The  Poet  of  Idleness. 

I.  15.    1.   Livor :  properly,  a  livid  color ;  figuratively,  malice. 

3.  non  me :  these  accusatives  with  infinitive  are  dependent 
upon  obicis.  The  only  honorable  careers  for  a  Roman  youth  of 
good  family  were  war  and  law,  or  statesmanship. 

6.  foro,  the  courts  of  justice  as  well  as  some  of  the  public  as- 
semblies (those  of  the  tribes)  were  held  on  the  Forum.  —  ingrato, 
unremunerative. 

9.  Maeonides,  Homer  ;  Tenedos,  an  island ;  Ide,  a  mountain, 
and  Simois,  a  river  near  Troy. 

II.  Ascraeus,  Hesiod  of  Ascra,  whose  "Works  and  Days" 
treat  of  the  operations  of  agriculture. 

13.  Battiades,  Callimachus  (about  250  B.  a),  a  native  of  Cy- 
rene,  a  city  ruled  by  a  dynasty  of  Battiadae.  Ovid's  judgment  of 
this  poet  in  the  next  verse  is  probably  sound. 

15.  cothurno,  buskin,  a  high  shoe  worn  in  tragedy,  put  there- 
fore for  tragic  poetry. 

16.  Aratus  (about  250  b.  c.)  wrote  on  Astronomy. 

17.  fallax  servus,  etc.,  characters  of  the  new  Attic  comedy,  the 
chief  writer  of  which  was  Menander  {d.  291  B.  c.) 


266  Notes:  Ovid.  [Amores 

19.  Ennius,  a  Roman  poet  (d.  169  B.C.):  Accius,  a  Roman 
tragic  poet  (d.  about  ioob.c). 

21.  Varronem  :  not  the  celebrated  antiquary,  but  Varro  Atacinus 
(b.  82  b.  a),  who  translated  the  Argonautica  of  Apollonius  Rhodius. 

23.  Lucretius,  a  sublime  poet  upon  philosophy  :  De  Rerum 
Naturd  (d.  about  b.  c.  52). 

25.  Tityrus,  a  character  in  Virgil's  first  Eclogue.  — fruges,  the 
subject  of  the  Georgics. 

28.  Tibullus,  a  favorite  poet  of  love,  of  Ovid's  own  time.  Ovid 
laments  his  death,  Am  iii.  9. 

29.-  Gallus,  another  elegiac  poet,  contemporary  of  Ovid,  also  re- 
nowned as  a  soldier,  in  east  and  west :  Lycoris  was  the  name  of  his 
mistress. 

34.   Tagi  :  a  river  of  Spain,  then  famed  for  its  gold  mines. 

36.  Castalia,  a  fountain  at  Delphi,  sacred  to  Apollo. 

37.  myrtum  :  this  plant  was  sacred  to  Venus. 


2.  Elegy  on  a  Parrot. 

II.  6.  2.   exsequias,  funeral  procession. 

7.   quod  scelus  ista  querella,  that  lamentation  for  the  crime 
which,    &r»c.  —  Ismarii,    Thracian :    this    was    Tereus,   king    of 
Thrace.  —  Philomela,  the  nightingale. 
9.    devertere,  imperative. 

10.   Itys,  son  of  Tereus,  served  up  to  him  by  his  wife  Progne, 
and  her  sister  Philomela,  in  revenge  for  an  atrocious  crime. 

15.   juvenis  Phoceus,  Pylades,  son  of  king  Strophius  of  Phocis, 
and  friend  of  Orestes. 

21.  hebetare,  make  dull. 

22.  Punica,  of  Tyrian  dye,  a  deep  purple.  — croco,  saffron,  of 
a  reddish  yellow,  or  orange. 

28.  fiant  anus,  i.e.  grow  old. 

29.  miiiimo,  abl.    of  means,  not  of  fulness. — prae  sermonis 
amore,  by  reason  of  your  love  of  talking. 

30.  ora,  synecdochical  accusative. 

34.  auctor,  prophet. 

35.  invisa  Minervse :  the  crow  had  lost  the  favor  of  Minerva 
by  prating  (see  Met.  II.  551). 

36.  vix  moritura  :  the  longevity  of  the  crow  has  always  been 
proverbial. 

38.    extrenio  ab  oihe,  from  the  ends  of  the  earth. 


II.  6;  III.  15.]     Farewell  to  the  Loves.  267 

40.  suis,  i.  e.  of  their  years. 

41.  Phylacidae,  Protesilaus,  the  first  slain  of  the  Greeks  at  the 
siege  of  Troy  ;  for  Thersites,  see  note  on  Met.  XIII.  233. 

44.  per  mare  rapta,  swept  to  nought. 

45.  septima  lux,  i.  e.  of  his  illness. 

46.  vacuo  colo :  the  thread  of  his  life  had  been  spun  out. 
The  Parcce,  or  Fates,  were  represented  as  spinning  out  the  thread 
of  life. 

48.    Corinna,  the  name  of  the  young  lady  (puella,  v.  43). 

54.  unica,  the  only  one  of  his  kind.  The  belief  of  the  ancients 
was  that  there  was  but  one  phcenix  at  a  time,  and  upon  his  death  a 
young  one  sprang  from  his  ashes. 

55.  ales  Junonia,  the  peacock. 

61.  colligor,  etc.,  it  is  inferred  from  my  very  tomb  that  I,  <SrV. 
(§  70,  2,  b;  G.  528,  R). 

82.  ora  fuere  mini,  etc.,  /  had  a  mouth  taught  to  speak  more 
than  {would  be  expected  of)  a  bird. 


3.   Farewell  to  the  Loves. 

III.   15.  I.   mater  Amorum,  Venus. 

2.  meta :  a  conical  pillar,  or  goal,  at  the  end  of  the  Circus, 
about  which  the  chariots  turned  in  the  race,  of  course  often  graz- 
ing it. 

3.  quos  relates  to  elegis  (Amores).  —  Peligni,  see  Life. 

5.  ordinis,  sc.  equestria  ;  this  was  an  aristocracy  of  wealth  in 
Rome  ;  here  it  appears  to  indicate  a  class  of  country  gentlemen. 

6.  militiae  turbine :  referring  to  the  parvenu  aristocracy 
which  had  sprung  from  the  civil  wars. 

7.  Catullo,  a  lyric  poet  of  great  merit,  who  lived  about  a 
generation  before  Ovid  (b.  c.  87). 

9.  coegerat  ad  arma,  in  the  Social  or  Italian  War,  B.C.  90. 
This  was  a  revolt  of  the  Italian  allies,  to  force  from  Rome  an 
equality  of  political  rights. 

15.  Amathusia,  an  epithet  of  Venus,  from  Amathus,  a  city  of 
Cyprus. 

16.  aurea  signa,  golden  ears  of  grain. 

17.  corniger  :  Bacchus  was  sometimes  represented  with  horns, 
as  a  symbol  of  the  powers  of  nature ;  it  was  chiefly  in  his  mystic 
worship  (see  Tib.  ii.  I,  3). 

18.  area  major  :  this  refers  to  his  undertaking  greater  works, 
—  the  Metamorphoses  and  the  Fasti. 


268  Notes:   Ovid.  [Tristia 

Tristia. 

i.   Banished  from  Rome. 

I.  3.  6.  Ausoniae,  Italy. 
20.   certior,  informed. 

30.   lari,  abode.  32.  jam,  again. 

36.   odiis,  abl.  of  deprivation.  37.   caslesti  viro,  Augustus. 

48.  Parrhasis,  Arcadian :  the  Great  Bear  was  originally  an 
Arcadian  maiden,  a  companion  of  Diana,  named  Callisto. 

50.  fugae,  exile.  57.  vale  die  to,  ablative  absolute. 

62.   utraque,  i.  e.  for  either  reason. 

66.  Thesea,  i.  e.  with  the  love  of  Theseus  for  Pirithous. 

75.  Mettus  Pufetius,  king  of  Alba,  who  was  thus  punished  for 
treachery  by  Tullus  Hostilius  (Liv.  i.  28). 
83.   ultima,  far  distant. 

88.  utilitate,  i.  e.  that  this  was  best. 

89.  ferri,  the  technical  term  for  carrying  upon  the  bier. 
92.   Bem(i)5nXmi8,  §  78,  1.  d,  R. 

100.  mei  limits  respectu. 

2.    The  Exile's  Sick  Chamber. 

III.  3.  2.  eram,  epistolary  imperfect  (§  58,  8;  G.  244). 
6.   inter,  among,  not  between;  for  both  these  tribes  were  north 
of  Tomi  :  the  Sauromatae  (Sarmalcz)  inhabited  Southern  Russia, 
the  Getae  the  modern  Moldavia  and  Wallachia. 

10.   Apollinea  :  yEsculapius,  god  of  healing,  was  son  of  Apollo. 

16.   parte,  sc.  tua.,  for  thy  share. 

19.   sic  qualifies  aliena  locutum  —  been  delirious. 

23.   restituenda,  sc  sit. 

58.  rude,  inexperienced. 

62.   Samii  senis,  Pythagoras.  — rata,  authentic. 

67.  fratrem,  Polynices;  who  was  killed  in  the  war  of  "the  Seven 
against  Thebes,"  and  buried  by  his  sister  Antigone,  contrary  to  the 
command  of  the  tyrant  Creon. 

70.  suburbano  :  the  Roman  tombs  were  along  the  sides  of  the 
roads  which  led  from  the  city. 

72.   tituli,  inscription,  limits  notis  (§  50,  i,f;  G.  359). 

77.   majora  monimenta,  predicate. 

81.  feralia  munera  :  gifts  carried  to  the  grave  of  the  departed  ; 
there  was  a  special  festival  styled  Feralia,  celebrated  Feb.  21. 

88.   vale,  i.  e.  good  health. 


1.3;  III.  3,  io.]  Winter  Scenes  in   Thrace.  269 

3.    Winter  Scenes  in  Thrace. 

III.  10.  3.   suppositum  agrees  with  me,  and  governs  stellis. 

5.  Bessi,  a  native  of  Thrace :  for  the  others,  see  III.  3,  6. 

6.  quam  qualifies  non  digna. 

7.  medio,  intervening,  i.e.  between  us  and  the  savages. 

12.  axe  tremente,  the  pole,  poetically  represented  as  quivering 
with  the  earth's  weight. 

19.  braccis :  trousers  were  unknown  to  Greeks  and  Romans 
until  they  came  in  contact  with  Gauls  and  Sarmatians. 

20.  ora,  face. 

23.   nuda,  bare,  i.  e.  without  the  jar. 

27.  papyrifero  amne,  the  Nile. 

28.  multa  ora,  seven  according  to  Ovid  (Trist.  ii.  189);  accord- 
ing to  Tacitus  (Germ.  1),  there  were  six  :  septimum  os  paludibus 
hauritur.  The  Danube  was  known  to  the  ancients  in  its  lower 
course  by  the  name  Hister,  and  afterwards  in  its  upper  waters  as 
the  Danubius.  —  vasto  freto,  the  Black  Sea. 

34.  plaustra :  the  Sarmatians,  a  nomadic  race,  dwelt  in  carts 
drawn  by  oxen. 

41.  Leandre  :  the  youth  Leander  swam  across  the  Hellespont 
from  Abydos  to  Sestos,  to  visit  his  mistress  Hero. 

45.  alia  :  the  winds  were  personified  as  winged  creatures,  and 
are  so  represented  in  art. 

52.   redundatas,  brimming. 

55.   equo  pollens,  like  the  Cossacks  of  the  present  day. 

64.   tbnotXL&,/rom  being  dipped. 

73.  Acontiua,  who  wrote  upon  an  apple  the  words  Per  Dianam 
juro  me  Acontii  futuram  conjugem,  and  laid  it  where  his  mistress 
Cydippe  should  pick  it  up.  As  soon  as  she  had  read  off  the  words, 
she  was  held  bound  by  the  solemn  vow. 


4.    The  Poefs  Autobiography. 

IV.  10.  2.   ut  noris,  depends  on  accipe. 

3.  gelidis  undis  :  it  was  in  the  mountain  region  of  the  Peligni. 

6.  cecidit,  etc.:  B.C.  43,  when  both  consuls,  Hirtius  and  Pansa, 
were  killed  in  the  civil  war,  before  Mutina. 

7.  usque  a  proavis  :  see  note,  Am.  iii.  15.  5. 

12.  liba:  the  cakes  offered  to  the  genius  or  inborn  spirit  on 
the  birthday.  These  were  made  of  flour,  cheese,  and  eggs,  and 
honey  was  usually  poured  over  them. 


270  Notes:   Ovid.  [Tristia 

13.  festis  quinque  :  the  Quinquatria,  or  five  days'  festival  of 
Minerva,  began  March  19,  and  the  gladiatorial  shows  began  on  the 
second  day. 

16.   ab  arte,  from  their  professional  skill. 

22.   Maeonides,  Homer. 

24.  soluta  modis,  devoid  of ' rhythm,  i.  e.  prose. 

25.  numeros,  measures. 

28.  liberior  toga,  the  toga  virilis,  the  ordinary  dress  of  a 
Roman  gentleman,  was  assumed  at  about  the  age  of  sixteen,  on  the 
festival  of  the  Liberalia,  March  17.  Before  this  age  boys  wore  the 
toga  fircetexta,  bordered  with  purple. 

29.  lato  clavo  :  this  was  a  broad  purple  stripe  running  up  and 
down  the  front  of  the  tunic  or  body-garment :  it  was  the  mark  of 
senatorial  dignity,  and  was  also  given  by  Augustus  to  a  special 
body  of  the  equites,  —  the  illustres,  —  who  were  thus  marked  as 
being  destined  to  the  Senate  and  a  political  career. 

30.  studium,  taste. 

33.  primos  honores,  the  first  steps  of  honor  :  no  person  could 
aspire  to  the  higher  offices  until  he  had  held  certain  lower  positions. 
The  first  grade  was  usually  the  vigintiviratus,  or  occupancy  of  one 
of  the  group  of  twenty  magistracies ;  this  was  a  step  to  the  quaestor- 
ship,  but  did  not  entitle  him  to  a  seat  in  the  Senate.  The  office 
held  by  Ovid  was  probably  that  of  triwnvir  cafiitalis,  police  com- 
missioner. 

35.  curia,  the  Senate-house  :  as  Ovid  did  not  care  to  pursue  a 
political  career,  he  exchanged  the  broad  senatorial  stripe  for  the 
narrow  equestrian. 

41.   poetas,  i.  e.  those  enumerated  below. 

44.  Macer :  he  wrote  a  poem  on  birds,  herbs,  &c,  not  a  line  of 
which  is  extant. 

45.  Propertius,  an  elegiac  poet  of  great  merit. 

46.  sodalicio  :  they  were  members  of  the  same  sodalitas. 

47.  Ponticus,  who  wrote  a  Thebaid:  there  were  more  than  one 
poet  of  the  name  of  Bassus. 

50.   Ausonia  :  Horace  himself  claims 

Principes  Aeolium  carmen  ad  Italos 
Deduxisse  modos.  —  Od.  iii.  30.  23. 
53.    Galle:  see  note,  Am.  i.  15.  29. 

60.    Corinna  :  see  note,  Am.  ii.  6.  48  :  it  has  been  conjectured 
that  she  was  Julia,  daughter  of  Augustus,  and  that  this  intrigue 
may  have  been  the  cause  of  Ovid's  banishment. 
67.   hie,  i.  e.  in  Rome. 


IV.  io.]  The  Poets  Autobiography.  271 

68.   fabula,  scandal. 

78.  lustris  :  as  the  lustrum  is  generally  reckoned  at  five  years, 
this  would  make  his  father  ninety  at  the  time  of  his  death  (but  see 
below,  note  to  v.  95). 

80.  justa,  due  (funeral)  rites. 

85.    aliquid  nisi,  something  besides. 

88.   in  Stygio  foro,  in  the  court  of  Pluto. 

95.  ortus,  birth.  —  Pisasa  oliva  :  the  reward  to  the  victor  in 
the  Olympic  games  (held  in  the  territory  of  Pisa)  was  a  crown  of 
wild  olive.  As  these  games  came  once  in  four  years,  decies  victor 
would  naturally  mean  forty  years  ;  he  was,  however,  fifty  at  the  time 
of  his  banishment,  and  we  can  account  for  the  discrepancy  only  by 
supposing  that  he  reckoned  the  Olympiad  at  five  years,  an  almost 
inconceivable  blunder.  Mommsen  explains  it,  however  {Rom. 
Chrofi.  p.  170),  by  calling  attention  to  the  confusion  of  the  ancients 
themselves  in  regard  to  the  expression  quinto  quoque  anno,  for  the 
period  in  the  Julian  calendar  :  u  the  poet,"  he  says,  "  rightly  sup- 
posed that  the  Olympiad  and  the  Julian  lustra  [decern  lustris  perac- 
tis,  Ibis.  1],  were  of  equal  length,  and  very  wrongly  supposed  the 
latter  to  be  five  years." 

97.  ad  laeva,  i.  e.  as  one  sails  out  from  the  Propontis  (Mar- 
mora). 

106.  temporis  anna;  i.  e.  of  the  exigency,  or  the  new  life  into 
which  he  was  thrown. 

no.   Sarmatis  (patrial  adj.  fern.)  agrees  with  ora, 

1 14.   sic,  even  thus. 

122.   ab  exsequiis,  after  the  funeral . 

1 26.   maligna,  grudging. 

129.  veri  limits  quid. 

130.  protinus  ut  moriar,  although  I  should  die  at  once. 
132.  jure,  deservedly,  qualifies  carmine  tuli. 


Index  of  Proper  Names.  273 


INDEX  OF  PROPER  NAMES, 


Achelous,  a  river  of  Epirus  (ix.  63),  one  of  whose  horns,  being 

wrested  away,  became  the  Horn  of  Plenty. 
Acheron  {joyless),  a  river  of  Hades  (named  from  a  river  of  Epirus, 

which  disappears  in  the  earth). 
Achilles,  son  of  Peleus  and  Thetis,  champion  of  the  Greeks  at 

Troy;  slain  by  Paris  (xii.  580-628). 
Acis,  son  of  Faunus,  loved  by  Galatea,  slain  in  jealousy  by  Poly- 
phemus (xiii.  884). 
Action,  son  of  Cadmus,  changed  to  a  stag  by  Diana,  and  torn  by 

his  own  hounds  (iii.  138-252). 
Adonis,  son  of  Myrrha,  dear  to  Venus;  killed  in  the  chase  by  a 

wild  boar  (x.  708-739). 
,/Eacus,  son  of  Jupiter  and  ^Egina,  prince  of  the  island  of  ^Egina; 

father  of  Peleus  and  Telamon  (viii.  425-660) ;   judge   in   the 

infernal  regions  (xiii.  25). 
^Eetes,  son  of  the  Sun  and  Persa,  king  of  Colchis,  father  of  Medea, 

who  killed  the  ram  of  the  golden  fleece. 
«<Eg.eon  (or  Briareus),  a  hundred-handed  giant,  son  of  Uranos  and 

Gaia. 
^Egeus,  a  king  of  Athens,  6on  of  Pandion,  and  father  of  Theseus : 

who  cast  himself  into  the  sea  in  grief  at  the  supposed  death  of 

his  son. 
^Eneas,  son  of  Anchises  and  Venus,  a  prince  of  Troy;  he  settled 

Italy  and  became  one  of  the  gods  Indigetes  (xiv.  608). 
^Eolus,  god  of  the  Winds,  having  his  dwelling  in  the  yEolian  Isles. 
^Esculapius,  son  of  Apollo  and  Coronis,  god  of  Healing  (xv.  622- 

744)- 
yEsoN,   king  of  Iolchos,  father  of  Jason,  miraculously  restored  to 

youth  by  Medea  (vii.  287-293). 
Agamemnon  (Atrides),  son  of  Atreus,  chief  of  the  Greeks  at  Troy, 

slain  at  his  return  by  ^Egisthus,  son  of  Thyestes. 
Agenor,  king  of  Phoenicia,  father  of  Cadmus  and  Europa. 
Ajax,    son    of  Telamon,    a   chief  at  Troy,   who   slew   himself  in 

jealousy  at  failing  to  receive  Achilles'  armour  (xiii.  391). 
Alcmene,  wife  of  Amphitryon  and  mother  of  Hercules. 
Alpheus,  a  river  of  Elis  (see  Arethusa). 


274  Ovid. 

Althaea,  wife  of  CEneus,  king  of  Calydon,  mother  of  Meleager 

(viii.  446). 
Amphion,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Antiope,  husband  of  Niobe,  who  by 

the  power  of  music  built  the  walls  of  Thebes. 
Amphitrite,  daughter  of  Nereus,  wife  of  Neptune. 
Amphitryon,  prince  of  Thebes,  husband  of  Alcmene. 
Androgeos,    son   of   Minos,    slain    by  the  Marathonian   bull   at 

Athens. 
Andromeda,  daughter  of  Cepheus,  exposed  to  perish  by  a  sea- 
monster,  and  rescued  by  Perseus  (iv.  683-739). 
Apollo,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Latona,  god  of  music,  archery,  and 

prophecy.     Under  the  name  Phoebus,  god  of  the  sun. 
Arachne,  a  maid  of  Lydia,  who  challenged  Minerva  to  a  trial  of 

skill   in   embroidery,    and   was   by   her  changed   to   a    spider 

(vi.  1-145). 
Arethusa,  a  fountain  nymph  of  Elis,  pursued  by  Alpheus,  from 

whom  she  took  refuge  beneath  the  sea,  reappearing  in  the  isle 

of  Ortygia  (v.  597-641). 
Argo,  the  ship  which  bore  the  Argonauts,  under  Jason,  to  Colchis, 

in  quest  of  the  Golden  Fleece. 
Ariadne,  daughter  of  Minos,  who  rescued  Theseus  from  the  laby- 
rinth, and  afterwards,  being  deserted  by  him,  became  the  bride 

of  Bacchus  (viii.  172-182). 
Ascalaphus,  son  of  Acheron,  changed  by  Proserpine  into  an  owl 

(v.  533-550). 
Astr^ea.  goddess  of  Justice,  who  forsook  the  earth  in  the  iron  age 

(i.  150),  and  became  the  constellation  Virgo. 
Atalanta,  daughter  of  Iasos,  beloved  by  Meleager  (viii.  324),  and 

afterwards   won  by   Hippomenes,   and   changed   to    a   lioness 

(x.  560-707). 
Athamas,  son  of  /Eolus,  king  of  Thebes,  father  of  Phrixus  and 

Hello  (see  Ino). 
Atlas,  son  of  Iapetos  and  Clymene,  converted  by  the  head  of 

Medusa   into   a   mountain,    still   bearing   the   heavens   on    its 

summit  (iv.  631-662). 
Atrides  (son  of  Atreus),  a  name  of  Agamemnon  and  Menelaus. 
Aurora    (dawn),    daughter   of    Hyperion    and   Theia,  mother  of 

Boreas,  Zephyrus,  and  Notus,  also  (by  Tithonus)  of  Memnon. 
Avernus,  a  small  deep  lake  in  Campania,  near  Naples,  the  entrance 

to  the  infernal  regions. 

Bacchus    {Dionysus),    son   of  Jupiter   and    Semele   (daughter   of 
Cadmus,  iii.  253-315),  god  of  wine  and  revelry. 


Index  of  Profer  Names,  275 

Baucis,  wife  of  Philemon,  changed  to  a  linden  (viii.  620-721). 
Berecyntus,  a  mountain  in  Phrygia  sacred  to  Cybele. 
Boreas  (North  wind),  son  of  Astraeus  and  Aurora. 
Busiris,  king  of  Egypt,   who  sacrificed  strangers  on  the  altar  of 
Jupiter,  and  was  slain  by  Hercules. 


Cadmus,  son  of  Agenor,  sent   in  search   of  Europa;    founder  of 

Thebes  (iii.   1-137). 
C^eneus,  one  of  the  Lapithae,  originally  a  maiden  (Caenis),  crushed 

in   battle  with   the  Centaurs,  and   changed    to    an    eagle  (xii. 

514-526). 
Calais,  winged  son  of  Boreas  and  Orithyia. 
Calydon,  a  district  of  yEtolia,  ravaged  by  the  wild  boar  slain  in 

the  Calydonian  Hunt  (viii.  260-525). 
Cassiopeia,  queen  of  Ethiopia,  wife  of  Cepheus,  and  mother  of 

Andromeda. 
Castalia,  a  spring  of  Mount  Parnassus  (iii.  14). 
Caystrus,  a  river  of  Asia  Minor,  forming  the  Asian  marsh,  near 

Ephesus. 
Centauri,   a   fierce  race  of  Thessaly,  —  horses  with  human  head 

and   breast,  —  offspring    of  Ixion,    routed    in    battle  with    the 

Lapithae  (xii.  210-525). 
Cephalus,  prince  of  Athens,  grandson  of  ^Eolus,  who  killed  unwit- 
tingly his  wife  Procris  (vii.  661-865). 
Cepheus,  king  of  Ethiopia,  father  of  Andromeda. 
Cephisus,  a  stream  of  Boeotia  (iii.  19). 

Cerberus,  the  three-headed  watch-dog  of  the  infernal  regions,  off- 
spring of  Typhon  and  Echidna. 
Ceres  (Demeter),  goddess  of  harvests,  daughters  of  Saturn,  and 

mother  of  Proserpina  (v.  341-661). 
Charybdis,  a  whirlpool  of  the  Sicilian  strait,  opposite  Scylla. 
Circe,  an  enchantress,  daughter  of  the  Sun,  sister  of  yEetes,  who 

bewitched  the  companions  of  Ulysses. 
Clymene,  mother  of  Phaethon  (i.  756). 
Clytie,  a  nymph  who  in  hopeless  love  of  the  sun-god  is  changed  to 

a  sunflower  (iv.  232-270). 
Colchis,  a  district  east  of  the  Black  Sea,  sought  by  the  Argonauts 

for  the  Golden  Fleece. 
Cupido  (Eros),  god  of  Love,  son  of  Mars  and  Venus. 
Cyane,    a   nymph    of    Sicily,   converted   by   Pluto    to    a   fountain 

(v.  409-437). 
Cybele,   "  mother  of  the  gods,"   daughter  of  Uranos  and    Gaia, 

worshipped  in  Phrygia  with  frantic  rites. 


276  Ovid, 

Cyclopes,  monsters  with  a  single  eye  (see  Polyphemus). 
Cycnus,  a  Ligurian  prince,  kinsman  of  Phaethon  (ii.  367-380) ;  a 

son  of  Neptune,  overcome  in  battle  by  Achilles  and  converted 

to  a  swan  (xii.  72-148). 
Cyllene,  a  mountain  of  Arcadia,  birthplace  of  Mercury. 


Daedalus,  a  skilful  artist  of  Athens,  builder  of  the  Cretan  labyrinth 

(viii.  152-259). 
Deianira,  sister  of  Meleager  and  wife  of  Hercules,  to  whom  she 

sent  the  poisoned  shirt  of  Nessus  (ix.  130-158). 
Delos,  a  small  island  of  the  vEgean  sea,  birthplace  of  Apollo  and 

Diana. 
Deucalion,   son  of  Prometheus,  prince  of  Thessaly;  he  and  his 

wife  Pyrrha  are  sole  survivors  of  the  deluge  (i.  313-415). 
Diana  (Artemis),  daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Latona,   twin-sister  of 

Apollo,  goddess  of  the  chase. 
Dicte,  a  mountain  of  Crete. 
Dictynna,  a  mountain  nymph  of  Crete. 
Diomedes    (Tydides),    son    of   Tydeus,    a  Greek  chief   at    Troy 

(xiv.  441). 


Echion,  one  of  the  offspring  of  the  dragon's  teeth  sown  by  Cad- 
mus (iii.  126). 

Egeria,  a  fountain  nymph,  wife  and  counsellor  of  Numa  (488-551.). 

Erebus,  offspring  of  Chaos,  divinity  of  the  lower  world. 

Erinyes,  a  name  of  the  Furies. 

Eumenides  (merciful),  the  same. 

Europa,  daughter  of  Agenor,  king  of  Sidon,  borne  to  Crete  by 
Jupiter  in  the  form  of  a  bull :  mother  of  Minos  (ii.  833-875). 

Eurus,  the  South-east  wind. 

Eurydice,  wife  of  Orpheus,  who  in  search  of  her  visits  the  infernal 
regions  (x.  177). 

Eurystheus,  grandson  of  Pelops,  king  of  Argos,  who  imposes  the 
twelve  labors  on  Hercules. 


Faunus,  a  rural  deity  of  the  Latins. 


Galatea,  a  sea-nymph  of  Sicily,  loved  by  Polyphemus  (see  Acis : 

xiii.  750-897). 
Ganymedes,  son  of  Tros,  borne  to  Olympus  by  Jupiter  in  form  of 

an  eagle  (x.  143-161). 


Index  of  Proper  Names.  277 

Gig  antes  {Giants),  sons  of  Uranos  and  Gaia,  who  made  war  upon 

the  gods  (i.  152-162). 
Gorgones,  Stheno,  Euryale,  and  Medusa,  daughters   of  Phorcys 

and  Ceto,  monsters  with  serpent-hair,  converting  all  who  saw 

them  into  stone  (see  Medusa). 


Hades,  the  dwelling-place  of  departed  souls,  beneath  the   earth, 

ruled  by  Pluto. 
ELemus,    a    mountain    range   making  the   northern   boundary  of 

Thrace. 
Hecate,  goddess  of  night  and  enchantments :    the  Diana  of  the 

lower  world. 
Hector,  eldest  son  of  Priam,  and  champion  of  Troy,  —  slain  by 

Achilles. 
Helen,  daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Leda,  wife  of  Menelaus,  stolen  by 

Paris,  and  so  the  cause  of  the  siege  of  Troy. 
Heliades,  daughters  of  the  Sun,  sisters  of  Phaethon,  changed  after 

his  death  to  poplars  (ii.  325-366). 
Helicon,  a  mountain  of  Boeotia,  sacred  to  Apollo  and  the  Muses. 
Helle,  daughter  of  Athamas  and  Nephele,  who  fled  from  Ino  with 

the  Golden  Ram,  and  was  drowned  in  the  Hellespont,  to  which 

she  gave  her  name. 
Hercules  {Heracles),  son  of  Jupiter  and  Alcmene,  received  among 

the  gods  after  performing  the  twelve  labors  imposed  by  Eury- 

stheus  (ix.  134-272). 
Hermione  (Harmonia),  daughter  of  Mars  and  Venus,  and  wife  of 

Cadmus :  changed  to  a  serpent  (iv.  576-603). 
Hesperus,  son  of  Iapetus  and  Asia:  the  Evening  Star. 
Hyacinthus,  a  beautiful  youth  of  Laconia,  loved  by  Apollo,  acci- 
dentally killed  by  him,   and  converted  to  the  flower  hyacinth 

(x.  162-219). 
Hymen^eus,  god  of  marriage. 


Iapetus,  a  Titan,  son  of  Uranos  and  Gaia,  father  of  Atlas  and  Pro- 
metheus. 

Icarus,  son  of  Daedalus,  who  fled  with  him  from  Crete,  on  wings 
fastened  with  wax,  and  was  drowned  in  the  Icarian  Sea  (viii. 
152-259). 

Idomeneus,  a  king  of  Crete,  who  fought  at  the  siege  of  Troy. 

Inachus,  son  of  Oceanus,  king  of  Argos,  father  of  Io. 

Ino,  daughter  of  Cadmus,  wife  of  Athamas,  converted  into  the  sea- 
divinity  Leucothea  (iv.  416-542. 


278  Ovid. 

Io,  daughter  of  Inachus,  changed  to  a  heifer  to  avoid  the  jealousy  of 

Juno;  afterwards  made  the  Egyptian  goddess  Isis  (i.  5S4-747). 
Iphigenia,  daughter  of  Agamemnon,  offered  in  sacrifice  to  Diana 

{Artemis)  at  Aulis  (xii.  27-35). 
Itys,  son  of  Tereus,  slain  by  his  mother  Progne  and  served  at  meat 

to  his  father  (vi.  620-651). 
Ixion,  father  of  the  Centaurs,  chained  for  his  crimes  to  a  fiery  wheel 

in  Tartarus. 


Jason,  son  of  ^Eson,  king  of  Thessaly,  leader  of  the  Argonauts  (vii. 

1-122). 
Juno  (Here),  daughter  of  Saturn  (Kronos),  queen  of  the  gods,  sister 

and  wife  of  Jupiter. 
Jupiter  (Zeus),  son  of  Saturn  (Kronos),  king  of  the  gods. 


Laertes,  king  of  Ithaca,  father  of  Ulysses. 

Latona  (Leto),  daughter  of  Cceus  and  Phoebe,  mother  of  Apollo 

and  Diana. 
Lichas,  the  messenger  who   gave  the  poisoned  shirt  to  Hercules 

(ix.  24-227). 
Lucifer  (light-bearer),  the  Morning  Star. 
Lyceus,  a  mountain  of  Arcadia,  sacred  to  Jupiter  and  to  Pan. 
Lycaon,  king  of  Thrace,  changed  to  a  wolf  by  Jupiter  (i.  163-243). 
Lyncus,  a  Scythian  king,  changed  to  a  lynx  by  Ceres  (v.  620-660). 


M^enades  (frenzied),  female  worshippers  of  Bacchus. 
Mars  (Ares  or  Mavors),  son  of  Jupiter  and  Juno,  god  of  War. 
Marsyas,  a  satyr,  who  defied  Apollo  in  music,  and  was  flayed  by 

him  (vi.  383-400). 
Medea,  daughter  of  ./Eetes,  king  of  Colchis,  an  enchantress,  who 

delivered  Jason  from  his  perils  and  fled  with  him  (vii.  1-424). 
Medusa,  the  Gorgon,  slain  by  Perseus,  and  her  head  set  in  the 

aegis  of  Minerva  (iv.  793-803). 
Meleager,  son  of  CEneus  and  Althaea,   hero  of  the  Calydonian 

Hunt,  who  perished  by  burning  of  the  fatal  brand  (viii.  260-525). 
Merops,  husband  of  Clymene,  mother  of  Phaethon. 
Midas,  king  of  Phrygia,  whose  touch,  by  gift  of  Bacchus,  turned 

all  things  into  gold  (xi.  85-193). 
Minos,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Europa,  king  of  Crete :  makes  war  on 

Athens,  and  builds  the  Labyrinth  (viii.  1-151). 
Minotaurus,  a  monster,  half-man  and  half-bull,  born  of  Pasiphae, 

in  Crete. 


Index  of  Profer  Names.  279 

Miny^e,  a  people  of  Thessaly,  companions  of  Jason. 
Mulciber,  a  name  of  Vulcan. 


Nereus,  god  of  the  sea  depths,  son  of  Pontus  and  Gaia. 
Nestor,  king  of  Pylus,  eldest  and  wisest  of  the  Greek  chiefs  at 
Troy,  present  at  the  fight  of  the  Centaurs  and  Lapithse  (xii. 

I48-535)- 

Ninus,  founder  and  king  of  Nineveh,  husband  of  Semiramis. 

Niobe,  daughter  of  Tantalus,  wife  of  Amphion,  all  of  whose  chil- 
dren were  slain  by  Apollo  and  Diana  in  punishment  of  her 
pride  (vi.  165-312). 

Nisus,  kign  of  Megara,  betrayed  to  Minos  by  his  daughter  Scylla 
(viii.  17-XSI). 

Numa  Pompilius,  second  king  of  Rome,  taught  by  Pythagoras 
(xv.  1-487). 


CEneus,  king  of  ^Etolia,  father  of  Meleager. 

Orion,  a  giant  son  of  Neptune,  loved  by  Diana,  and  unwittingly 

killed  by  her. 
Orpheus,  son  of  Apollo  and   Calliope,  a   bard   of  Thrace,  who 

moved  wild  beasts  and  trees  by  his  music  (x.  1  —  xi.  84). 
Ortygia,  an  isle  on  the  coast  of  Sicily,  the  site  of  Syracuse. 


Palamedes,  son  of  Nauplius,  one  of  the  chiefs  against  Troy,  put 

to  death  by  the  wiles  of  Ulysses  (xiii.  35-60). 
Pales,  Italian  goddess  of  cattle  and  pastures. 
Pallas  (brandisker),  a  name  of  Minerva. 

Parcve,  the  Fates  or  Destinies,  Clotho,  Lachesis,  and  Atrofos. 
Paris,  son  of  Priam,  who  abducts   Helen,  and   so  brings  on  the 

siege  of  Troy;  slayer  of  Achilles  (xii.  580-628). 
Pasiphae,  daughter  of  the  Sun,  wife  of  Minos. 
Peleus,  son  of  ^Eacus,  king  of  Thessaly,  father  of  Achilles. 
Penelope,  daughter  of  Icarius  and  wife  of  Ulysses  (Her.  i.  1). 
Persephone,  Greek  name  of  Proserpina. 
Perseus,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Danae,  who  slays  Medusa  and  delivers 

Andromeda  (iv.  615-803). 
Phaethon,  son  of  Clymene  and  Phoebus,  who  drives  his  father's 

chariot  for  a  day  (ii.  1-400). 
Philemon,  a  pious  rustic  of  Phrygia  (viii.  620-724). 
Philoctetes,  one  of  the  Grecian   chiefs   at  Troy,  who  held  the 

poisoned  arrows  of  Hercules,  without  which  Troy  could  not  be 


280  Ovid. 

taken,    and    lay    at    Lesbos,  wounded  by   them    (xiii.   45-55, 

3I3-339). 

Philomela,  sister  of  Progne,  wife  of  Tereus ;  changed  to  a  night- 
ingale. 

Phcebe,  name  of  Diana,  or  the  Moon. 

Phoebus,  name  of  Apollo,  or  the  Sun. 

Phrixus,  son  of  Athamas,  borne  from  Thessaly  by  the  ram  with 
golden  fleece  (see  Helle). 

Pirithous,  son  of  Ixion,  friend  of  Theseus,  at  whose  marriage 
with  Hippodamia  befell  the  fight  of  the  Centaurs  and  Lapithae. 

Pleiades,  daughters  of  Atlas,  pursued  by  Orion,  and  changed  to  a 
group  of  stars. 

Polyphemus,  a  Cyclops,  son  of  Neptune,  enamoured  of  Galatea 
(viii.  750-869). 

Priamus,  son  of  Laomedon,  king  of  Troy. 

Procris,  wife  of  Cephalus,  shot  by  him  unwittingly  with  an  arrow. 

Progne,  daughter  of  Pandion,  wife  of  Tereus,  who  avenged  her- 
self on  him  by  killing  his  child  Itys,  and  was  changed  to  a 
swallow  (see  Itys). 

Prometheus,  son  of  Iapetos,  who%fashioned  men  from  clay,  and 
bestowed  on  them  fire  stolen  from  heaven  :  chained  by  Jupiter 
to  a  rock  of  Caucasus,  where  his  liver  was  torn  by  vultures. 

Proserpina  (Perse/>/ione),  daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Ceres,  who 
being  stolen  by  Pluto,  became  queen  of  the  Lower  World. 

Protesilaus,  the  first  of  the  Greeks  slain  at  the  landing  at  Troy. 

Proteus,  a  sea-divinity,  son  of  Oceanus,  having  the  power  of  con- 
verting himself  into  any  form. 

Pylus,  a  city  in  the  west  of  the  Peloponnesus,  the  kingdom  of 
Nestor. 

Pyrrha,  daughter  of  Epimetheus,  wife  of  Deucalion. 

Pythagoras,  a  sage  of  Samos,  about  b.  c.  550. 


Romulus,  first  king  of  Rome,  made  a  deity  under  the  name  Quiri- 
anus. 


Saturnus  (name  of  the  old  Italian  god  of  husbandry)  :  in  mytho- 
logy the  same  with  Kronos,  son  of  Uranus  and  Gaia,  youngest 
of  the  Titans,  father  of  Jupiter,  by  whom  he  is  dethroned  and 
banished. 

Scylla  :  1.  daughter  of  Nisus  of  Megara,  who  betrayed  her  father 
to  Minos,  and  was  changed  to  a  sea-mew  {ciris) ;  2.  a  nymph, 
daughter  of  Phorcus,  changed  by  Circe  to  a  sea-monster  in  the 
waters  of  Sicily  (xiv.  1-74). 


Index  of  Prosper  Names.  281 

Semele,  daughter  of  Cadmus,  mother  of  Bacchus,  blasted  by  the 

lightnings  of  Jupiter  (iii.  253-315). 
Silenus,  an  attendant  of  Bacchus  (vi.  90-99). 
Sipylus,    a  mountain  of  Lydia,  home  of  Tantalus  and  Niobe. 
Sirens,   sea-maidens,  who  by  their  song  enchanted   mariners  to 

perish. 
Sisyphus,  son  of  yEolus,  famous  for  craft,  condemned  in  Tartarus 

to  roll  a  stone  for  ever  to  a  hill-top,  from  which  it  immediately 

falls  back. 
Sthenelus,  king  of  Mycenae,  son  of  Perseus,  father  of  Eurystheus. 
Styx,    a   river  of  Hades,   by  which   the  gods   swore   their  most 

inviolable  oath. 


Tantalus,  king  of  Lydia,  son  of  Jupiter,  father  of  Pelops  and 

Niobe  (vi.  382-411 ;  see  note  to  vi.  172). 
Tartarus,  the  place  of  torment  in  the  Lower  World. 
Telamon,   son  of  ^Eacus,   king  of  Salamis,   father  of  Ajax   and 

Teucer;  a  hero  of  the  Calydonian  Hunt  and  of  the  Argonautic 

Expedition. 
Telemachus,  son  of  Ulysses  and  Penelope. 
Tereus,  king  of  Thrace,  husband  of  Progne,  changed  to  a  hoopoe 

(vi.  412-676). 
Tethys,  wife  of  Oceanus,  mother  of  the  ocean-nymphs. 
Thalia,  the  Muse  of  Comedy. 

Themis,  goddess  of  justice,  whose  oracle  was  at  Delphi  (i.  379). 
Thersites,  a  deformed  and  malignant  Greek  at  the  siege  of  Troy 

(xiii.  233). 
Theseus,  son  of  ^Egeus,  king  of  Athens,  who  slays  the  Minotaur, 

and  escapes  from  Crete  by  aid  of  Ariadne :  a  hero  of  the  Caly- 
donian Hunt  and  Argonautic  Expedition,  who  delivered   the 

land  from  many  monsters. 
Thetis,  a  sea-nymph,  mother  of  Achilles. 
Thyestes,  brother  of  Atreus,  by  whom  his  two  sons  were  killed 

and  served  to  him  in  a  banquet. 
Titan,   name  of  the  eldest  progeny  of   Heaven   and   Earth,   and 

poetically  of  the  Sun. 
Tmolus,  a  mountain  of  Phrygia  (xi.  151-171). 
Triptolemus,  prince  of  Eleusis,  instructed  in  agriculture  by  Ceres 

(v.  645-661). 
Triton,  son  and  attendant  of  Neptune :  his  form  part  human  and 

part  that  of  a  fish. 
Tritonis,  an  appellation  of  Minerva. 
Tydides  (son  of  Tydeus),  a  name  of  Diomed. 


282  Ovid. 

Tyndarus,  king  of  Sparta,  father  of  Helen  and  Clytemnestra. 
Typhoeus,  a  monster,  who  warred  against  the  gods  and  was  buried 
by  Jupiter  beneath  Mt.  ./Etna. 


Ulysses  (Ulixes),  son  of  Laertes,  king  of  Ithaca,  most  crafty  of  the 
Grecian  chiefs  at  Troy  (xiii.  1-381 ;  Her.  i.  1). 


Venus  {Aphrodite),  daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Dione,  goddess  of  love 
and  beauty. 

Vertumnus,  Italian  god  of  the  Seasons. 

Vesper  {Hesperus),  the  Evening  Star. 

Vesta  {Hestia),  daughter  of  Saturn,  goddess  of  the  hearth  and  the 
sacred  fire. 

Vulcanus  (Hephaistos),  or  Mulciber,  god  of  fire:  his  forge  in 
./Etna,  and  the  Cyclopes  his  workmen,  who  forged  the  thunder- 
bolts of  Jupiter. 


Zephyrus,  the  west  wind,  son  of  Astraeus  and  Aurora. 
Zetes,   one  of  the  winged    sons   of    Boreas    and   Orithyia,   who 
accompanied  the  Argonauts  (see  Calais). 


g,nnouiutmcnts. 


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mirably adapted  to  the  wants  of  Teachers  and  College  Classes. 

THE    LATIN   VERB.     Illustrated  by  the  Sanskrit.     By  C.  H. 

Parkuukst.    Cloth 40       .60 

WHITES      JUNIOR      STUDENT'S      COMPLETE 

LATIN-ENGLISH  LEXICON.     Morocco  back 2  40     8.00 

Sheep 2.80     3.63 

WHITE'S      JUNIOR       STUDENT'S       COMPLETE 

LATIN-ENGLISH  AND  ENGLISH-LATIN  LE>.  ICON.  Bv  the  Rtv.  J.  T. 
White,  D.  D  ,  of  C.  C.  C.  Oxford,  Rector  of  St.  Martin,  Ludgate  London.  Re- 
vised Edition.     Square  12mo.     pp.  1058.     Sheep 3.60     4.ZQ 

11  The  present  work  aims  at  furnishing  in  both  its  parts  a  sufficiently  extensive 
vocabulary  for  all  practical  purposes.  The  Latin  words  and  phrases  are  in  all 
cases  followed  by  the  name  of  some  standard  Latin  writer,  as  a  guaranty  of  their 
authority  ;  and  as  the  work  is  of  a  strictly  elementary  character,  the  conjugations  oi 
the  verbs  and  the  genders  and  genitive  cases  of  the  substantives  are  uniformly  added. 
In  the  preparation  of  this  portion  of  the  book,  Dr..  Wthite  has  had  the  assistance 
of  some  of  the  best  scholars  both  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge. "  —  Guardian. 

WHITE'S  JUNIOR  STUDENT'S  COMPLETE  ENG- 

LISH-LATIN  LEXICON.    Sheep 2.00     2  50 

We  have  contracted  with  Messrs  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.,  of  London,  for  the 
sole  agency  iu  this  country  for  the  above  Latin  Lexicons,  and  shall  endeavor  to  meet 
the  deaiauds  of  the  trade. 


GREEK. 

Wholesale.  Retail. 

GOODWIN'S   GREEK  GRAMMAR.     By  William  W. 

Goodwin,  Ph.  D.,  Eliot  Professor  of  Greek  Literature  in  Harvard  University. 

Half  morocco $1.25  81.56 

The  object  of  this  Grammar  is  to  state  general  principles  clearly  and  distinctly, 
with  special  regard  to  those  who  are  preparing  for  college.  In  the  sections  on  the 
Moods  are  stated,  for  the  first  time  in  an  elementary  form,  the  principles  which  are 
elaborated  in  detail  in  the  author's  "  Syntax  of  the  Greek  Moods  and  Tenses." 

GREEK   MOODS   AND   TENSES.       The   Fifth  Edition. 

By  William  W.  Goodwin,  Eliot  Professor  of  Greek  Literature  in  Harvard  Uni- 
versity.   1  vol.    12mo.    Cloth,    pp.  264 1.40     1.75 

This  work  was  first  published  in  1860,  and  it  appeared  in  a  new  form  —  much  en- 
larged and  in  great  part  rewritten — in  1865.  In  the  present  edition  the  whole  has 
been  again  revised  ;  some  sections  and  notes  have  been  rewritten,  and  a  few  notes 
have  been  added.  The  object  of  the  work  is  to  give  a  plain  statement  of  the  princi- 
ples which  govern  the  construction  of  the  Greek  Moods  and  Tenses,  —  the  most  im- 
portant and  the  most  difficult  part  of  Greek  Syntax. 

GOODWIN'S  GREEK  READER.     Consisting  of  Extracts 

from  Xenophon,  Plato,  Herodotus,  aud  Thucydides  ;  being  a  full  equivalent  for 
the  seven  books  of  the  Anabasis,  now  required  for  admission  at  Harvard.  With 
Maps,  Notes,  References  to  GOOD  VIN'S  GREEK  GRAMMAR,  and  parallel  Ref- 
erences to  CROSBY'S  and  HVDLEY'S  GRAMMARS.  Edited  by  Professor 
W.  W.  Goodwin,  of  Harvard  College,  and  J.  H.  Allen,  Cambridge.  Half  mo- 
rocco       1.60     2.00 

This  book  contains  the  third  and  fourth  books  of  the  Anabasis  (entire),  the  greater 
part  of  the  second  book  of  the  Hellenica,  and  the  first  chapter  of  the  Memorabilia,  of 
Xenophon  ;  the  last  part  of  the  Apology,  and  the  beginning  and  end  of  the  Phaedo, 
of  Plato;  selections  from  the  sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth  books  of  Herodotus,  aud 
from  the  fourth  book  of  Thucydides. 

LEIGHTON'S  GREEK  LESSONS.   Prepared  to  accompany 

Goodwin's  Greek  Grammar.     By  R.  F.  Leiguton,  Master  of  Melrose  High  School. 

Half  morocco 1.25     1.58 

This  work  contains  about  one  hundred  lessons,  with  a  progressive  series  of  exer- 
cises (both  Greek  and  English),  mainly  selected  from  the  first  book  of  Xenophon's 
Anabasis.  The  exen-i-ses  on  the  Moods  are  sufficient,  it  is  believed,  to  develop  the 
general  principles  as  stated  in  the  Grammar.  The  text  of  four  chapters  of  the  Ana- 
basis is  given  entire,  with  notes  aud  references.  Full  vocabularies  accompany  the 
book. 

LIDDELL   &    SCOTT'S    GREEK-ENGLISH    LEXI- 

CON".     Abridged  from  the  new  Oxford  Edition.    New  Edition.     Witk  Appendix 

of  Proper  and  Geographical  Names,  by  J.  M.  Whiton. 

Morocco  back 2  40     3  0.7 

Sheep  binding 2  80     3.5) 

LIDDELL   &    SCOTT'S    GREEK-ENGLISH   LEXI- 
CON.    The  sixth  Oxford  Edition  unabridged.    4to.    Morocco  back .        .    9.60  12  Ofl 

Sheep  binding    .       10.40    13.00 

We  have  made  arrangements  with  Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  to  publish  in  this 
country  their  new  edition  of  Liddell  &  Scott's  Greek  Lexicons,  and  are  ready  to 
supply  the  trade. 

The  English  editions  of  Liddel!  &  Scott  are  not  stereotyped ;  but  each  has  been 
thoroughly  revised,  enlarged,  and  printed  anew  The  sixth  edition,  just  published, 
is  larger  by  one  eighth  than  the  fifth,  and  contains  1865  pages.  It  is  an  entirely  dif- 
ferent work  from  the  first  edition,  the  whole  department  of  etymology  having  been 
rewritten  in  the  light  of  modern  investigations,  and  the  forms  of  the  irregular  verbs 
being  given  in  greater  detail  by  the  aid  of  Veitclvs  Catalogue.  No  student  of  Greek 
can  afford  to  dispense  with  this  invaluable  Lexicon,  the  price  of  which  is  now  for  the 
first  time  brought  within  the  means  of  the  great  body  of  American  scholars. 


Boston,  December,  1875. 
13  Tremont  Place,      ....       BOSTON. 

Terms:    Casli  in  Thirty  Days.  "Wholesale  and  Retail  Prices. 


ENGLISH. 

Wholesale.   Retail. 

ARNOLD'S  MANUAL  of  ENGLISH  LITERATURE. 

Historical  and  Critical.      American  Edition.     By  Thomas  Arnold.      12mo. 

607  pp.    Cloth $2.00 

CARPENTER'S     INTRODUCTION     TO     ANGLO- 

SAXON.  An  Introduction  to  the  study  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Language,  Com- 
prising an  Elementary  Grammar,  Selection.*  for  Heading  with  Notes,  and  a 
Vocabulary.  Bv  Stephen  II  COPtimt,  Professor  of  Logic  and  Eng  ish  Lit- 
erature in  the  Universiiy  of  Wiscon-in,  and  Author  of  "Eiglish  of  the  XIV. 
Centaur*."    pp.212 100    125 

CRATK'S  ENGLISH  OF  SHAKESPEARE.    Illustrated 

in  a  Philological  Commentary  on  his  Julius  i  a?ssir.  hy  George  L.  Craik, Queen's 
College,  Belfast      Edited  by  W.  J.  Rolfe,  Cambridge.     Cloth    .         .         .     1.40     1 75 

ELEMENTS  OP  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE.    An 

Introdu  tion  to  the  studv  of  Grammar  and  Composition.  Bv  Bernard  Binsm- 
Univ.  Oxon.,  Superintendent  of  Public  Schools,  Port  Huron  ;  Author  of 
"The  History  of  the  English  Language'' 40      .50 

ENGLISH   OF  THE    XIV.   CENTURY.    Illustrated  bv 

Notes,  Grammatical  and  Etymological,  on  Chaucer's  Prologue  and  Knight's 
Tale.  Designed  to  serve  as  an  Introdu  tion  to  the  Critical  Study  of  English. 
By  Stf.phen  II  Carpenter  A  M.,  Professor  of  Rhetoric  and  English  Literature 
in  the  State  University  of  Wisconsin 1.40     1.75 

HUDSON'S  FAMILY  SHAKESPEARE  :  Plays  selected 

and  prepared,  with  Notes  and  Introductions,  for  Use  in  Families. 
Volume  I.,  containing  As  You  Like  It,  The  Merchant  of  Venice,  Twelfth  Night, 
First  and  Second  of  King  Henry  the  Fourth,  Julius  Caesar,  and  Hamlet. 

Volume  II  ,  containing  The  Tempest,  The  Winters  Tale,  King  Henry  the  Fifth, 
King  Kichard  the  Third,  King  Lear,  Macbeth,  and  Antony  and  Cleopatra. 

Volume  III  ,  containing  A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  Much  Ado  about  Nothing, 
King  Henry  the  Eighth,  Romeo  and  Juliet,  Cvmheline.  Poriolann*,  and  Othello. 
And  Hudson's  Life,  Art,  and  Characters  of  Shakespeare.     2  vols. 

5  vols.    Cloth R.00  10.00 

Half  morocco 12  00   15.00 

Full  calf 16.00  20.00 

HUDSON'S    LIFE.   ART,  AND  CHARACTERS  OF 

SHAKESPEAKE.  Including  nn  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Origin  and  Growth 
of  the  Drama  in  England,  with  Studies  in  the  Poet's  Dramatic  Architecture, 
Delineation  of  Character,  Humor,  Style,  «nd  Moral  Spirit,  also  with  Critical 
Discourses  on  the  following  plavs,  —  A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  The  Mer- 
chant of  Venice,  The  Merrv  Wives  of  Windsor,  Much  Ado  about  Nothing.  As 
You  Like  It,  Twelfth  Night,  All's  Well  that  Ends  Well,  Measure  for  Measure, 
The  Tempest,  The  Winter's  Tale,  King  John,  King  Richard  the  Second,  King 
Henry  the  Fourth,  King  Henry  the  Filth,  King  Richard  the  Third.  King  Henry 
the  Eighth,  Romeo  and  Juliet,  Julius  Cansar,  Hamlet,  Macbeth,  King  Lear, 
Antony  and  Cleopatra,  Othello,  Cymbeline,  and  Coriolanus.  In  Two  Volumes. 
Cloth       .        . 320     4.00 

HUDSON'S  SERMONS 1.20  1.50 


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HUDSON'S  SCHOOL  SHAKESPEARE.  1st  Series.  $1.60$  2.00 

Coutaiuiug  As  You  Like  It,  The  Two  Tarts  of  Hjskby  IV., 

Tub  Merchant  or  Venice,  Julius  Caesar, 

Twelfth  Niuiit,  Hamlet. 

Selected  aud  prepared  lor  Use  in  Schools,  Clubs,  Classes,  and  Families.  With  In- 
troductions and  .Notes      By  the  Key.  Hknky  M.  Hudson. 

HUDSON'S  SCHOOL  SHAKESPEARE.    2d  Series,   i.eo   2.00 

Containing  The  Tempest,  King  Richard  the  Third, 

The  Winter's  Tale,  King  Lear, 

King  Henry  the  Fifth,  Macbeth,  Antony  and  Cleopatra. 

HUDSON'S  SCHOOL  SHAKESPEARE.    3d  Series.   1.60    2.00 

Containing  A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  Romeo  and  Juliet, 

Much  Ado  about  Nothing,  Cymbelune, 

King  Henry  VIII.,  Coriolanus, 
Othello. 

HUDSON'S  SEPARATE  PLAYS  OF  SHAKESPEARE. 

THE  MERCHANT  OF  VENICE.    In  Paper  Cover     .  .    .32  .40 

JULIUS  CESAR.     In  Paper  Cover .32  .40 

HAMLET.     In  Paper  Cover .82  .40 

THE  TEMPEST.     In  Paper  Cover .32  .40 

MACBETH.     In  Paper  Cover 32  .40 

HENRY"  THE  EIGHTH.    In  Paper  Cover 32  .40 

AS   YOU   LIKE   IT 32  .40 

HENRY  THE  FOURTH.    Parti 32  .40 

KING    LEAR 32  .40 

MUCH   ADO  ABOUT  NOTHING 32  .40 

ROMEO  AND  JULIET 32  .40 

OTHELLO.        .  32  .40 

HUDSON'S    TEXT-BOOK    OF    POETRY.    For  use  in 

schools  and  classes.     Consisting  of   selections  from    Wordsworth,   Coleridge, 
Bums,  Beattie,  Goldsmith,  aud  Thomson.     12mo.     Cloth.        .        .        .    2.00    2  50 

HUDSON'S    TEXT-BOOK    OF   PROSE,     from     Burke, 

Webster,  and  Bacon.     Intended  as  a  companion  volume  to  the  Text-Book  of 
Poetry.     12mo.     Cloth 2.00    2.50 

HALSEY'S  GENEALOGICAL  AND  CHRONOLOGI- 
CAL CHART  of  the  Rulers  of  England,  Scotland,  France,  Germany,  and 
Spain.  By  C.  S.  Halsey.  Mounted,  33  x  48  iuches.  Folded  and  Bound  in  4to, 
10x12  inches 150 

HALSEY'S  BIBLE  CHART  OF  GENEALOGY  AND 

CHRONOLOGY,  from  the  Creation  to  A.  D.  100.      Prepared  by  C.   S. 

Halsey 1.00     1.2> 

This  Chart  is  designed  to  illustrate  Bible  History  by  showing  on  a  clear  and  simple 
plan  the  genealogy  and  chronology  of  the  principal  persons  mentioned  in  the  Scrip- 
tures. 

HARVARD  EXAMINATION  PAPERS.     Collected  and 

arranged  by  R.  F.  Letghton.  a.  M. ,  Master  of  Melrose  High  School.  Second 
Edition,  containing  papers  of  June  and  September,  1874  ....  1.25  1-50 
These  are  all  the  questions  (except  on  the  subject  of  Geometry),  in  the  form  of 
papers,  which  have  been  used  in  the  examinations  for  admission  to  Harvard  College 
since  18R0.  They  will  furnish  an  excellent  series  of  Questions  in  Modern,  Physical, 
and  Ancient  Geoeraphv  ;  Grecian  and  Roman  History  ;  Arithmetic  and  Algebra ; 
plane  and  Solid  Geometry  ;  Logarithms  and  Trigonometry  ;  Latin  and  Greek  Gram- 
mar and  Composition  ;  Physics  and  Mechanics  Thev  have  been  published  in  thl* 
form  for  the  convenience  of  Teachers,  classes  in  High  Schools,  and  especially  for 
pupils  preparing  for  college. 


■Who1e*ile.  Retail. 

OUR  WORLD,  No.  I. ;  or,  First  Lessons  in  Geography. 

Revised  edi'ion,  with  new  Maps,  bv  Mary  L.  TTall    .....         -75       .9* 
Designed  to  give  children  clear  and  lasting  impressions  of  the  different  countries 
and  inhabitants  of  the  earth  rather  than  to  tax  the  memory  with  mere  names  and 
details. 

OUR  WORLD,  No.  II. ;  or.  Second  Series  of  Lessons 

in  Geography.    By  Mart  L.  Hall.    With  tine  illustrations  of  the  various  coun- 
tries, the  inhabitants  aud  their  occupations,  and  two  distinct  series  of  Maps, 
6  pages  physical,  and  19  pages  of  finely  engraved  copperplates  political        S  1.60  S2.00 
This  book  is  intended,  if  used  in  connection  with  the  First  Lessons,  to  cover  the 
usual  course  of  geographical  study      It  is  based  upon  the  principle  that  it  is  more 
useful  to  give  vivid  conceptions  of  the  physical  features  and  political  associations  of 
different  regions  than  to  make  pupils  familiar  with  long  lists  of  places  and  a  great 
array  of  statistics. 

PEIRCES  TABLES  OP  LOGARITHMIC  and  TRIG- 
ONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS  TO  THREE  AND  FOUR  PLACES  OF 
DECIMALS.  By  J  amis  Mills  Peirce,  University  Professor  of  Mathematics  at 
Harvard  University.     Cloth 60       .75 

PEIRCE'S   ELEMENTS   OP  LOGARITHMS;  with  an 

Explanation  of  the  Author's  THUEE  AND  FOUR  PLACE  TABLES      By  James 
Mills  Peirck,  University  Professor  of  Mathematics  at  Harvard  University      .80     1  00 
This  Work  is  a  Companion  to  THREE  AND  FOUR  PLAOK  TABLES  OF  LOGA- 
RITHMIC AND  TRIGONOMETRIC  FUNCTIONS,  by  the  same  Author. 

REPRESENTATIVE    AUTHORS.     By  H.  H.  Moxoait. 

This  It  essentially  a  rcpertorium,  and  can  be  made  equally  MM  as  a  work  of 
reference  and  as  a  companion  to  any  manual  of  literature,  or  as  a  guide  in  any 
course  of  reading.  It  presents  the  representative  authors  of  England  and 
America,  —  their  mode  of  presenting  their  sulje» -ts,  the  literan  forms  which  they 
employ,  their  representative  works,  their  eharnctt-rizat  ion  bv  critics  of  established 
reputation  The  classification  is  at  once  simple  aud  exhaustive,  and  meets  a 
want  not  hitherto  provided  for.  .80     1.00 

STEWART'S     ELEMENTARY    PHYSICS.     American 

Editiou.     With  QUESTIONS  and  EXERCISES.     By  Prof.  G.  A.  Hill,  of  liar- 

vard  University 1.40     175 

The  Questions  will  be  direct  and  exhaustive  upon  the  text  of  Mr.  Stewart's  work. 
After  the  Questions  will  be  given  a  series  of  easy  Exercises  and  Problems,  designed, 
in  the  hands  of  a  good  teacher,  to  arouse  and  strengthen  i"  the  student's  mind  the 
power  of  reasoning  in  accordance  with  sound  scientific  methods. 

SEARLE'S  OUTLINES  OP  ASTRONOMY.  By  Ar- 
thur Searlb.  of  Harvard  College  Observatory 160    2  00 

This  work  is  intended  to  give  such  elementary  instruction  in  the  principal 
branches  of  Astronomy  as  is  required  in  High  Schools  or  bv  any  students  not  far 
advanced  in  mathematics.  It  is  illustrated  bv  carefully  prepared  engravings,  and 
contains  so  ne  information  on  each  of  the  following  subjects  :  — 

1.  The  chief  results  of  astronomical  inquiry  up  to  the  present  time  wi'h  regard  to 
the  general  constitution  of  the  universe,  and,  in  particular,  with  regard  to  the  stars, 
planets,  nebulae,  comets,  and  meteors. 

2.  The  methods  of  astronomical  research,  and  their  application  to  the  arte. 

3.  The  general  principles  of  theoretical  astronomy. 

4.  The  history  of  astronomy. 
5-  Astronomical  statistics. 

PRIMARY    ARITHMETIC.    By  G.  L.  Demarest    .        .40     .60 
THE    CHANDLER    DRAWING-BOOK.     By    the    late 

John  S.  Woodman,  of  Dartmouth  College 80    LOO 

TTiT,  LIVING  WORD;  or,  Bible  Truths  and   Les«ons       .80    1.00 

T^e  distinguishing  feature  of  this  hook  is  the  arrangement  bv  subjects  of  the 
spiritual  and  moral  truths  of  the  Bible,  so  that  all  its  most  expressive  utterances 
upon  a  given  subject  mav  be  read  in  unbroken  succession  Ft  is  hdieved  that  this 
will  tarnish  what  has  been  long  needed  for  public  and  private  reading  in  the  home, 
the  school,  and  the  church. 


"Wholesale.  Retail. 

THE    NATIONAL  MUSIC   COURSE.    In  Four  Books. 

For  Public  Schools.  By  Julius  Etcher.?,  J.  B  Sharl.\ni>,  L.  W.  Mason,  H.  E. 
Holt,  Supervisors  of  Music  in  Public  Schools  of  Boston,  Mass. 

PRIMARY  OR  FIRST  MUSIC  READER 24       .30 

A  course  of  exercises  in  the  elements  of  Vocal  Music  and  Sight-Singing,  with 
choice  rote  songs  for  the  use  of  youngest  pupils. 

INTERMEDIATE  MUSIC  READER 56      .70 

Including  the  Second  and  Third  Music  Readers.  A  course  of  instruction  in 
the  elements  of  Vocal  Music  and  Sight-Singing,  with  choice  rote  songs,  in  two 
and  three  parts,  based  on  the  elements  of  harmony. 

THE   FOURTH    MUSIC   READER.   8vo.    PP.  336     $1.20  $1.60 

This  work,  prepared  to  follow  the  Third  Music  Reader,  is  also  adapted,  under 
a  competent  instructor,  to  be  used  in  High  Schools  where  no  previous  syste- 
matic instruction  has  been  given.  To  this  end  a  brief  but  thorough  elementary 
course  is  given,  with  musical  theory,  original  solfeggios,  a  complete  system  of 
triad  practice,  and  sacred  music  and  song,  with  accompaniment  for  the  piano. 
The  music  introduced  is  of  a  high  order,  and  by  the  best  masters,  and  is  calcu- 
lated to  cultivate  the  taste,  as  well  as  to  extend  the  knowledge  and  skill  of  the 
pupils. 

THE  FIFTH,  or  HIGH  SCHOOL  MUSIC  READER 

FOR  MIXED  VOICES.  Containing  a  full  Course  of  Advanced  Solfeggios  for 
One  and  Two  Voices,  and  a  carefully  selected  number  of  easy  Fowr-Part  Songs, 
taken  from  the  works  of  the  best  composers.  This  work  has  been  especially 
compiled  to  meet  the  growing  wants  of  our  High  Schools  for  a  higher  grade 
of  music  than  is  contained  in  works  now  used  in  such  schools.  1.20    1.50 

N.  B.  — The  Tenor  Part  in  many  of  the  songs  may  be  either  omitted  or  sung 
by  the  altos  (boys). 

THE  ABRIDGED  FOURTH  MUSIC  READER. 

1.00  1.25 

SECOND   MUSIC    READER 32    .40 

THIRD   MUSIC    READER .32    .40 

THE     NATIONAL     MUSIC     CHARTS.      By   Luther 

Whiting  Mason.  An  invaluable  aid  to  Teachers  of  Common  Schools  in  imparting 
a  practical  knowledge  of  Music,  and  teaching  Children  to  sing  at  sight.  In  Four 
Series.     Forty  Charts  each.     Price,  $  10.00  each  Series. 

FIRST  SEMES 1000 

SECOND  SERIES 1000 

THIRD  SERIES 10.00 

FOURTH  SERIES,  by  L.  W.  Mason  and  J.  B.  Sharland 1000 

EASEL 1-25 

THE    NATIONAL    MUSIC  TEACHER.      A    Practical 

Guide  for  Teaching  Vocal  Music  to  Young  Children.    By  L.  W.  Masox      .        •       .60 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 

Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


4Nov'57GB. 


IN  STACKS 


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